Study on Relative Soil and Water Conservation Benefits of Ridge Tillage in Different Terrain Conditions in the Black Soil Area of Northeast China

Ridge tillage, which is a very common and important tillage measure in the black soil area of northeast China, has some soil and water conservation bene- fits, but has little attention. It is very important to explore the spatial distribution of the ridge direction of the arable land and its soil and water conservation benefits in different terrain conditions in the black soil area. So Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, and 168 field investigation units were ex- tracted by stratified sampling method and investigated. According to equations of slope gradient factor and slope gradient in ridge direction, and based on the soft- ware of Arcmap, SPSS and Excel, the investigation data of soil and water loss in Binxian County were analyzed and counted, The results show that in plain, hilly and mountainous areas, the average ground slope gradients are 1.92°, 6.20° and 8.27° respectively, and the average slope gradients along ridge direction are 1.33°, 4.52°and 6.45° respectively, which account for about 70%, 73% and 78% of the average ground slope gradients in the same terrain condition; the relative quantities of soil erosion in the present ridge tillage condition account for about 55%, 69% and 67% respectively of that in down-slope ridge tillage conditions, so the present ridge tillage has obviously relative soil and water conservation benefits. Based on these results, the reasons of the present ridge tillage status were analyzed, and some reform measures were proposed. The results could not only help to comprehend the spatial distribution and soil and water conservation benefits of ridge tillage in the black soil area of Northeast China, but also provide scientific references for the layout of local soil and water conservation measures.

Simulation on the dynamics of forest area changes in Northeast China

There is plenty of forests in Northeast China which contributes a lot to the conservation of water and land resources, produces timber products, and provides habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants. With changes of socio-economic factors as well as the geophysical conditions, there are dramatic changes on the spatial patterns of forest area. In this sense, it is of great significance to shed light on the dynamics of forest area changes to find the underlining reasons for shaping the changing patterns of forest area in Northeast China. To explore the dynamics of forest area change in Northeast China, an econometric model is developed which is composed of three equations identifying forestry production, conversion from open forest to closed forest and conversion from other land uses to closed forest so as to explore the impacts on the forest area changes from demographic, social, economic, location and geophysical factors. On this basis, we employ the Dynamics of Land System （DLS） model to simulate land-use conversions between forest area and non-forest cover and the land-use conversions within the sub-classes of forest area for the period 2000-2020 under business as usual scenario, environmental protection scenario and economic growth scenario. The simulation results show that forest area will expand continuously and there exist various kinds of changing patterns for the sub-classes of forest area, for example, closed forest will expand continuously and open forest and shrub will decrease a little bit, while area of other forest will keep intact. The research results provide meaningful decision-making information for conserving and exploiting the forest resources and makJng out the planning for forestry production Jn the Northeast China region.

Variation Character of Grain Yield per Unit Area in Main Grain-producing Area of Northeast China

Based on the surveys and the statistic data during 1980-2003, the variation character of grain yield per unit area in Northeast China and its main factors have been discussed by the methods of statistics and grey correlation analysis. The results show that: 1) the grain yield per unit area has been taking on an increasing trend in the recent 20 years. It increased from 2519.80kg/ha in 1980 to 4216.11kg/ha in 2003, with an increasing rate of 67.32%; 2) the variation of grain yield per unit area is considerably prominent and its range is also very great, with the maximal increase rate of 42.59% and maximal decrease rate of 21.13%, respectively, which are far above the whole Chinese average level; 3) the variation of main crops' yield per unit area is remarkable, which takes on the character that the yield of corn is much higher than that of soybean and rice; and 4) the grey correlation analysis shows that the most important factors impacting the variation of grain yield per unit area are the total power of agricultural machinery, the consumption of chemical fertilizer and effective irrigated area. However, the influence of natural disaster and income level should not be ignored. Effective ways to improve grain yield per unit area are to construct farmland improvement groundwork, reclaim the middle- and low-yield farmland, etc.

Prospering Revolution of Resource Efficiency in Northeast Industrial Area in China

Despite its strong advantages in resource, technology and human resource, China's Northeast Industrial Area is also experiencing problems of unreasonable industrial structure, envi- ronmental pollution, and the degradation of ecological condition, etc., which prevent this area from achieving a sustainable devel- opment. Through analyzing the resource problem, the present paper proposed a strategy of circular economy for the prosperity of this are, discussed the theories of circular economy and re- source recycling, and finally concluded that improving resource productivity is at the core of circular economy.

Spatio-Temporal Changes in the Rice Planting Area and Their Relationship to Climate Change in Northeast China: A Model-Based Analysis

Rice is one of the most important grain crops in Northeast China （NEC） and its cultivation is sensitive to climate change. This study aimed to explore the spatio-temporal changes in the NEC rice planting area over the period of 1980-2010 and to analyze their relationship to climate change. To do so, the CLUE-S （conversion of land use and its effects at small region extent） model was ifrst updated and used to simulate dynamic changes in the rice planting area in NEC to understand spatio-temporal change trends during three periods： 1980-1990, 1990-2000 and 2000-2010. The changing results in individual periods were then linked to climatic variables to investigate the climatic drivers of these changes. Results showed that the NEC rice planting area expanded quickly and increased by nearly 4.5 times during 1980-2010. The concentration of newly planted rice areas in NEC constantly moved northward and the changes were strongly dependent on latitude. This conifrmed that climate change, increases in temperature in particular, greatly inlfuenced the shift in the rice planting area. The shift in the north limit of the NEC rice planting area generally followed a 1＆#176;C isoline migration pattern, but with an obvious time-lag effect. These ifndings can help policy makers and crop producers take proper adaptation measures even when exposed to the global warming situation in NEC.

The Human Rights Legislation Practices of the Communist Party of China During the War of Liberation

During the War of Liberation,the liberated areas,under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,kept deepening and developing the concepts and ideas of protecting human rights,promulgated a series of human rights laws and related administrative programs,and put them into practice.The contents included not only the political rights of citizens but also their economic,social,and cultural rights,with emphasis on the protection of the rights to subsistence and development.The human rights legislation in the liberated areas has a wartime and class-based nature due to its social environment.It reflects the transition of the Communist Party of China from a revolutionary party to a ruling party on the historical stage.It played an important role in directing,advancing,and promoting the progress of democracy and the rule of law at that time and accumulated experience for the human rights legislation after the founding of the People’s Republic of China.History proves that the Communist Party of China has always been a political party dedicated to fighting for the human rights of the Chinese people,and only the Communist Party of China can lead China’s human rights development to a deeper level.

Tectonic implications of Late Paleozoic stratigraphic distribution in Northeast China and adjacent region

An analysis of the distribution of the Late Paleozoic strata on Northeast China and adjacent region reveals a zonal pattern of the distribution around the core of the Jiamusi-Mongolia Block. The main part of Late Paleozoic marine strata in this area is co

Study on Sustainable Development in Vulnerable Eco-areas

The vulnerable eco-area is one of the important research targets in the field of sustainable development. It is the requirement of building a well-off society in an all-round way that we should study more on the vulnerable eco-areas, deal with the relationship between environmental protection and economic development, speed up the economic development in these areas and increase the living standard of the local people. This paper puts forward the countermeasures of environment---economy coordination, on the basis of the recognition of eco-environment features and social economic conditions in the vulnerable eco-areas of China, in view of the progress in sustainable development studies of the vulnerable ones, taking the transitional areas of farming and pasturing in northeast China as an example to study the regional environment vulnerability.

“双碳”目标下东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率时空格局与演变趋势

[目的]探究东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率的时空格局和演变趋势,将碳源与碳汇融入耕地利用过程,这对于实现黑土减排增效和“双碳”目标至关重要。[方法]基于超效率SBM模型、核密度估计、探索性空间数据分析和空间插值工具等方法,系统考察了2006—2020年东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率的时空特征与演进规律。[结果]黑土区耕地利用生态效率历经波动上升、显著下降和迅速回升3个阶段,总体处于较高发展水平,北部边缘城市的效率值明显高于中南部地区,基期和末期区间两极分化局势尤为显著,整体发展严重失衡;黑土区耕地利用生态效率全局空间相关特性并不明显,大致呈现“边缘—中心”空间扩散格局,由南北两端高值集聚向内及四周递减,而后形成多个块状高值区和低值分布带,规模集聚优势未能得到充分发挥;多数城市均存在不同程度的投入与产出冗余,劳动力和化肥冗余问题较为严重,碳排放冗余是造成黑土区耕地利用生态效率损失的普遍因素。[结论]优化要素配置和污染减排治理成为黑土利用重点改善方向,也是提升黑土区耕地利用生态效率的关键路径。

浇灌“新民主教育之花”:薛暮桥与临沂山东大学

作为中国当代杰出经济学家的薛暮桥,在跌宕起伏的革命生涯中,其人生经历了从铁路工人到经济学一代宗师的身份转变。在山东工作期间,他投身于临沂山东大学的创建工作,发挥了亲历者、建设者、设计者的重要作用,耕耘养护了这朵“新民主教育之花”。在校执教期间,薛暮桥所整编出版的《思想方法与学习方法》一书,既是对他在临沂山东大学的一份教学总结,也是临沂山东大学对他本人的知识反哺。通过对薛暮桥不同角色身份的考察,可展现历史巨变下临沂山东大学的发展特点及其时代贡献,也可通过对薛暮桥教育遗产的考察,体悟中国特色高等教育发展之路的内在逻辑和历史必然。

东北农村民宅可再生能源供热浅析

东北地区处于中纬度地带,冬季寒冷干燥,采暖是必须考虑的民生问题之一。为了抵御寒冷的天气,住宅要具备足够的保温防寒性能来保障居民日常生活。受地域、经济等因素影响,该地区供暖方式较为独特,最典型的就是传统火炕。随着节能社会的发展,新型农村住宅出现,提高了建筑的热舒适度和可再生资源利用率,降低了二氧化碳排放量。从东北地区住宅现状出发,结合以往的供暖方式及技术发展状况,根据可再生能源的利用情况,分析低碳节能供暖。

红色金融机构的发展历程与时代启示——以东北解放区印钞厂为例

中国红色金融事业的实践历程伴随着红色金融机构的发展变迁。东北解放区的印钞厂作为东北红色金融机构的重要代表,见证了东北红色金融事业的起承转合。东北解放区的各家印钞厂于战争条件下艰苦创业,在时局动荡的环境中辗转迁移,从无到有,转战南北,从分区到统一,在货币印制、货币斗争、金融创新、支援战争、开展经济建设、稳定生产生活等方面做出了重要的贡献。扎根于东北解放区印钞厂的红色金融人更是以艰苦奋斗、坚定信念、甘于奉献、追求卓越、实事求是、金融为民的精神,为新时代金融事业的高质量发展带来了奋进力量。

基于MaxEnt模型预测中华秋沙鸭在中国东北地区的潜在分布区

了解物种适宜生境的空间分布格局并准确地评估物种栖息地的适宜性对物种保护具有重要意义。通过野外调查、文献检索以及全球生物多样性信息平台(GBIF)获取东北地区中华秋沙鸭(Mergus squamatus)的87个分布点,利用ENMTools最终筛选79个有效分布点和10个重要环境变量,使用优化后的最大熵模型(MaxEnt)对中华秋沙鸭的潜在分布区进行预测。结果表明:东北地区中华秋沙鸭高适宜区主要位于长白山山脉和小兴安岭东部地区,较适宜区主要位于松嫩平原与辽河平原东部、长白山山脉西部地区,低适宜区主要位于三江平原、辽河平原与辽东丘陵地区。影响模型预测的主导环境特征变量是年降水量(61.2%)、降水量变异系数(14.9%)和等温性(10.8%)。此外,在地形因子中,距水源距离(5.9%)和海拔(1.7%)对中华秋沙鸭适宜生境选择同样有重要影响。其中AUC为(0.908±0.041),表明该模型可预测我国东北地区中华秋沙鸭的潜在分布区,可为制定中华秋沙鸭的保护政策提供理论依据。

基于遥感技术的东北黑土区水土流失动态监测研究

东北黑土区是我国重要的商品粮基地,近年来面临水土流失严重、面积减小、土壤质量下降等问题,已成为目前土壤保护工作中亟待解决的重要问题。以东北黑土区2018年和2022年两期遥感影像与水土保持措施的实地调查数据作为数据源,利用目视识别法开展影像解译,并通过中国土壤流失方程CSLE进行土壤侵蚀模数的计算,对东北黑土区的水土流失变化情况及原因进行分析,结果表明:耕地、草地、建设用地、其他土地面积减少,园地、林地、交通运输用地、水域及水利设施用地面积增加,造林、种草、封育、地埂、水平阶/反坡梯田等面积共增加0.84万km^(2);对比2018—2022年东北黑土区的水土流失情况,整体呈向好趋势,土壤侵蚀面积共减少约1.01万km^(2);从侵蚀强度来看,除轻度侵蚀面积增加约0.45万km^(2)外,中度、强烈、极强烈、剧烈侵蚀面积分别减少约0.43万、0.24万、0.28万、0.51万km^(2);从不同省份侵蚀面积变化情况分析,内蒙古自治区东四盟的侵蚀面积减少最多,共减少约0.37万km^(2),辽宁省侵蚀面积变化最小,共减少约0.06万km^(2);耕地、建设用地等土地利用类型面积的减少,以及林地、交通运输用地等土地利用类型面积的增加,均可大幅减少土壤侵蚀面积,同时水土保持措施面积的增加也可有效阻止土壤侵蚀的发生。总体来看,东北黑土区水土流失治理效果显著,生态环境得到改善,持续进行东北黑土区水土流失治理对环境保护具有重要意义。

东北及邻区过去两万年来有机碳同位素记录特征

末次冰盛期(LGM)距今大约21ka,两万年来气候演化是过去气候变化研究的重要内容,也是预测未来气候变化的关键。基于湖泊、泥炭长链正构烷烃单体碳同位素(δ^(13)C)和土壤有机质碳同位素(δ^(13)CSOM)记录,重建了LGM以来东北及邻区区碳同位素时间演化序列。结果表明,从LGM至早全新世δ^(13)C值增加至最大值(-23‰),中全新世下降后趋于稳定。对比古气候记录,揭示LGM以来有效湿度可能是东北及邻区δ^(13)C值变化的主导因素。

粮食主产区产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展耦合协调评价——以东北地区为例

粮食主产区产业振兴是实现乡村振兴的基础与关键,对农业高质量发展具有显著影响。以粮食主产区东北地区为研究区域,采用耦合协调模型分析东北地区产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展的耦合协调发展水平,选用2014—2023年东北地区产业链供应链韧性相关数据,构建基于东北地区产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展的耦合协调度模型。结果表明,东北地区的产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展的耦合协调度由原来的轻微失调转变为目前的良好协调。基于此,提出构建协同发展共建共享机制与协同评价机制的建议,以期推动粮食主产区产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展深度耦合。

1949年华北解放区南下干部集中整训之研究

抽调大批干部南下是中共中央为夺取全国胜利而制定的重大战略决策,华北解放区的干部南下工作则构成全国“南下”战略中的关键性环节。在南下干部的动员、抽调等工作完成之后,华北解放区下辖各区的南下干部分别在石家庄、武安、菏泽、威县、开平和正定等地开展了为期一个月左右的集中整训。此次集中整训目标明确,兼顾思想性与实用性,为南下干部适应从北方到南方、从老区到新区、从乡村到城市的工作实践转移奠定了基础。华北解放区南下干部集中整训过程中的组织整编、学习教育和军事训练,亦暗含着中国共产党理论与实践相结合、常规与运动相融合的干部生成与养成机制。

1848—2019年大兴安岭卧牛湖湖泊环境演变及其驱动因素

湖泊生态环境演变过程和驱动机制研究对湖区生态系统的恢复至关重要。本文针对东北近现代湖泊生态环境重建研究相对不足的现状,以阿尔山浅水湖泊——卧牛湖为研究对象,在210Pb和137Cs建立的精确年代基础上,通过沉积岩芯的正构烷烃、粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和碳氮比(C/N)等多指标分析,结合流域现代监测和历史资料,重建了1848—2019年来卧牛湖生态环境(包括藻类、水生植物等)的演化过程,并评价了多种环境压力对湖泊生态演变的影响。20世纪40年代之前,湖泊生态环境处于自然演化阶段,20世纪40年代之后,人类开始通过农业施肥和用水灌溉对湖泊环境产生影响,并在20世纪90年代显著加强,导致短链正构烷烃指示的藻类生物急剧上升。冗余分析和方差分解分析结果显示,在20世纪40—90年代,营养因子、气候因子和流域侵蚀共同作用影响湖泊生态环境演化;20世纪90年代以来,人类活动和营养因子成为湖泊生态环境变化的主控因子,人为干扰对湖泊环境影响显著加强,多种压力的胁迫作用导致了湖泊向富营养化状态的转变。

1947—1949年中原解放区货币发行探析

为了使解放区的经济得到恢复与发展,缓解财政困难,中原局决定成立中州农民银行,发行中州钞,作为中原解放区的本位币。为了保障中州钞的顺利发行,中原局决定准备金以银元、物资为主,辅币以流通券为主;中州钞的发行途径,以公营商店卖货、银行货币兑现、财政税收、经费开支、工农商业贷款为主,根据实际进行扩展。中原局解放区发行货币,促进了经济恢复与发展,为人民币的发行及解放军南下作战奠定了基础,为新中国金融工作特别是干部的培养提供了经验借鉴。

东北稻区秸秆直接还田技术与机具研究进展

秸秆直接还田作为保护性耕作的主要内容在我国东北稻区已广泛应用。在综述东北稻区目前主要的秸秆直接还田技术模式与配套机具基础上,重点分析了各环节不同种类机具工作原理及其技术特点。在阐述现有秸秆直接还田技术及配套装备存在问题和短板的基础上,建议重点对水稻秸秆切割技术、抛撒扩抛技术、耕作部件材料和加工工艺、耕作部件防堵技术、秸秆离田成本控制、秸秆压茬和全区域调平技术、农机农艺融合等方面展开深入研究,以期为东北稻区秸秆直接还田技术与机具研究提供装备技术支持。