An EPQ Model with Imperfect Production Systems with Rework of Regular Production and Sales Return

The Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) model is commonly used by practitioners in the fields of production and inventory management to assist them in making decision on production lot size. The common assumptions in this model are that all units produced are perfect and shortages are not allowed. But, in real situation the defective items will be produced in each cycle of production and shortages and scrap are possible. These assumptions will underestimate the actual required quantity. Hence, the defective items can not be ignored in the production process. Rework process is necessary to convert those defective into finished goods. This study proposes EPQ model that incorporates both imperfect production quality and falsely not screening out a proportion of defects, thereby passing them on to customers, resulting in defect sales returns. To active this objective a suitable mathematical model is developed and the optimal production lot size which minimizes the total cost is derived. An illustrative example is provided and numerically verified. The validation of result in this model was coded in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.

Analysis of Production and Sales Situation of Sisal Fiber and Its Products in China

Based on results of previous studies,through investigations,the status quo,main advantages and disadvantages of using small hand-power scutchers and large-scale automatic sisal production lines to process sisal fiber were summarized and analyzed; the traditional uses and latest products of sisal fiber were studied,especially the comprehensive utilization of byproducts produced during sisal fiber processing as well as the broad prospects of new sisal products.

Tracking Microorganisms in Production and Sale Operations of Spiced Geese

Cooling, transportation and sale processes of spiced geese were studied, eight spiced geese meat samples with different sampling time, Airborne microorganism samples of three different workplaces and five different environmental contact substance samples were test, measures of special mediums, biochemical identification and DNA sequencing were carried out, then Escherichia coli, Yeast, Mildew, Lactic acid bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Janthinobacterium were detected. For spiced geese meat samples, microorganisms were significant (p ) increased with the prolong of sampling time. Lactic acid bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Janthinobacterium were detected in each processing operation and the total aerobic counts of each sample was increased or significant (p ) increased with the prolong of sampling time;Escherichia coli, Yeast and Mildew were detected on samples entered into the retail outlet mainly and the total aerobic counts of each sample was increased or significant (p ) increased also. In the household workshop, Mildew and Janthinobacterium were the superior microorganisms. In the transport vehicle, Staphylococcus aureus and Janthinobacterium were the superior microorganisms;Staphylococcus aureus was the superior microorganism in the retail outlet. For environmental contact substances, Cooling platform, pallet, chopping block were the most serious contaminated environmental contact substances and the total bacteria counts were significant (p ) more than stainless steel barrel and chopper;Janthinobacterium was the superior microorganism on pallet, stainless steel barrel and chopper;Lactic acid bacteria was the superior microorganism on chopping block and stainless steel barrel;Staphylococcus aureus was the superior microorganism on cooling platform. Findings indicate that Escherichia coli, Yeast, Mildew, Lactic acid bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Janthinobacterium were the main microorganisms;Household workshop and the retail outlet were the main place microorganisms contaminated;Pallet, stainless steel barrel and chopper were the main environmental contact substances.

Consumers'Purchase Intention of Geographical Indication Agricultural Products under the Background of Live-streaming Sales:An Exploratory Research Based on Grounded Theory

Exploring the mechanism for the formation of consumer purchase intentions of geographical indication agricultural products in the context of live-streaming sales can provide an important reference for brand marketing of geographical indication agricultural products.In this study,in-depth interviews were conducted with consumers of geographical indication agricultural products.Based on grounded theory,open coding,axial coding and selective coding were performed for interview text.Finally,21 concepts,7 subcategories and 3 main categories were obtained,and a model of the formation mechanism of the purchase intention of geographical indication agricultural products under the background of live-streaming sales was constructed,that is,"consumer cognition-consumer attitude-consumer behavior".Among them,consumer cognition includes two dimensions:the type of geographical indication agricultural products and the live-streaming appeal strategy,i.e.,the personal cognition of consumer and the promotion of live-streaming host's strategy.Consumer attitude is value perception of consumers,mainly including two dimensions of functional value and emotional value.Consumer behavior is the consumer's willingness to buy.It has been concluded that the types of geographical indication agricultural products interact with the live-streaming appeal strategies.Through the intermediary of consumers'value perception,consumers'purchase intention is generated.Among them,resource-oriented geographical indication agricultural products adopt rational live-streaming appeal strategies,which can enhance the consumer's perception of functional value,thereby promoting their purchase intention;and cultural and creative geographical indication agricultural products brands adopt perceptual live-streaming appeal strategies,which can enhance the emotional value perception of consumers,thereby promoting their purchase intention.

Problem Analysis of Agricultural Products Sales Channels in Shishan Area of Northwest Guangxi and Countermeasures Study:A Case Study of Nandan County of Hechi City

The level of agricultural product sales is one of the important factors that directly affect the economic income of rural villagers.Due to the limitations of geographical conditions and the lagging economic and social development,there are major problems in the sales of agricultural products in Shishan area.To better help the sales of agricultural products in Shishan area of northwest Guangxi,Nandan County of Hechi City is taken as research object.Current situation of agricultural products production and sales channels in Nandan County is understood,and problems existing in the sales of agricultural products in Nandan County are analyzed.Moreover,targeted opinions and suggestions are put forward from the aspect of innovating the sales channels of agricultural and sideline products,thereby helping quality improvement and development of agricultural industry.

Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of China’s Automobile Market since Joining the WTO

Since joining the WTO, China’s automobile market has shown a rapid development trend, and the automobile market is becoming more and more important to China’s economic recovery and high-quality development. The automobile manufacturing industry is one of the pillar industries of China, but facing downward pressure since 2018. The paper studies spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of automobile market since WTO Accession using methods including ESDA, DTW cluster analysis and Spatial panel Dubin model. The result shows that: 1) China’s automobile sales have grown rapidly and three development stages have occurred since WTO Accession;2) Four types of China’s automobile markets have significant spatial differentiation, while the same pattern present spatial agglomeration characteristics;3) The crucial reasons for spatial separation of production and sales in China’s automobile market include implementation of purchase restrictions in more and more cities, gradual consolidation of spatial pattern of automobile production, and the fact that some automobile production areas are far away from consumer market;4) The provincial spatial weighted average centers of automobile sales are mainly distributed in southeast Henan, and show a trend of moving to the southwest;5) The estimated coefficients of factors such as GDP, financial added value, the proportion of highway, the volume of highway freight, and implementation of automobile consumption incentive policies are all significantly positive, and some factors have positive spatial spillover effects. Existing research on the automobile market lacks analysis based on long-time series data. This study uses long-time series data to provide a certain reference for future research in related directions.

Statistical Analysis of Raw Materials and Products of the Surfactant Industry of China in 2019

According to the statistics of production and marketing data of relevant raw materials and products of enterprises above designated size by the Surfactant Committee of China Cleaning Industry Association(CCIA),the production status and market of main raw materials and products in 2019 were analyzed,and it was pointed out that the trend of traditional raw materials and products in domestic surfactant industry tended to be stable in 2019,with more obvious characteristics of scale and intensification.It was also found that the potential for future market development of specialty products is great because of the rapid growth of production and market,while the feature of high added value contained in needs to be further improved.

On the Importance of English in International E-commerce

With the emergence of e-commerce in Yiwu, many online businessmen have begun operations in the Jiangdong Sub-district ofYiwu. Through a survey among the e-sellers there, it's obivious to see English, as a global language, is of vital importance in the internation-al e-commerce. To run international e-shops well, the sellers should possess an understanding and familiarity with the importance of Englishin product description, selling and after-sales.

Factors Influencing Price of Agricultural Products and Stability Countermeasures

Factors leading to rise of prices of agricultural products mainly include tension of supply-demand relationship,promotion of production cost and circulation cost,and speculation of Refugee Capital(Hot Money).Factors leading to low price and difficult sales of agricultural products mainly include asymmetry of supply-demand information,lack of risk management tools for prices of agricultural products and decentralized and small-scaled operation of farmers.On the basis of these factors,this paper presents following countermeasures and suggestions for stabilizing prices of agricultural products:firstly,building long-effect mechanism for production and sales of agricultural products;secondly,expand the production and increase supply of agricultural products;thirdly,control the rising range of production cost for agricultural products;fourthly,enhance organization level of farmers;fifthly,promote innovation and development of risk management tools for prices of agricultural products.

Sales Prediction and Product Recommendation Model Through User Behavior Analytics

The COVID-19 has brought us unprecedented difficulties and thousands of companies have closed down.The general public has responded to call of the government to stay at home.Offline retail stores have been severely affected.Therefore,in order to transform a traditional offline sales model to the B2C model and to improve the shopping experience,this study aims to utilize historical sales data for exploring,building sales prediction and recommendation models.A novel data science life-cycle and process model with Recency,Frequency,and Monetary(RFM)analysis method with the combination of various analytics algorithms are utilized in this study for sales prediction and product recommendation through user behavior analytics.RFM analysis method is utilized for segmenting customer levels in the company to identify the importance of each level.For the purchase prediction model,XGBoost and Random Forest machine learning algorithms are used to build prediction models and 5-fold Cross-Validation method is utilized to evaluate their.For the product recommendation model,the association rules theory and Apriori algorithm are used to complete basket analysis and recommend products according to the outcomes.Moreover,some suggestions are proposed for the marketing department according to the outcomes.Overall,the XGBoost model achieved better performance and better accuracy with F1-score around 0.789.The proposed recommendation model provides good recommendation results and sales combinations for improving sales and market responsiveness.Furthermore,it recommend specific products to new customers.This study offered a very practical and useful business transformation case that assists companies in similar situations to transform their business models.

Product Specification Analysis for Modular Product Design Using Big Sales Data

Big data on product sales are an emerging resource for supporting modular product design to meet diversified customers’requirements of product specification combinations.To better facilitate decision-making of modular product design,correlations among specifications and components originated from customers’conscious and subconscious preferences can be investigated by using big data on product sales.This study proposes a framework and the associated methods for supporting modular product design decisions based on correlation analysis of product specifications and components using big sales data.The correlations of the product specifications are determined by analyzing the collected product sales data.By building the relations between the product components and specifications,a matrix for measuring the correlation among product components is formed for component clustering.Six rules for supporting the decision making of modular product design are proposed based on the frequency analysis of the specification values per component cluster.A case study of electric vehicles illustrates the application of the proposed method.

An Analysis of Development Trend of Food Industry in Three Northeastern Provinces of China

The food industry has developed into a leading industry in Northeast China.However,various economic indicators have shown a significant downward trend in recent years.Through the systematic analysis of the development trend of food industry in Northeast China in the past ten years,especially in 2014,it is found that in the context of stable and smooth operation of the food industry in China,the efficiency of the main processing industries declines in the three northeastern provinces of China,there is a simultaneous decline in the share of output value of the leading industries in the output value of manufacturing sector in three provinces,the collective and individual capital withdrawal is obvious in the paid-up capital,and there is a simultaneous decline in the industrial production and sales rate and the export delivery value.The food industry in Northeast China has plunged into the dilemma of development.Finally,this article puts forward some targeted recommendations from aspects of policy making,industrial agglomeration and enterprise cultivation.

Oil and Gas Policies in the World’s Major Countries

Revolutionary adjustments were made to the global energy structure in 2017.For the first time,OPEC cooperated with non-OPEC countries to reach an agreement on production curtailment in order to stabilize the oil and gas market.On the one hand,host countries have introduced various fiscal and tax incentive policies to attract investment in the oil and gas industry;on the other,the lack of fiscal revenue has been made up for and the low-carbon environmental protection policy supported by imposing a value-added tax and environmental protection tax.Major consumers have introduced a timetable for the sales prohibition of fuel vehicles and supported the development of new energy vehicles with fiscal and taxation policies.However,from the perspective of the full life cycle,the promotion of electric vehicles is only conducive to partially improving the environment and is not the optimal choice for national energy structure optimization.Electric vehicles will have real significance for environmental protection only after clean electric power is solved.As such,implementing the sales prohibition of fuel vehicles with administrative power goes against market discipline.

企业数字化转型与产品市场竞争地位

数字经济促进企业生态系统的构建,大数据为企业开展多元化经营、获取和沉淀客户资源赋能,研究企业数字商业模式的形成和扩大如何影响公司在产品市场中的竞争地位已成为深入了解企业数字化转型的重要议题。受资源积累和动态能力的影响,企业数字化转型提高产品市场竞争地位主要是通过增强企业创新能力和扩大企业客户网络影响来实现。当企业的融资约束较大、管理层权力较小和所在地区的文化更加强调业绩或未来导向时,上述结果更加显著。进一步的研究发现,企业数字化转型将提高公司采用差异化竞争战略的概率,降低公司采用成本领先战略的倾向,补充证明了数字技术驱动产品市场竞争力提升主要表现为企业销售优势的重构和增强。

经济制裁对两岸价值链关联的影响研究

文章运用亚洲开发银行的多区域投入产出表数据,测算经济体价值链关联、经济体生产距离和销售距离,在此基础上实证检验了经济制裁对价值链关联的影响,并基于“台湾地区—内地—美国”三角贸易,考察了美国经济制裁对三角贸易和两岸价值链关联的影响。结果表明,两岸价值链关联不断深化,经济体在GVC活动中的生产和销售并未出现明显的“近岸”特征;经济制裁对经济体价值链关联具有显著的负向作用;聚焦于三角贸易,美国经济制裁显著降低了美国与中国内地和台湾地区的价值链关联,并且促进了两岸价值链融合。最后,文章从创新驱动机制提升两岸价值链关联、以两岸携手嵌入内地内循环应对经济制裁、两岸携手开拓外部市场塑造新型贸易关系等方面提出了相应政策建议。

数字平台信息生产与新创企业股权融资研究——基于多源数据方法

以2014—2020年在京东众筹平台发起预售众筹的新创企业为样本,考察预售众筹融资表现是否对融资企业后续获得风险资本产生影响。实证发现,较好的融资表现可以彰显企业家才能和揭示市场需求,从而产生信号效应,提高新创企业后续获得风险资本的可能性,这一效应主要受最近一次众筹经历影响,且不受众筹之前早期风险资本的介入影响。进一步研究发现,预售众筹的信号效应弱于股权众筹的信号效应,但两者可以形成互补。新创企业应重视预售众筹的信息生产作用,利用良好的融资表现发送高质量信号。

基于电商平台预售订单的农业供应链融资模式研究

本文研究了基于电商平台预售订单的农业供应链中的三种内外部融资模式:银行融资、电商平台反向保理融资及提前支付,分析了农业供应链成员的融资模式偏好,并探究了预售数量等关键参数对供应链成员利润和融资模式选择的影响。研究发现:当预售数量较小、批发价格折扣系数较大时,农户与电商平台均偏好于电商平台提前支付模式;而随着批发价格折扣系数减小,电商平台提前支付模式的吸引力减弱,双方则均偏好于电商平台反向保理融资模式。当批发价格折扣系数与期望资金收益率均较大时,农户和电商平台融资策略达成一致,均偏好于电商平台提前支付融资模式;而随着批发价格折扣系数减小,双方融资偏好发生差异,农户更倾向于电商平台反向保理融资模式。

成品油销售企业土壤和地下水环境调查分析及修复方法研究

成品油销售企业油库和加油站等仓储经营场所是土壤和地下水潜在的污染源。对油库和加油站周围的土壤和地下水污染物进行调查和检测,可为土壤和地下水环境保护提供依据。以某临水加油站土壤和地下水实际环境监测和修复为例,通过对使用过程中潜在污染源和污染物排放的分析和检测,得出该站存在土壤和地下水污染的结果。提出了土壤和地下水修复方案和日后防控建议,对做好油库和加油站等仓储经营场所环境保护工作具有一定的借鉴意义。

中国情境下商品流通对异质性企业贸易理论的扩展

异质性企业贸易理论具备诠释作用的先决条件是商品流通渠道的顺畅无阻,而某些外部事件所造成的冲击会阻碍人员与商品的正常流通,这会削弱维持经济运行的市场交易动能。当把研究视角放在跨越领土边界的国际贸易时,其所受到的冲击要比国内贸易更加严重,甚至会出现完全阻断国际商品流通渠道的情形。对比异质性企业贸易理论的基本观点,中国在特定时期内应对外部冲击所采取的出口产品转内销实践与原理论难以相容。尽管不能因为特殊情况就否定经济理论的贡献,但依托外在冲击所造成的贸易阻断状况以及帮扶性公共政策的实际影响去进一步思考理论的成立条件,会有新的发现并有望扩展原有的理论。通过构建生产者尽力追求盈利、理性消费者想要获得最大满足与政策制定者为民谋利益的三维决策框架,研究发现能和三方最优选择相容的出口产品转内销的具体举措,主要体现在如何让国内商品流通渠道变得更为畅通,从而在实践层面指明了利用商品流通顺畅程度拓展异质性企业贸易理论的具体方向。在加快构建新发展格局以及建设全国统一大市场的背景下,维持本土市场主体需求的安全与稳定具有必要性,这亦是异质性企业贸易理论与商品流通顺畅程度相结合的理论内涵之一。

磷石膏综合利用现状及展望

磷石膏长期堆存带来的环境问题日益突出,磷石膏的无害化处理及综合利用迫在眉睫。总结了磷石膏在制备工业石膏及建材、水泥缓凝剂、制备硫酸联产水泥、路基材料、填充材料、土壤改良剂等领域的研究进展,介绍了磷石膏主要的研究方向,分析了磷石膏综合利用科研与工业化的关系,指出磷石膏科研与工业化的核心矛盾在于石膏本身价格较低,而磷石膏工业化处理成本较高,无法得到推广,并针对以上问题提出了多种解决思路。指出磷石膏未来的发展需要政府政策的支持,以及维持磷石膏市场需求和新增装置之间的平衡。磷石膏利用方面,无害化处置是基础,路基材料是磷石膏消纳的主要途径,土壤化和生态修复是磷石膏利用的新方向。