Pavement structure and materials design for sea-crossing bridges and tunnel:Case study of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

With the continuous development of bridge and tunnel construction technologies,large-scale sea-crossing bridges and tunnels have gradually become the preferred choice for regional traffic.The construction technology of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge(HZMB),one of the most representative sea-crossing passageways,is instructive for the construction of other large sea-crossing infrastructures.At present,the pavement design method of sea-crossing passageways lacks pertinence as it still refers to specifications for design of common pavement.Therefore,it is necessary to consider the bridge and tunnel pavement of HZMB as a typical example to analyze key technical problems encountered in its design,construction and operation.Novel solutions for material selection and structural design built upon the analysis of such critical problems should thus follow up.Based on comprehensive literature research,it can be found that environmental variability,tunnel closure,structural differential settlement and expansion deformation are the key technical problems faced by pavement of sea-crossing passageways.In view of the environmental variability,the steel deck-paving material and structure design of GMA-10 t SMA-13 is innovatively proposed.As for the closure of immersed tube tunnel,warm-mix flame retardant asphalt mixture is used to control pavement design through key indexes such as temperature and limit oxygen index.Regarding the deformation of immersed pipe joints,BJ200 asphalt seamless expansion joint material is introduced,which effectively satisfies the multi-directional deformation between pipe joints and ensures the smoothness of the road surface and driving comfort.For segmental joints,double-layer waterproof-coiled material is used to effectively prevent reflective cracks while ensuring the continuity of asphalt concrete pavement.Therefore,this paper provides a panel of ideas and methods for the pavement design of the same type of sea-crossing passageways.

Drivability of Large Diameter Steel Cylinders During Hammer-Group Vibratory Installation for the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge

The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge(HZMB)involved the installation of 120 mega-cylinders with a diameter of 22 m,weights up to 513 t,and penetration depths up to 33 m using an eight-vibratory hammer group.Due to the lack of engineering experience on the drivability of large-diameter cylinders under multiple vibratory hammers,predicting the penetration rate and time of steel cylinders is an open challenge that has a considerable impact on the construction control of the HZMB.In this study,the vibratory penetration of large-diameter steel cylinders in the HZMB is investigated based on geological surveys,field monitoring,and drivability analysis.The vibratory penetration rate,installation accuracy,and dynamic responses of the steel cylinders at both the eastern and western artificial islands are analyzed.The dynamic soil resistance has a great influence on the cylinder drivability.However,the current design methods for estimating the vibratory driving soil resistance are proven inaccurate without considering the scale effects.Therefore,a modified method with a normalized effective area ratio A_(r,eff)is proposed in this study to calculate the vibratory soil resistance for open-ended thin-wall cylinders under unplugged conditions.Considering the scale effects on the vibratory driving soil resistance,the proposed method leads to closer results to the measured data,providing a reference for future engineering practice.

Meta-synthesis management framework of a complex project： A case study of the deck pavement project of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

Innovative technology and deep uncertainty during the design and construction process of complex projects introduce great challenges to their organization and management.The traditional methods,represented in the project management body of knowledge(PMBOK)guide,can solve systematic problems;however,they cannot solve complex problems.Based on the management practice implemented in the deck pavement project of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge(HZMB),in this work,we propose a meta-synthesis management framework for a complex project from the perspective of the science of complexity.The method deems that the complexity of the project has the characteristic of being multi-scale both in the design phase and the construction phase.These problems can be classified into different categories,each of which requires a different strategy.As a result,it is first necessary to adopt the"exploration"strategy to reduce project complexity and to transform the deep uncertainty problems into systematic problems.Then,the"exploitation"strategy should be used to apply the PMBOK and other traditional methods to achieve the design and construction goals of the project and to improve its efficiency.More specifically,in the design phase of a complex project,the"innovative integration"process is used for the exploration of the new engineering technology and knowledge;then,the"functional integration"process is employed to define the system architecture,the interface relationship,the technical index,and other functions.In the construction phase,the"adaptive integration"process is used for the construction of the engineering organization system;next,the"efficient integration"process is employed to improve the actual construction performance.The meta-synthesis management framework proposed in this work reveals the multi-scale principle of solving complex problems in the management practice of a complex project,and develops the methodology of metasynthesis.

HY-1C Coastal Zone Imager observations of the suspended sediment content distribution details in the sea area near Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge in China

The impacts of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge(HKZMB)on suspended sediment content(SSC)were analysed in the Zhujiang River Estuary based on data from HY-1C,which was launched in September 2018 in China,carrying Coastal Zone Imager(CZI)and Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner on it.A new SSC inversion model was established based on the relationship between in-situ SSC and the remote sensing reflectance in red and near-infrared bands of CZI image.HY-1C satellite data obtained from October to December 2019 were applied to retrieve SSC in the Zhujiang River Estuary.The results show that SSC around the HKZMB is ranging from 20 mg/L to 95 mg/L.SSC change obviously on two sides of the bridge.During flooding and ebbing period,SSC increases obviously downstream of the bridge.SSC difference between upstream and downstream is ranging from 5 mg/L to 20 mg/L.Currents flowing across the HKZMB,the change trend of SSC in most places upstream and downstream is almost the same that SSC downstream of the bridge is higher than SSC upstream.The tidal currents interact with bridge piers,inducing vortexes downstream,leading the sediment to re-suspend downstream of the bridge piers.Other factors,including seafloor topography and wind,can also contribute to the distribution of SSC in the Zhujiang River Estuary.

Social responsibility in infrastructure mega-projects： A case study of ecological compensation for Sousa chinensis during the construction of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

Ecological compensation plays an important role in implementing the social responsibility of infrastructure mega-projects. Based on the results of a field study, an in-depth interview, and archive data, this paper introduces the ecological compensation for Sousa chinensis(the Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin) during the construction of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge. It studies the concrete measures, decision-making processes,and organizational collaboration of the ecological compensation, using the method of a case study. The present study not only enriches our understanding of the ecological compensation practice during the construction of infrastructure mega-projects, but also extends the literature on the social responsibility of infrastructure mega-projects.This sheds light on the protection of the environment as well as biodiversity in the construction of future infrastructure mega-projects.

How does the improved DB mode degrade the complex integrity of infrastructure mega-projects？ Evidence from the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge project in China

Complex integrity is one of the main characteristics of infrastructure mega-projects(IMPs). Cost,technology, risk, duration, environmental impact, and other uncertain complexities are interrelated and constitute a challenging and complex management problem. At present, there is no unified understanding of or solutions to these complex integrity problems. This study analyzes the complex integrity of the island-tunnel subproject of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge(HZMB) project and proposes an improved design-build(DB) mode in which the owner provides a preliminary design and has the right to form and manage consortium. This improved DB mode creatively degrades the special complexities that arise from multiple dimensions. On this basis, it is an efficacious way to grasp the main contradictions, integrate the effective resources, and degrade the complex integrity in multiple dimensions and at multiple levels so as to effectively deal with the complexity management of IMPs.

The design philosophy and bridge＇s technical innovation of Hong Kong- Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

This article introduces the project overview, construction goal and design philosophy of Hong Kong- Zhuhai-Macao Bridge. Based on large scale, factory production, standardization and assemble line, the innova- tive concept is taken as the general principle for design with the emphasis on description of the new material, new technology, new construction method and new equipment used in the design. The application of innovative technology has provided a solid foundation and favorable guarantee for project quality and design service

Particle Swarm-Based Translation Control for Immersed Tunnel Element in the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge Project

Immersed tunnel is an important part of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge(HZMB) project. In immersed tunnel floating, translation which includes straight and transverse movements is the main working mode. To decide the magnitude and direction of the towing force for each tug, a particle swarm-based translation control method is presented for non-power immersed tunnel element. A sort of linear weighted logarithmic function is exploited to avoid weak subgoals. In simulation, the particle swarm-based control method is evaluated and compared with traditional empirical method in the case of the HZMB project. Simulation results show that the presented method delivers performance improvement in terms of the enhanced surplus towing force.

Eurovet Bridges International Buyers and Exhibitors at Hong Kong Mode Lingerie

Organized by Eurovet, the world’s leading lingerie and beachwear trade show organize and supported by Hong

基于SD模型的重大工程项目成功要素仿真研究

为实现重大工程项目的安全运行和可持续发展,运用系统动力学对重大工程项目成功要素进行仿真研究。首先,识别重大工程项目成功要素,构建其指标体系;其次,分析各成功要素间的作用关系,构建重大工程项目成功要素SD模型;最后,以港珠澳大桥为例,运用Vensim软件进行模拟仿真,并对12个常量型成功要素进行敏感性分析。结果表明:增加对认知情感、高管领导、行为关系、资源整合和组织学习的投入和管控,促进重大工程项目成功;对重大工程项目成功影响显著的要素为重大工程项目管理经验、财务冗余度、数字科技的应用和行为惯性。该研究拓展了重大工程项目成功要素研究,为促进重大工程项目成功提供理论依据。

地震波斜入射下港珠澳大桥沉管隧道地震响应分析

斜入射地震波引起的非一致性地震动对地下管廊、沉管隧道等细长结构影响明显。在细长结构抗震中,需要考虑地震动的非一致性。针对港珠澳大桥沉管隧道,采用黏弹性人工边界的方法建立三维有限元模型,对比分析P波、SV波和SH波在不同角度斜入射下的隧道动力响应。研究结果表明:不同的入射波、不同的角度在隧道中的响应差别显著。P波、SH波作用下结构加速度随入射角的变化先增大后减小,SV波作用下结构加速度随入射角增大而减小。相较于自下而上的垂直入射,地震波斜入射下结构应力响应被明显放大且不同入射波下结构应力响应的分布特点不同,P波在隧道顶、底板的中部的应力较大,SV波作用下结构纵向非一致性表现得更明显,SH波在隧道侧墙、中隔墙与顶底板相交的角点区以及两个斜向板块应力较大。随着入射角度增大,P波、SV波应力逐渐增大,SH波应力逐渐减小。

基于NK模型的重大工程决策关联复杂性分析

关联复杂性是重大工程决策过程中的重要特征,但相关研究较多在传统的项目管理框架内展开,显现出一定片面性和局限性。为此,将NK模型引入重大工程决策关联复杂性分析,通过梳理国内外相关研究,对重大工程决策关联复杂性作出定义并明确其具有的关联性、非线性、自适应性等特征内涵;从决策环境、主体和目标出发,分析重大工程决策关联复杂性并构建理论模型;以港珠澳大桥为例,提出重大工程决策关联复杂性带来的4个主要问题:决策结构、决策权力、主导决策和内外部关联性问题,并引入模块化影响矩阵、适应性游走方式、基因型搜索方式和参数K、C仿真等NK模型所特有的问题解决方法。结果表明,基于NK模型的问题解决方法能够较好地契合重大工程决策过程中各决策点自下而上彼此关联、交互影响的特征,为后续相关研究提供了模型框架和理论参考。

港珠澳大桥贸易物流通道的问题与对策研究

文中对港珠澳大桥贸易物流通道的现状及问题进行分析,通过对东莞市中的“香港国际机场物流园”贸易通关模式及广港深铁路运维的经验借鉴,对应从港珠澳大桥物流基础设施的应用、三地政策及机制的衔接、信息机制及产业的协同及跨境金融方面的创新四个方面提出发展对策建议。

A fuzzy model for assessing the risk exposure of procuring infrastructure mega-projects through public-private partnership： The case of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

Considering the rapid urbanization growth rate particularly in developing countries, the number of infrastructure mega-projects over the past years has risen tremendously. Essentially, because infrastructure megaprojects require huge investment funds, better management skills, well qualified and experienced international expertise and technology innovation, they are mostly preferred to be procured using the PPP method compare to the use of the traditional bid-build system. In this regard, this paper aims to develop a fuzzy evaluation model for assessing the suitability of procuring infrastructure mega-projects through PPP by considering their risk exposure. The main body of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge(HZMB)is used as a case project to demonstrate the practicality of the risk evaluation model. The risk evaluation model consists of four critical risk groupings, these include,construction and land risks, commercial risks, operational risks and political risks. Using the risk evaluation equation,a risk index of 4.53 out of 5.00 is computed for the selected project if it is procured through the PPP scheme. This outcome shows that the case project is not suitable for the PPP approach because its risk exposure is very high. The model developed will enable PPP practitioners to predict the likely risk exposure of procuring infrastructure megaprojects through the PPP scheme.

Coupling and evolution mechanism of infrastructure mega-projects complex ecosystem： Case study on Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

Infrastructure mega-projects(IMP), which involve complex interactions and feedback, have more significant impact on economic, social, and other systems.This paper proposes a concept—the IMP complex ecosystem—to analyze IMP from a broad perspective of organic links across engineering, social, economic, and resource environments. Moreover, this paper proposes the theoretical concept, framework, and functions for the IMP complex ecosystem based on complex ecosystem theory.First, the coupling process between IMP complex ecosystem subsystems is analyzed through material flows, energy flows, information flows, and value streams.Second, a logistic model of the IMP complex ecosystem is proposed by analyzing the evolution conditions and motivations. Third, the evolution pattern of the IMP complex ecosystem is determined. Fourth, the positive evolution strategy of the IMP complex ecosystem based on dissipative structure theory and the influencing factors of the evolutionary process is introduced. Finally, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge and Sousa chinensis are used as the case study. This paper also analyzes the coupling structure on the complex ecosystem of the Hong KongZhuhai-Macao Bridge and investigates the coupling and evolution mechanism application of the IMP complex ecosystem on Sousa chinensis protection for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge project.

跨海桥梁超大规模钢桥面铺装关键技术研究

港珠澳大桥钢桥面铺装面积达50万m2,是世界最大规模的钢桥面铺装工程,采用科学合理的技术方案对保障铺装的优良使用性能意义重大。通过对典型钢桥面铺装方案进行比选分析,并根据项目建设条件和临近区域工程应用经验,提出采用GMA浇注式沥青混合料钢桥面铺装方案。采用高温性能试验和疲劳性能试验研究,揭示沥青混合料高温性能的影响因素,明确冲击韧性与疲劳寿命的关系;采用全仿真足尺模型加速加载试验,证明GMA浇注式沥青混合料具有可靠的高温稳定性和优良的疲劳耐久性;开展拉拔试验及水稳定性试验,验证铺装体系具有良好的黏结性能及防水性能。基于研究结果,提出GMA沥青混合料关键技术指标,并采用动稳定度和冲击韧性分别作为高温性能和疲劳性能的重要评价指标;采用关键技术指标指导工程实践,实际生产的GMA沥青混合料性能指标检测结果满足要求且具有优良的高温性能及抗疲劳性能。项目研究成果对地理位置处于高温多雨的地区、工作条件复杂的钢桥面铺装工程将具有良好的借鉴意义。

港珠澳大桥人工岛波浪爬高试验研究

港珠澳大桥人工岛位于珠江外海,工程区波浪较大,在台风季节人工岛会发生显著的波浪爬高,对隧道安全造成影响。通过人工岛护岸断面波浪物理模型试验,研究了人工岛护岸断面各结构参数和波浪破波参数等对波浪爬高的影响规律,并提出了人工岛复式斜坡堤护岸波浪爬高的计算方法。研究表明,对于该人工岛护岸断面结构型式以及试验水位和波浪条件,复坡平台宽度对波浪爬高影响较大,而平台高程对波浪爬高影响不明显;相对爬高值随破波参数的变化主要位于缓变段。经比较,文章提出的波浪爬高计算方法的计算结果与物理模型试验结果数据吻合良好,可为港珠澳大桥人工岛波浪爬高和越浪量预警提供技术支撑。

港珠澳大桥沿线极端风暴增水特征研究

开展风暴潮作用下跨海交通设施沿线增水的特征研究,对交通工程运维期的防灾减灾和结构安全评估具有重要意义。基于1951—2020年实测台风资料,统计分析了以港珠澳大桥为中心的不同范围台风参数变化特征,发现自1951年以来,珠江口附近水域的年均台风数量、台风最大风速、台风中心最低气压趋势性变化不明显。构建了西太平洋风暴潮数学模型,计算了港珠澳大桥沿线不同区域的增水特征值,研究认为港珠澳大桥自西向东风暴增水值逐渐降低,大桥西侧珠澳人工岛处200年一遇风暴增水值为3.17 m,50年一遇为2.31 m,东侧东西人工岛处200年一遇风暴增水值约为2.30 m,50年一遇约为1.70 m。研究结果可为港珠澳大桥运维期安全评估提供技术支撑。

大型构筑物水下检测多源数据处理及可视化系统设计与实现

大型构筑物水下状态检测与完整展示对大型构筑物的安全运营至关重要,而目前大型构筑物水下多源数据融合及三维展示系统几乎空白,论文针对该需求,通过重点突破水下检测多源数据融合、水下三维可视化等关键技术,研发了大型构筑物水下检测多源数据处理及可视化系统,并通过港珠澳大桥水下检测实测数据,验证了港珠澳大桥水下环境多源观测大数据融合和海底三维实景可视化展示能力,为大型构筑物水下状况的安全检测防护和可视化运营管理提供了有效支撑。

跨体制交通基础设施规划:港珠澳大桥规划困境与制度协调

融合交易费用理论和制度理论,提出了“政府–市场”共同作用下的粤港澳跨体制交通供给合作分析框架,并以大湾区实施的重大跨体制交通基础设施项目港珠澳大桥为例开展了案例研究。研究发现:①交通组织、可达性提升和空间发展是地方政府跨体制交通规划的主要考量要素;②高昂的交易费用和跨体制协调制度框架的缺失是合作困境的成因;③促成跨体制合作的关键是提供一个融合市场和行政2种机制的正式的协调制度框架;④只有在市场机制失灵的情况下,才有必要启动行政协调机制。在中国实施粤港澳大湾区融合发展,建设交通强国战略背景下,跨体制协调机制对于相关政策制定具有重要参考意义。