A Preliminary Study on the Spherical Bombs(Huolei)of the Southern Song Dynasty,Unearthed in Chongqing

The military situation of the thirteenth century required that the Song and the Mongols construct a great number of defensive works,relying on the mountains or facing the rivers,in the mountainous Sichuan Province and Chongqing.In recent years,a special kind of explosive firearms,huolei火雷(bombs),was unearthed in the large-scale excavations of the site of Diaoyu Fortress钓鱼城in Hechuan District合川and the Baidicheng白帝城in Fengjie County奉节,both of which were defensive works constructed in this mountainous area during the Southern Song dynasty.In addition,the ruins of kilns and the clay molds that were relevant to the casting of iron huolei have been discovered at the site of Baidicheng,indicating that these huolei might have been produced locally.The Southern Song iron huolei unearthed in Chongqing are the most direct evidence of the evolvement of gunpowder and firearms,and are of great significance to the history of science and technology,in particular the history of military technology.

The Research on the Psychological Tactic of the Northern and Southern Dynasties

Psychology’s military use was discovered by ancient Chinese strategists in a very early time.In the Spring and Autumn period(770 B.C.-476 B.C.),psychological tactics were put into practice.After coming to the Northern and Southern Dynasties(420-589),psychological tactics had become the required course of strategists.Therefore,many generals of this period could use it adroitly.There were many classic examples which could help us analyze the psychological tactics of this era.The purpose of this paper is to introduce a few classic examples and summarize their characteristics.Then,we can better understand the psychological tactics of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

Artistic Features of Gardens in Southern Song Dynasty

Based on the discussion of gardens in song dynasty,the artistic characteristics of gardens in southern song dynasty are analyzed from the four perspectives of poetry and painting style,stone piling and water designing,architectural form and plant cultivation.The gardens of southern song dynasty embody the regional and cultural characteristics of Jiangnan.The aesthetic appreciation of gardens infl uenced by the style of poetry and painting highlights the artistic characteristics of false or true complement,soft and elegant,and tends to be popularized.Mountain stones are stacked into peaks and waters are designed according to local conditions.The architectural forms are strewn at random,exquisite and elegant.Landscape plants present varying sceneries with changing view-points,and naming echo with scenes to enhance the artistic value of landscape.It is hoped that the status of garden art of southern song dynasty in the history of Chinese classical gardens can be evaluated more scientifi cally and objectively through the research,and some reliable theoretical basis can be provided for modern garden design.

Literary Construction of Liang Qichao's China Dream in Late Qing Dynasty--Based on the Perspective of Liang Qichao's Political Novels

Liang Qichao actually influenced Chinese society of late Qing dynasty in a great and profound way.H e founded several political newspapers,pioneered a literary style called political commentary and wrote many political fictions,which fully embody his deep thinking over China’s destiny at that time under impacts of western politics as well as his practical activities.H is political fiction does not only pioneer new forms and contents of modern fiction,but also play a crucial role in leading numerous writers to construct a"Chinese Dream"literature by granting politics as theme of fiction and shaping of political heroes.W hat’s more,his political fiction also becomes a basis of integration between literature and politics.

Analysis of Buddhist sculpture art in Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties

The emergence and development of Buddhist sculpture has completely changed the original Chinese ancient sculpture, rich China sculpture theme, greatly promote the development of the Chinese sculpture, in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhist sculpture received considerable development, the art form is abundant, representative of the ＂ slim but clear appearance＂ and＂ images of noble figures ＂two kinds of modeling features. From the perspective of historical background and aesthetic orientation, this paper analyzes and studies the overall features of the art of carving art in this historical period, as well as its profound influence on the development of Chinese Buddhist statues.

The Influence of the Southern Silk Road on the Social Development of the Southwestern Yi in the Qin and Han Dynasties

The Southern Silk Road ran through Sichuan,Yunnan,and other provinces of China.It was a vital transport artery that linked the region of the southwestern Yi(barbarian tribes)to the Central Plains and influenced politics,economy,and culture in the region of the southwestern Yi in ancient times.The imperial governments of the Qin and Han dynasties kept developing regions along the Southern Silk Road.Their relentless efforts brought about social development in the region of the southwestern Yi in three aspects.Politically,they established the county system and step by step integrated the southwestern frontier and the inland into an administrative whole;economically,they implemented“presenting generous gifts and tax exemption,”spread the advanced production technology from the Central Plains,and promoted local economic growth;ideologically,they spread Confucianism and culture,and promoted cultural exchange and development.

The Ancient Charm of the southern Dynasty Mausoleum Stone Carvings

IN the Qthe field to the south-east of Naning there Squat several stone aniInals. These sfoneanimals of the Southern Dynasty(420-557 A.D.) tombs are treasurs ofart emforying the cfor Of Naningcapital of sin dynastieS.

The“Emperor’s Edict”and the Emperor’s power in the Southern Song Dynasty

“Emperor’s Edict”refers to the writing of emperor himself.In the context of serving as official document,it refers to the special writ issued by emperor for sake of administering national affairs.In the official document system of Song Dynasty,“Emperor’s Edict”had always been an attention of the scholars and officials at that time due to its unusual functions in terms of drafting,promulgation and power.The Southern Song Dynasty was generally conceived by academic circles as a period when the“Administration by Emperor’s Edict”was gradually phased out.We did observe,however,with“Emperor’s Edict”placed in historical panorama of the early years of Southern Song Dynasty,an ever-strengthened power and prowess of“Emperor’s Edict”as backlit by several historical incidents such as Emperor Gaozong’s controlling and manipulating by“Emperor’s Edict”of the national armies.It reflects the political truth of strengthened imperial power in the Southern Song Dynasty.Hence,we can have access to another facet of the politics of the Southern Song Dynasty.

The Rediscovery of“Evocation”(Xing)and the Rise of“Poems Based on Evocation with Miscellaneous Themes”(Za-Xing)in the Resurgence Era of Southern Song Dynasty

The composition of group poems based on evocation with miscellaneous themes(za-xing)first emerged in the Tang Dynasty,pioneered by Du Fu and Chu Guangxi,but an extraordinary outburst of group poems based on evocation with miscellaneous themes emerged in the the resurgence era of Southern Song Dynasty.This phenomenon was not only influenced by new ideas in poetics and the studies of Confucian classics in the Southern Song Dynasty but also directly stemmed from the resistance against the poetic system represented by the Jiangxi poetry school.The group poems based on evocation with miscellaneous themes of poets such as Lu You,Yang Wanli,and Fan Chengda exhibit a tendency opposite to the Jiangxi poetic style in terms of their overall characteristics.The rise of evocation with miscellaneous themes poems in the poetic circle of the the resurgence era of Southern Song Dynasty holds significant importance in the history of Song poetry.It represents a rebellious and rule-breaking force that fundamentally protests against the various rules and boundaries established by Song poetics,marking a revolution in the norms of Song poetry.

Measurement of transient thickness between the body and graze layers of ancient porcelains using microprobe EDXRF technique

The oxide contents of TiO2, MnO, SrO and Fe2O3 in the body and graze layers of the Jiao-Tan-Xia (JTX) and Lao-Hu-Dong (LHD) porcelains in Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279 A.D.) have been determined using an In- ternational Eagle-II μ-probe EDXRF spectrometer. The results show that the contents in the body are much different from those in the graze one. Therefore, the transient thickness (TT) between the body and graze layers can be meas- ured through determination of a distance of the drift change in the chemical contents. The TT average for the JTX porcelains is 161μm, while that for the LHD porcelains is 258μm, which are consistent with a range of 0.15-0.3mm in the Ru-Yao porcelains. The different TT is related to the variances in firing temperature and raw material for manu- facturing the respective porcelains.

“森列”与“饾饤”:南宋园林假山营造的两种类型及其结合发展

现有中国园林史研究已经认识到南宋是园林中石假山营造得到重要发展的时期,然而南宋园林假山营造的具体方式及其形态特点尚未得到有效探讨。在深入研读相关文献与图像的基础上,结合历史来源与后世影响,探讨南宋园林假山营造的类型及其发展。首先从“置”与“叠”2种基本方式出发,在历史语境中探讨“森列”与“饾饤”这2类南宋常见的假山营造类型及其来源与影响;进而关注二者在仿“飞来峰”营造中的结合与发展,从而更清晰地认识南宋,乃至其后的石假山营造。这一研究将对其后中国园林假山发展的认识,乃至当代假山特点的理解提供坚实的历史理论基础。

南宋和元代龙泉窑粉青瓷釉色比较研究

为了研究南宋与元代龙泉粉青瓷釉呈色机理,采用colorimeter,XRF,XRD,Raman spectrometer,XPS等对南宋和元代龙泉粉青瓷釉进行对比分析。结果表明,南宋粉青瓷L*值大于元代,而a*、b*值小于元代粉青瓷。南宋粉青瓷的烧成温度低于元代。龙泉粉青瓷乳浊如玉的质感主要是受釉层内小而密集气泡与大量石英晶体对光的影响所致。Fe2O3的化学色主导了龙泉青瓷的呈色,且南宋粉青瓷的Fe2+与Fe3+的比值高于元代粉青瓷,是南宋粉青瓷偏蓝而元代粉青瓷偏绿的主要原因。

从“水引,挼如箸大”看魏晋南北朝时期箸的形制与使用

《齐民要术》作为魏晋南北朝时期重要农书,不仅记载了重要的农业生产技术以及食物加工方式,而且记载了一些饮食器具的形制,其中“水引,挼如箸大”是对当时筷子的直接描述。本文通过这条文献记载来考证与勾勒魏晋南北朝时期箸的形态规制,并由此探讨当时箸的使用情况,进一步考证魏晋南北朝时期饮食生活的历史状况以及饮食文化特征。

南齐帝乡、帝陵的政治隐喻与话语功能——以王敬则举兵的政治动员与《南齐书》的叙事立场为中心

萧氏故里“晋陵武进县东城里”与祖茔“武进陵”在南齐的政治话语中被视作王朝气运的象征与王朝正统的符号。宋齐易代之际,与东城里相对照的童谣“东城出天子”,武进旧茔上的“五色云气”“有龙出”“甘露降”等祥瑞及“萧道成当为天子”的流言,均被当作萧道成得天命的有力证据纳入禅让之际的舆论中。旧茔所在的彭山扼守着自建康沿破冈渎的东出要道,“拜武进陵”由此兼具政治与军事双重涵义。在齐明帝推行诛杀高、武子孙与旧将的时政语境中,萧氏故里、祖茔的政治意义被激活。王敬则以在武进陵口恸哭的方式将其举事与维护高、武相联,动摇了齐明帝的统治基础,在对方镇势力的疑惧下,齐明帝依靠建康禁军以作抵抗。在王敬则事件中,高、武王侯几乎被齐明帝所诛戮。作为“戕夷之事”的受害者,萧子显在编撰《南齐书·王敬则传》时,凸显王敬则的“旧将”身份、晋陵境内对王敬则举兵的响应以及王敬则的哭陵之举,或许隐含着彰显齐明帝统治之正当性缺乏的意味。这同样也是《南齐书》编撰期萧梁王朝对历史问题的定性。

南宋临安古都的历史还原

南宋建都临安,是杭州这座历史文化名城跃升为全国首都的里程碑,是浙江文化从外缘走向中心的转折点,是中国文化中心南北易位最终聚合江南的分界线,也是宋代文化继续繁荣再造高峰的动力源。然而由于战乱等原因,作为“七大古都”之一的南宋临安未能如北京、南京、西安、洛阳等有效保存古都空间景观,以皇城为核心的主体建筑荡然无存,这无疑是浙江也是中国文明发展史的重大缺憾。在当今长三角一体化的大战略中,以国际大都会上海为领雁,以古都南京与杭州为两翼,必将在建设全球第六大城市群中书写新的辉煌。鉴此,尤有必要从中国古都谱系的历史定位中提出和探索南宋古都复原与重建这一重要论题。

汉晋南朝买地券镇墓功能探析——以砖质买地券为中心

汉晋南朝买地券书写模式的转变,经历了东汉初、汉末吴晋、南朝三个演变阶段,其镇墓功能也随着书写模式的转变而发生改变。东汉初年初兴之际的买地券,书写模式更接近实用买卖契约,但其随葬明器的性质和买卖契约的书写格式,决定了它本身所具备的镇墓属性。这种镇墓属性是买地券作为“冥契”的固有属性,其存在与否与券文中宗教神仙色彩的有无强弱无关。汉末吴晋时期,买地券诸要项日渐完备,宗教神仙色彩日益浓厚,并出现了程式化演变趋势,但买地券的镇墓方式并未发生改变,其镇墓功能亦并未实现根本性的增强。汉末出现的糅杂了解注文内容的特殊买地券,不代表这一时期买地券演变的主流趋势。南朝时期由于道教的深入影响,一系列厌镇神仙鬼吏、慰抚亡魂、护佑生人的宗教语言出现在买地券文之中,至南梁时期,这种新式的券文书写模式已成为南朝各地买地券文的主流。南朝买地券书写模式的转变拓展了买地券的镇墓方式,增强了买地券的镇墓功能。

收入分配视角下唐宋之际两税法的制度变迁及启示

两税法改革开启了“以资产为宗”的新格局,其税制层面的公平性较“以人丁为本”的租庸调制有了明显改进,但政策实践中的赋税不均问题却依然突出。与此同时,“田制不立”和“不抑兼并”成为新的政策取向:一方面,土地交易更加活跃,土地占有趋于集中,富民阶层崛起;另一方面,租佃关系愈加发达,人身依附关系松弛,农民获得更多自由,在一定程度上促进了社会生产力的提高和农商经济的繁荣。当然,富民阶层存在着逃避赋税的强烈动机,而获得更多自由的农民在生产生活上也面临更大的风险。所以,国家需要采取土地清丈和建立以贫民下户为重点的因灾减免救济制度等措施来解决赋税不均问题。历史经验表明,在一定条件下,完备的产权保护制度与税收发挥调节收入分配作用是可以相兼容的,关键在于保护民众发展生产和创造财富的积极性的同时,采取有力措施来维护和落实税收公平原则。

朱子社仓与南宋乡村共同体的形成

随着宋代土地兼并造成的社会分化加剧,乡村贫富矛盾日益尖锐,这在南宋初年的乡村社会尤其明显。在生存竞争的压力下,各种单一共同体成为小群体的生存策略,建立在地缘基础上的乡村共同体反而受到削弱。在一些生存困难的地区,由常规性春荒引发的贫富对立就足以造成乡村共同体的分裂,更在饥荒期间造成乡村共同体的崩溃。为此,如何建立一种能够纾解民困、缓解贫富矛盾并修复乡村共同体的有效机制,成为南宋士大夫们尤其是理学家们重点思考的问题。朱熹的方案是:通过建立由士人领导的立足乡村的公益设施——社仓,构建一种利益平衡机制,贫民能够以较低代价获得所需口粮,乡里借贷利率也得以整体降低;富民尽管做出部分让步,并投入大量精力从事公益服务,但避免了社会崩溃带来的生命财产损失。在这一体系中,士人作为儒家传统的代言人为系统注入道德内聚性,公益服务与慈善活动增进了结构的精神属性。由此,一个在官方监督下的由士人领导的建立在乡里社会场域上的地缘共同体得以成立。这种模式尽管并非尽善尽美,但在应对乡村社会分化导致的地缘共同体分裂方面具有无可替代的作用,因而被后世所继承,这无疑是朱子社仓超越南宋时代的价值所在。

南宋沿海地区巡检与海患治理

巡检司是宋代为缉拿走私、平息基层变乱、维持地方治安而在各地增设的机构,其主管官的称谓很复杂,简称“巡检”。随着海外贸易的兴盛,南宋时期沿海地区各类走私猖獗,走私者分布广、规模大,海上盗贼势力空前强大,负责缉私与巡查盗贼的巡检数量随之增加。沿海巡检所统领的土兵是当时基层常备巡警力量,根据缉私对象、寇盗活动规模及其治理难易程度的不同,或与附近巡检寨兵联合行动,或配合水军等主力官兵及地方民防力量协同参与弹压行动,在近海海患治理中发挥重要的基础性作用。揭示南宋沿海各地巡检的布局特征,分析其职能变化,探讨巡检在当时海患治理机制中的地位和作用,对于深化和推进地方治理机制的相关研究有重要的意义。