The History of the Former Han Dynasty:A Critical Translation with Annotations Translated by Homer Hasenpflug Dubs

Translation is an important medium of cultural communication.It is not a mere transfer of two languages,but the interaction of two cultures.Cultural misreading,which results from cultural discrepancy and translator’s subjectivity,truly reflects where the blockade and conflict in the cultural communication is.Cultural misreading is an objective phenomenon that exists in the entire process of translation.This paper intends to make a comprehensive analysis and discussion on The History of the Former Han Dynasty:a Critical Translation with Annotations translated by Homer Hasenpflug Dubs.As for the reasons of cultural misreading,this paper divides them into three types—language,thinking habit,traditional culture.It is to be hoped that this paper will draw more attention from the translation circle to the phenomena,and make contribution to the development of literary translation.

A Preliminary Study on the Spherical Bombs(Huolei)of the Southern Song Dynasty,Unearthed in Chongqing

The military situation of the thirteenth century required that the Song and the Mongols construct a great number of defensive works,relying on the mountains or facing the rivers,in the mountainous Sichuan Province and Chongqing.In recent years,a special kind of explosive firearms,huolei火雷(bombs),was unearthed in the large-scale excavations of the site of Diaoyu Fortress钓鱼城in Hechuan District合川and the Baidicheng白帝城in Fengjie County奉节,both of which were defensive works constructed in this mountainous area during the Southern Song dynasty.In addition,the ruins of kilns and the clay molds that were relevant to the casting of iron huolei have been discovered at the site of Baidicheng,indicating that these huolei might have been produced locally.The Southern Song iron huolei unearthed in Chongqing are the most direct evidence of the evolvement of gunpowder and firearms,and are of great significance to the history of science and technology,in particular the history of military technology.

Political History of Books:A Case Study of Precedents of Ritual Protocol for Jin's Imperial Ministers and Annotations to the Report on Jin's Official Posts

This article takes Fu Chang's Precedents of Ritual Protocol for Jin's Imperial Ministers and Xun Chuo's Annotations to the Report on Jin's Official Posts as a means to observe the interactions between books and political processes during the Western and Eastern Jin dynasties. Both Fu Chang and Xun Chuo were employed as high-ranking officials, with a background of being from the Central Plain, by the regime of the Later Zhao founded by Shi Le. Their purpose for writing the two books was to provide guidance for the regime's institutional establishment. The collapse of Shi Le's regime led to the flow of people and their possessions to the south. During these movements, the two books along with other materials and records were brought to Jiankang and then contributed to the institutional and cultural development in the middle and late Eastern Jin Dynasty. As historical facts and references for political reformation, these books revealed the duality of institutional writings. The collection and dispersion of books after the Disaster of Yongjia, as well as the social and cultural changes, should be placed in a wider political process for further examination.

Yan Shigu, linguist of the Tang Dynasty

Yan Shigu, a famous linguist, scribe and historian of the Tang Dynasty, is most famous as a linguist. Since he has no monograph on linguistics, his main thoughts lie in books like Han Shu Zhu. His achievements in linguistics make a big difference in the history of Chinese linguistics.

Beyond Agricola: The Multiple Origins of European Knowledge in Adam Schall von Bell’s Chinese Mining and Metallurgy Handbook Kunyu Gezhi(1640)

In 2015, a previously unknown manuscript was discovered in the Nanjing Library. It contained a Chinese mining and metallurgy handbook, and was identified as a copy of the Kunyu gezhi 坤輿格致, known as the lost Chinese translation of Georgius Agricola’s(1494–1555) De re metallica(1556) by Jesuit Adam Schall von Bell(1592–1666). A closer look at the text, however, reveals that, besides parts of Agricola’s book, content by at least four other European authors was included: Vannoccio Biringuccio(1480–1539), Modestinus Fachs(?–before 1595), Lazarus Ercker(1528/30–1594), and José de Acosta(1539/40–1599/1600). This study demonstrates how their books became available in China, why they were selected as sources for the Kunyu gezhi, and how they were eventually used and incorporated. From this, it becomes apparent that Schall and his collaborators spared no effort to conduct this ambitious knowledge transfer project, and to present European technology at its best to the emperor.

Unraveling the Pattern Weaving Technology in Ming Dynasty

The Ming dynasty （1368 - 1644） inherited the lens-standing culture in China, of course including the textile technology. Besides a large amount of sinsle color damask silk, many pattern woven silk including dragon robes, patterned costumes and luxurious silk textiles are found in complicated and colorful pattern woven brocade called zhuang hua. It was prevailed in Ming dynasty when compared with the frequency of the name chuang hua recorded in related historical documents. These pattern silk and brcrade were produced by the advanced pattern weavin8 technology, which was well developed in Ming dynasty. From historical documents of＂Tian gong kai wu＂, Exploitation of the works of nature, there is the detailed description of the draw loom （hua Io ji） which can weave normal patterned textiles. It also indicated that to produce dragon robes needed much more high technique, similar to the hua Io ）i but more complicated and difficult. A big draw loom is found to weave Nanjing Yen brocade today inherits the technolosy to weave zhuang hua brocade. After sorting the historical documents, it is found that some records are coincident with the existed materials, both the silk textiles and weaving technology. With these evidences research and exploration, this dissertatien tries to unravel the pattern weaving technolosy in the Ming dynasty.

Reacting to Epidemics:The Innovative Imperial Public Health System during the Late Northern Song Dynasty

Song China was a period in which China experienced a great increase in its population.Concurrently,the Song dynasty also experienced a rise in the frequency of epidemics and two major wars with the Western Xia and Liao dynasties during the 1000s and 1040s.The consequences of these changes were exacerbated by the increased geographical mobility of certain social groups such as traders and examinees attending civil service examinations.Thus,casualties of wars,epidemics,or disease,especially of people whose families were far away and could not care for them were left without care and“their corpses often lay bare along the roads.”This new social environment created a need for general relief.The Northern Song government(960-1127 CE),especially during the reign of Emperor Huizong,established an innovative public health system to address this issue.The public health system included poorhouses,public hospitals,and pauper’s cemeteries.The first were more of charity organizations,whereas the latter two promoted public health by providing medical services for the poor and burial for those that nobody cared for.In terms of rationale behind these institutions,on the one hand,they constituted an attempt to get the poor and homeless off the streets while providing them relief or burial.On the other hand,it seems that Huizong’s deep concern with medicine propelled him to design and implement a comprehensive public health system oriented to prevent contagion and outbreak of epidemics.This article depicts the background,the organization,and the functions of the system.The article also discusses the conditions and reasons that gave rise to such a unique undertaking by the Northern Song government.

“Macrohistory” and “Microhistory” in the writing of library history: From the perspective of library archives in the periods of late Qing Dynasty and Republican of China

Research paradigms determine the ways the history is written and the consequent research products.By analyzing the present historiography paradigms in library history,their characteristics and limitations,this study proposes new paradigms based on library archives in the periods of Late Qing Dynasty and Republican China.

Warfare, Imperialism, and the Making of Modern Chinese History： A Review Essay

This historiographic essay contends that warfare made and unmade the Qing dynasty between 1644 and 1911, and its study has helped to create the field of modem Chinese history during the past seventy years. It advances three principal claims. First, the literature on war, especially interstate conflict, can serve as a synecdoche for the development of the modem China field as a whole since the 1950s. The research interests of late Qing specialists have oscillated along an ＂external-internal-external＂ axis that corresponds with three distinct periods of intellectual inquiry, scholarly production, and generational dominance. Second, historians have reached inaccurate conclusions about the state capacity of the Qing Empire after 1840 through a crude analysis of the First Sino-Japanese War, a mistake they can rectify by adopting a longer-term perspective on the state-making process. Third, scholars have deftly traced the changing role of military power in modem Chinese politics but have also adopted the interpretive categories of wen and wu from literati discourse without sufficient critical reflection. In the future, researchers may seek to explore the intersection of warfare and the environment, technology, and ethnic identity, approaches that will continue to move the field in comparative, global, and Inner Asian directions.

清代地震灾害史研究综述

为了深化地震灾害史的研究,为今后地震灾害的防范和应对提供借鉴和启示,通过历史文献分析法缕述新中国成立以来清代地震灾害相关研究成果,以展现清代地震灾害史研究现状。研究表明,清代地震史料收集、地震总体研究、地震专题研究、地震灾害应对等研究成果丰富且具有阶段性特征,但也存在史料挖掘运用不足、研究视角与维度狭窄、研究范式单一等问题。在今后的研究中应进一步挖掘民间文献,以交叉研究作为创新的突破口,充分发挥地震灾害史研究的社会价值。

清华简与夏史重建

清华简中发现了丰富的夏史资料,开启了重构夏代文明史的新境界。但它与传世文献一样,都是由口头传说生成的晚出文献史料。依照兰克史学的治史规则,这种非原始资料的可靠性大有问题。20世纪二三十年代,疑古派正是利用传说资料的局限性,提出了风靡一时的层累地造成中国古史说,把夏代历史说成是传说的堆积,虚妄的伪造。然其论说证据不密,逻辑不畅,经不起新旧文献尤其是清华简中夏史材料的验证,无法支撑疑古派建立的学术大厦。上古史研究是一个非常特殊的领域,兰克史学那套摒弃传说资料的研究方法未必适用。不管传说性文献形成的时间早晚如何,也不管它存在多少问题,其中具有客观历史的质素、事实真相的颗粒,不是仅凭主观怀疑就可以彻底否定的。坚持文献与考古资料相须为用,其归一揆,才能真正重构出“充实而有光辉”的夏代文明史。

“森列”与“饾饤”:南宋园林假山营造的两种类型及其结合发展

现有中国园林史研究已经认识到南宋是园林中石假山营造得到重要发展的时期,然而南宋园林假山营造的具体方式及其形态特点尚未得到有效探讨。在深入研读相关文献与图像的基础上,结合历史来源与后世影响,探讨南宋园林假山营造的类型及其发展。首先从“置”与“叠”2种基本方式出发,在历史语境中探讨“森列”与“饾饤”这2类南宋常见的假山营造类型及其来源与影响;进而关注二者在仿“飞来峰”营造中的结合与发展,从而更清晰地认识南宋,乃至其后的石假山营造。这一研究将对其后中国园林假山发展的认识,乃至当代假山特点的理解提供坚实的历史理论基础。

夏代王朝体制的建立与内外服制的形成

尧舜禹时代洪水迫使长江、黄河、淮河、济河下游的人群向中原迁徙,奠定了中原的中心地位。在治水的过程中,人们逐渐建立起跨地域跨血缘的政治联盟,并向早期国家发展。禹和启在早期国家的基础上,经过强化天下共主观念,建立起中央王朝。早期中央王朝缺乏强制力和控制力,只能依据地域和融合程度确定中央与地方的关系,由此形成了内外服制。

治道经学、治道史观与中华文明的治道核心论--以探解中华文明变夷从夏的枢机为主线

中华文明是一种以文史文明为主干、以经史文明为内核、以治道文明为核心的文明形态。中华经学的正统是治道经学,中华史观的主流是治道史观,中华经史同源于治,是传载治道的两种不同文体。这种文明特质使中华文明在治道探索方面有着卓绝于其他古代文明的深厚积累,从而使外来征服者倾心折服。外来征服者为巩固其对中华文明区的长久统治,就要提升其治道水平,为此就要学习中华经史,于是就要保留并学习中华文明的文史,进而认同并融入中华文明,最终成为中华文明的传承者。这样,中华文明就实现了被外来入侵者武力征服之后的文化逆袭,即征服者被征服,亦即古人所称的“以夏变夷”或“变夷从夏”。

巫文化与夏初史事新解

夏初正处于巫文化盛行时期,人们的思维指向与行事方式必定受到巫文化的影响。然而古今学者研究夏初史事,极少关注到这个向度,这个盲区的存在势必影响我们对夏初史事的理解。自颛顼至周初,中国远古史上存在一段相当长的“君巫政治”模式时期,通天大巫为“帝”“王”获取天意,提供政治上的指导,同时也是“帝”“王”合法化的最大表征。不能得重黎—羲和氏族为大巫,就没有为“帝”、为“王”的资格。我们用这一视角观察后羿代夏、少康复国过程中的一些历史事件,会得出一些新的认识:羿“自鉏迁于穷石”,是为了接近羲和氏族,试图获得这个通天大巫的支持;“胤征”是羿寻求支持失败后对羲和氏族的报复性征伐;羿“以寒浞为相”实为以寒浞为大巫;羿“以嫦娥为妻”的性质与“以寒浞为相”是近似的,后羿在大巫不够“正宗”的情况下,娶嫦娥为妻,在巫文化思维中,是一个非常重要的补充;帝伃征王寿与得“九尾狐”在巫文化系统中是一种“王征”,是夏人再得“天命”的瑞兆。

西夏与唐宋盗窃法比较研究——兼谈西夏对中华法系的继承与发展

“盗窃”是中国最古老的犯罪之一,历代皆有严格法律予以规制,以期维护社会稳定。文章对比研究了《天盛改旧新定律令》《亥年新法》《唐律疏议》《宋刑统》及《庆元条法事类》中关于盗窃罪的条文,发现这些法典均设置了亲属内外有别、宽宥弱者、严惩官盗僧窃以及团伙共谋作案等主体处置措施,涵盖了牲畜、人员、佛神祀物以及官府文书等盗窃对象,量刑上均依据慎刑恤刑、告赏、邻里互助以及重盗重罚等原则。同时,西夏法典融入了大量具有党项民族特色的法律元素,完善了群盗、重盗等制度。概言之,西夏法典在充分吸收中原王朝立法精髓的同时,结合本民族社会经济状况以及司法实践的需要进行了创制和发展,在中华法制史上极具特殊地位。

古典学视野下的西汉敦煌西域史探索与重构

古典学在历史学领域中,与历史文献学趋同。从这个视角而言,敦煌汉简也是古典学研究的重要内容。敦煌汉简具有极强的史料价值,特别是在推动西汉敦煌西域史研究方面发挥着重要作用。通过对敦煌汉简进行研究利用,西汉敦煌西域历史中的诸多细节都可以得到更加充分的解读。

黄庭坚对陶渊明的阐释与接受——从唐宋陶诗接受的整体出发

陶渊明在思想与艺术两方面都对后来文学史产生巨大影响,其思想与儒及释道相涉,而又构成一种独立影响历史。陶诗在唐代尚属局部的经典,至宋代则上升为全面的经典,苏轼、黄庭坚在这一接受史过程中是起决定作用的。苏轼运用辩证的艺术思想来论陶,突破了仅以平淡论陶的传统阐释方式,黄庭坚也从自然与法度的辩证结合来认识陶诗的高度。苏黄的观点为南宋以后诸家广泛接受,开启了陶诗接受新的历史。黄庭坚对陶渊明独立的个性、忠义的行为有较强的呼应,其对陶渊明的阐释,往往与庄、禅结合。黄庭坚突破模拟式的学陶法,以一种学而不为、自成一家的再创造的学古方法来学陶。