MANTLE SOURCE NATURE OF ORE FLUIDS FOR THE JINDING Pb-Zn DEPOSIT, LANPING, YUNNAN

Geological setting\;Jinding superlarge Pb\|Zn deposit lies in the Lanping basin between the Lancangjiang fracture zone and the Jinshajiang\|Ailaoshan fracture zone. The Lanping basin is a Meso\|Cenozoic rifting basin whose basement consists of the Paleozoic strata. Mesozoic paralic and continental sediments with a thickness of about 20000m deposited in the basin. In the Paleocene, gypsum\|salt\|bearing strata with a thickness of more than 1000m accumulated. In the Cenozoic, collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate resulted in strong folding and napping and subsequent extensions in the Oligocene and Pliocene. The extensions were responsible for alkaline magmatic intrusion in the centre and alkaline magmatic extrusion in the east.Faulting is well developed. N\|S\|trending Bijiang fault with a length of 120km links with the Jinshajiang fracture zone in the north and with the Lancangjiang fracture zone in the south, controlling on the Cenozoic Lanping rifting basin and acting as passage\|way for ore fluids.

REE Geochemistry of the Lead-Zinc Ores from the Jinding Lead-Zinc Deposit, Lanping, Yunnan

Nineteen volcanic and magmatic rock samples were collected from the Jinding lead-zinc deposit and its surrounding areas in Yunnan. The ICP and AES analyses, referred to the previous results, show that the metal minerals and altered rocks in the Jinding lead-zinc deposit display a decreasing trend of ΣREE from the early to late stages of mineralization, and similarities in REE distribution patterns, indicating that the ore fluids are characterized by high LREE enrichment, markedly negative δCe anomaly and slight δEu anomaly. These REE distribution patterns exhibit striking similarities to those of the Pliocene trachyte in the study area, both of which are similar in ΣREE, LREE/HREE ratio, δEu and δCe. The ore fluids besides the basin fluids in the deposit are also closely related to those associated with Pliocene trachyte magmas.

A study on the distribution characteristics and existing states of cadmium in the Jinding Pb-Zn deposit,Yunnan Province,China

The distribution characteristics and existing state of cadmium in the Jinding Pb-Zn deposit were studied. It was discovered that Cd was mainly distributed in sphalerite as an isomorphic impurity. There was a good correlation between Cd and Zn in the primary ore. With the oxidation and resolution of pyrite, sphalerite, sulfide, and etc., many secondary minerals, such as colloform sphalerite and smithsonite, were formed. The distribution of Cd is not symmetrical, and enrichment and dilution were observed in partial area of the oxidation zone in the deposit. Cd, except in external pore space or cracks of secondary minerals as independent minerals, such as greenockite, was mainly distributed in sphalerite as an isomorphic impurity in the secondary sphalerate and smithsonite in the oxidation zone. The research showed that Cd showed a very strong active transfer ability in the oxidation process, not only indicating that supergene leaching might be the main reason for Cd enrichment in some Pb-Zn deposits, but also reflecting that Cd was easily mobilizeed and transferred to pollute ore areas in the oxidation process. Furthermore, Cd in oxidation ore was more easily mobilized and transferred to induce bad hazards for ore areas with the effect from AMD which was produced from oxidation of sulfides.

Geochemistry and environmental effect of cadmium in the super-large Jinding Pb-Zn deposit,Yunnan Province, China

The Jinding Pb-Zn deposit in Yunnan Province is the representative of a Cd-enriched area and mining activities lead to the release of Cd into the hypergenic ecosystem, resulting in Cd pollution. The concentrations of Cd vary greatly from one type to another type of rocks in the mining district. In the host rock, Cd concentrations range from 50×10-6 to 650×10-6 with an average of 310×10-6. In primary ores, Cd concentrations range from 14×10-6 to 2800×10-6 with an average of 767×10-6. However, in oxidized ores, Cd concentrations are highest, varying within the range of 110×10-6 to 8200×10-6 , averaging 1661×10-6. It is shown that the oxidized ores are the main carrier and environmental source of Cd. Leaching test showed that Pb/Zn ores are easy to oxidize and thereafter release Cd and other harmful elements. These leached elements in the leachate may be precipitated rapidly in the order of Zn>Pb>Cd. As for the concentration distribution of Cd in the Bijiang River, it is estimated to be 15.7 μg/L Cd in water, 49.3 mg/L in suspended substances, and 203.7 mg/L in sediments. The average value of Cd in soil from the polluted area is 83.0 mg/kg. Natural weathering of Cd-rich rocks and minerals imposes a potential environmental risk on the aquatic ecosystem of the Bijiang catchment.

Relationship Between Organic Matters and Zn-Pb Mineralization in the Giant Jinding Zn-Pb Deposit,SW China

The Jinding Zn-Pb deposit,Yunnan Province, southwestern China,represents the youngest,only continental sediment-hosted giant Zn-Pb deposit in the world.Various kinds of organic matters,such as the kerogen,light-and heavy-oil,hydrocarbon gas, bitumen of different occurrences and maturation,have been observed in recent underground and open pit mining.Oil-gas traces and oil-and methane-in-

Fractal Modeling of Sphalerite Banding in Jinding Pb-Zn Deposit, Yunnan, Southwestern China

Sphalerite banding is a common texture in Jinding （金顶） Pb-Zn deposit, Yunnan （云南）, southwestern China. The frequency distribution and irregularity of sphalerite grains observed in the bandings are characterized quantitatively by fractal models. Fractal dimensions calculated by several fractal models including box-counting model, perimeter-area （P-A） model, and number-area （N-A） model show the gradual change from outer banding to inner banding, indicating a decrease in area percentage, in irregularity, in shape and in grain size, and an increase in the numbers of grains. These results may imply an inward growth of sphalerite during mineralization, and self-organization properties are involved in the nonlinear process of mineralization.

Giant Mineral Deposits and Their Geodynamic Setting in the Lanping Basin, Yunnan, China

There are giant mineral deposits, including the Jinding Zn-Pb and Baiyangping Ag-Co-Cu, and otherimportant mineral deposits (e.g., Baiyangchang Ag-Cu, Jinman Cu deposits, etc.) in the Lanping Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin, Yunnan Province, China. The tabular ore-bodies and some veins hosted in terrestrial clastic rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic age and no outcropping of igneous rocks in the giant deposits lead to the proposal of syngenetic origin, but the giant mineral deposits are not stratabound (e.g. MVT, sandstone- and Sedex-type). They formed in a continental red basin with intense crust movement. The mineralization is controlled by structures and lithology and occurs in different strata, and no sedimentary nature and no exhalative sediments are identified in the deposits. The deposits show some relations with organic matter (now asphalt and petroleum) and evaporates (gypsum). The middle-low-temperature (mainly 110℃ to 280℃) mineralization took place at a depth of about 0.9 km to 3.1 km during the early Himalayan (58 to 67 Ma). The salinity of ore-forming fluids is surprisingly low (1.6% to 18.0 wt% (NaCl)eq). Affected by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, the mantle is disturbed under the Lanping Basin. The large-scale mineralization is closely linked with the geodynamics of the crust movement, the mantle and mantle-flux upwelling and igneous activity. Giant mineral deposits and their geodynamic setting are unique in the Lanping Basin.

滇西兰坪金顶超大型铅锌矿床围岩微量元素地球化学特征及其意义

滇西兰坪盆地是三江成矿带的重要组成部分,金顶铅锌矿是区内重要的超大型矿床。为了查明金顶超大型铅锌矿床的成矿物质来源,对金顶矿区围岩样品进行微量元素地球化学分析。结果显示,稀土总量接近大陆上地壳的平均稀土元素总量值,轻稀土元素相对富集、重稀土元素相对亏损,呈明显的右倾型,具有显著的Eu负异常。微量元素特征显示Cu的平均含量为24.4×10^(-6),未发生明显富集迁移。Pb、Zn平均含量随矿体距离远近变化较大(Pb含量为2.9×10^(-6)~24.7×10^(-6),平均含量为13.1×10^(-6);Zn含量为8.8×10^(-6)~236.0×10^(-6),平均含量为76.6×10^(-6)),与矿体距离呈现出明显的相关性,距离矿体越近,含量越高。稀土元素特征及微量元素相关关系分析表明,矿区围岩古近纪云龙组地层不是提供成矿物质的矿源层。矿区石膏锶、硫同位素地球化学性质显示金顶矿区的石膏为晚三叠世三合洞组蒸发沉积型,且在适当的成矿温度条件下(150~300℃),石膏会发生热化学还原作用(TSR),为金属硫化物矿床提供硫源。

上砂下黏地层中桩-筒复合基础V-H承载特性

海上风机基础不仅受自重等竖向力V作用,也因水流、波浪和风等影响而承受水平荷载H。为探讨上砂下黏地层中一种由单桩和吸力筒组成的新型海上风机桩-筒复合基础受V-H组合作用时的承载特性,自主设计完成了一系列室内桩-筒复合基础V-H组合加载模型试验,获得不同组合参数下桩-筒复合基础的荷载-位移曲线和桩身弯矩分布曲线,并绘制出V-H承载力包络线。在此基础上,采用ABAQUS建立了上砂下黏地层中桩-筒复合基础三维数值分析模型,经模型验证与参数分析,进一步讨论了砂土厚度、筒径、筒高以及加载高度等参数对桩-筒复合基础承载特性的影响曲线,并拟合出桩-筒复合基础承载力简化计算公式,分析结果表明:桩-筒复合基础能显著提高桩身水平承载力,增幅达30%~90%,且增加筒径比增加筒高更有利于提高基础水平承载力;上部砂土层较厚时,桩-筒复合基础存在一个使复合基础水平承载力达到最大的预加竖向荷载最佳值,其值随不同载荷工况在(0.4~0.7)Vult范围内变化。

河南栾川胜金沟铅锌矿床地质特征及找矿方向研究

栾川县胜金沟铅锌矿是豫西南重要的多金属矿集区内的一个典型矿床,对其矿床地质特征及找矿方向研究有助于了解栾川县矿集区铅锌矿成矿地质条件及规律。通过对胜金沟铅锌矿床开展成矿地质规律、找矿标志和找矿方向的研究,结果表明:胜金沟铅锌矿与燕山期中酸性小岩体关系密切,区内NE—SW和NWW—SEE向构造的交汇部位对矿体有明显的控制作用,是重要的找矿部位;矿区深部可能存在隐伏的含矿岩体,为矿体的形成提供物质来源。研究结果为矿集区开展进一步勘查工作提供了重要的借鉴意义。

Cenozoic Mineralization in China,as a Key to Past Mineralization and a Clue to Future Prospecting

Many Cenozoic metal deposits have been found during the past decade. Among them, the Fuwan Ag deposit in Guangdong is the largest Ag deposit in China. Besides, the largest Cu deposit of China in Yulong, Tibet, the largest Pb-Zn deposit of China in Jinding, Yunnan, and the largest Au deposit of China in Jinguashi, Taiwan, were also formed in the Cenozoic. Why so many important “present” deposits formed during such a short period of geological history is the key problem. The major reason is that different tectonic settings control different kinds of magmatic activity and mineralization at the same time. In southwestern China, porphyry-type Cu deposits such as Yulong were formed during the early stage of the Himalayan orogeny, sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits such as Jinding were formed within intermontane basins related to deep faults, and carbonatite-related deposits such as the Maoniuping REE deposit and alkalic magmatic rock-related deposits such as the Beiya Au deposit originated from the mantle source. In southeastern China, the Fuwan Ag deposit was related to continental rifting which was triggered by the mantle plume. In Taiwan, the Jinguashi Au deposit was formed during the subduction process of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate. Besides, the features such as the diversification, inheritance, large size, deep source of metals and fluids of the Cenozoic (Present or Recent) mineralization can be used as a key to the search for past deposits.

Geology and isotopic composition of helium,neon,xenon and metallogenic age of the Jinding and Baiyangping ore deposits,northwest Yunnan,China

Both the Jinding and Baiyangping ore deposits developed in the Lanping basin, which is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrestrial clastic sedimentary basin. Their occurrences can easily lead many people to compare them with the Pb-Zn deposit hosted in sedimentary rocks, such as Mississippian Valley-, Sedex- and sandstone-type Pb-Zn deposits. However, the Lanping basin developed in the settings of strong tectonic activity of the continental crust, which could cause an effective material exchange between the lower crust and the upper mantle. The orebodies are clearly tectonically controlled without syngenetic features, which probably represents a new type of the sedimentary rock-hosted Pb-Zn deposit. The isotopic compositions of noble gases in ore-forming fluids indicate that 2%32% of helium (3He/4He = 0.19 Ra1.97 Ra) is derived from the mantle, 50.1% of neon (20Ne/22Ne = 10.4510.83; 21Ne/22Ne = 0.03) from the mantle, and considerable amount of xenon (129Xe/130Xe = 5.846.86; 134Xe/130Xe = 2.262.71) from the mantle, which show that mantle fluids played an important role in the ore formation. The ore-forming age of 6760 Ma obtained by Re-Os and 40Ar-39Ar dating methods is later than the host rock, which is coeval with the Himalayan alkali magmatism of the mantle source and mantle-crust source. In this paper, the mineralization of the Jinding and Baiyangping ore deposits is considered to be related to the mantle fluids which move upward with the magma or along the deep faults, and mix with the meteoritic brine in the crust to result in large-scale deposition.

Helium and argon isotopic geochemistry of Jinding superlarge Pb-Zn deposit

The study results of He and Ar isotopes from fluid inclusions in pyrites formed during mineralization stage of Jinding superlarge Pb-Zn deposit in west Yunnan, China are reported. The data show that the 40Ar/ 36Ar and 3He/ 4He ratios of fluid inclusions are respectively in the range of 301.7\385.7 and 0.03\0.06Ra, suggesting the ore-forming fluid is a kind of air saturated meteoric groundwater. On the basis of research on coupled relationships among He, Ar, S and Pb isotopes, the evolution history of ore-forming fluid of the deposit can be summarized as （i） air saturated meteogenic groundwater infiltrated down and was heated→ （ii） leached S, C and radiogenic He, Ar from the basinal strata → （iii） leached Pb and Zn from mantle-derived igneous rocks located in the bottom of the basin→ （iv） ore-forming fluid ascended and formed the deposit. Due to this process, the isotope signatures of crustal radiogenic He, atmospheric Ar （with partial radiogenic 40Ar）, crustal S and mantle-derived Pb remained in the ore-forming fluid.

金顶铅-锌-镉-铊矿床稀散元素Cd的赋存状态及矿床成因

云南金顶铅-锌-镉-铊矿床是世界级超大型矿床。本文利用TIMA对金顶矿床原生矿石锌/铅/硫精粉中Cd元素的赋存状态开展系统研究,并对黄铁矿和闪锌矿开展原位LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析。结果显示,闪锌矿中稀散元素Cd的含量为519.80×10^(-6)~116155.00×10^(-6),锌精粉中富镉区域广泛分布体积分数极低的硫镉矿。稀散元素Cd主要是以类质同象的形式赋存于闪锌矿晶格内,极少数是以镉的独立硫化物形式产出。闪锌矿以富含Cd、Pb、Cu元素,贫Fe、Mn、In等元素为特征,具有较低的In/Ge、In/Ga比值(平均值分别为0.008和0.014);黄铁矿中的Co、Ni元素含量较低,Co/Ni比值(平均值为1.766)指示黄铁矿具有沉积成因和热液成因。这些特征均表明该矿床主要形成于中低温环境。综合矿床地质特征和硫化物微量元素特点,认为金顶矿床属于密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床。

滇西兰坪金顶铅锌矿床精细刻画矿化过程:来自硫化物原位微量元素和S-Pb同位素的证据

金顶铅锌矿床位于中国西南中新生代兰坪盆地,是亚洲第二大铅锌矿床,其巨大的储量和复杂的地质成矿史吸引了众多学者的研究,但在矿床成因和矿化过程的精细描述等方面仍存在较大争议。本文通过详细的野外地质调查并结合硫化物的LA-(MC)ICP-MS微量元素和硫、铅同位素分析对该矿床进行了详细解剖。金顶铅锌矿床的含矿地层为景星组砂岩、云龙组含砾砂岩及灰岩角砾岩。成矿过程可分为2个主要阶段:第Ⅰ阶段早期为浸染状的黄铁矿-白铁矿-闪锌矿-方铅矿,晚期硫化物呈块状且出现天青石;第Ⅱ阶段为闪锌矿-方铅矿-黄铁矿-天青石-重晶石-方解石-石膏阶段。成矿过程中硫化物的原位微量元素和S-Pb同位素表现出规律演化特征。主要金属元素除了以简单的类质同象形式赋存于闪锌矿中,Zn^(2+)与微量元素存在4Zn^(2+)→2Fe^(2+)→Ge^(4+)、2Zn^(2+)→Fe2+→Mn^(2+)、3Zn^(2+)→In^(3+)→Sn^(3+)等复杂的替代关系。综合微量元素和S-Pb同位素演化规律,本文认为金顶铅锌矿的成矿流体早阶段与富含金属的盆地卤水和富含H2S的流体有关,晚阶段则与大气水的混入有关。在后一过程中,大气水萃取了区域上富含Fe、Mn、Tl的红层碎屑岩,进而导致Fe、Mn、Tl等元素含量的升高,同时闪锌矿也表现出更宽范围的微量元素特征和更窄范围的^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb、^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb和δ^(34)S值的特征。由此推断,超大型金顶铅锌矿床是由多来源流体相互叠加而形成,其成矿物质主要来源于兰坪盆地沉积地层。此外,BSR作用在硫酸盐还原过程中起着重要作用,西部矿段还原硫可能还有少量TSR作用的贡献。最后,本文讨论了金顶铅锌矿床的矿床成因和精细矿化过程,综合分析认为它是一个受层间构造控制的、富Cd和Ge等多种分散元素的后生碎屑岩容矿型MVT铅锌矿床。

云南金顶矿床矿体三维模型的建立及其研究意义

利用澳大利亚Surpac公司的三维立体制作软件将“金顶铅锌矿详细勘探地质报告”中的318个钻孔、14多万个数据和49张勘探线剖面图等资料,首次做出了可从任意角度观察的金顶矿床矿体三维空间实体模型。铅锌矿体展示了穹隆状分布特征,(硬)石膏、天青石矿体在空间上展现了残余盐丘的某些特点,为盐丘破坏、油气逃逸形成超大型铅锌矿的模式提供了佐证。文章初步讨论了砂岩型矿体和灰岩角砾岩型矿体的关系。

滇西北兰坪金顶超大型矿床研究新进展:侵位角砾岩的发现及其地质意义

兰坪金顶超大型矿床各种角砾岩和角砾岩型矿体十分发育,通过对角砾岩型矿体形态、产状、与围岩接触关系和角砾岩自身结构特点的研究,作者首次发现并提出灰岩角砾岩型矿体是一种侵位角砾岩,其形成机制类似于现代泥火山。

论兰坪金顶超大型铅锌矿容矿角砾岩的成因

兰坪金顶超大型铅锌矿容矿角砾岩分为两类:一是构造-膏溶角砾岩,不含矿,胶结物孢粉组合显示晚三叠世特征;二是底辟-侵位角砾岩,含铅锌、黄铁矿、天青石和硬石膏矿化,是重要的矿石类型之一,呈脉状产出,系构造-膏溶角砾岩底辟-侵位的产物。它们并非是古新世滑塌堆积成因的角砾岩,不应划归于老第三系云龙组。流行的金顶超大型铅锌矿成矿模式需要重新审定。

兰坪金顶铅锌矿方解石微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学特征研究

金顶铅锌矿矿床成因一直受到广泛关注,但至今没有达成共识,其重要原因之一是对矿床成矿流体性质和来源认识的局限。本文以金顶铅锌矿床成矿早期脉状方解石和晚期结核状方解石为研究对象,系统开展了微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学研究,在此基础上探讨了该矿床成矿流体的性质和可能的来源。研究发现,虽然2种产状方解石都以轻稀土富集、轻重稀土显著分异、配分模式向右陡倾为特征,并且具有相似的Mg、Fe和Mn含量,但它们在微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学特征上亦存在显著差异。脉状方解石相对于结核状方解石稀土元素总量较高,富集Co、Ni、(W)、Mo、Bi;脉状方解石流体包裹体显示相对高温高盐度的特征(Th>250℃,S>8.0%NaCleqv),而结核状方解石流体包裹体相对低温低盐度(Th<200℃,S<8.0%NaCleqv);脉状方解石的碳同位素组成(δ13CPDB=-22.95‰～-2.56‰)较分散,具有多源性,而结核状方解石碳同位素组成(δ13CPDB=-7.02‰～-6.18‰)相对集中,二者的氧同位素组成(δ18OSMOW=20.16‰～23.49‰)与沉积岩类似。综合分析认为,金顶铅锌矿成矿期脉状和结核状方解石虽然均属热液成因,但它们分别代表了2类不同性质的热液体系,早期成矿流体为多源的混合流体,成矿过程中可能有深源组分的加入,而晚期成矿流体以大气降水为主。

金顶铅锌矿床地质-地球化学

金顶铅锌矿床的成矿作用发生在中_新生代沉积地层当中 ,且矿区内没有明显出露岩浆岩 ,矿体为板状 ,产在古新统云龙组和下白垩统景星组的陆相碎屑岩中 ,但成矿并不受岩相地层控制 ,而受断裂和穹隆构造控制。铅同位素数据指示成矿金属主要来自地幔。硫同位素具有δ3 4 S黄铁矿 >δ3 4 S闪锌矿 >δ3 4 S方铅矿 的趋势 ,硫主要来自地壳。闪锌矿及有关脉石矿物 (石英、天青石、方解石和硬石膏 )的流体包裹体研究表明 ,均一温度主要在 110～ 15 0℃ ,盐度w(NaCleq) 5 .0 9%～ 19.6 3% ,成矿压力 32 .5～ 2 2 .6MPa ,所对应的成矿深度 0 .9～ 1.5km。