A policy and technical measures for controlling soil and water loss in the Loess Plateau of China

Loess Plateau is the most serious region of soil and water loss in China and the world. The sediment carried into the Yellow River amounts to 1.6 billion tons every year. This paper reviews the factors and reasons for erosion in this area, and puts forward a comprehensive controlling policy on the basis of the principles of ecology and practise of Chinese scientists for 40 years. In conformity with the policy, a number of technical measures for controlling soil and water loss are suggested.

Mulching mode and planting density affect canopy interception loss of rainfall and water use efficiency of dryland maize on the Loess Plateau of China

High and efficient use of limited rainwater resources is of crucial importance for the crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. To investigate the effects of different soil and crop management practices（i.e., mulching mode treatments： flat cultivation with non-mulching, flat cultivation with straw mulching, plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow and plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow; and planting density treatments： low planting density of 45,000 plants/hm^2, medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm^2 and high planting density of 90,000 plants/hm^2） on rainfall partitioning by dryland maize canopy, especially the resulted net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, we measured the gross rainfall, throughfall and stemflow at different growth stages of dryland maize in 2015 and 2016 on the Loess Plateau of China. The canopy interception loss was estimated by the water balance method. Soil water storage, leaf area index, grain yield（as well as it components） and water use efficiency of dryland maize were measured or calculated. Results showed that the cumulative throughfall, cumulative stemflow and cumulative canopy interception loss during the whole growing season accounted for 42.3%–77.5%, 15.1%–36.3% and 7.4%–21.4% of the total gross rainfall under different treatments, respectively. Soil mulching could promote the growth and development of dryland maize and enhance the capability of stemflow production and canopy interception loss, thereby increasing the relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss and reducing the relative throughfall. The relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss generally increased with increasing planting density, while the relative throughfall decreased with increasing planting density. During the two experimental years, mulching mode had no significant influence on net rainfall due to the compensation between throughfall and stemflow, whereas planting density significantly affected net rainfall. The highest grain yield and water use efficiency of dryland maize were obtained under the combination of medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm^2 and mulching mode of plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow. Soil mulching can reduce soil evaporation and retain more soil water for dryland maize without reducing the net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, which may alleviate the contradiction between high soil water consumption and insufficient rainfall input of the soil. In conclusion, the application of medium planting density（67,500 plants/hm^2） under plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow is recommended for increasing dryland maize production on the Loess Plateau of China.

Effects of Accelerated Soil Erosion on Soil Nutrient Loss After Deforestation on the Loess Plateau

Soil erosion and nutrient losses on newly-deforested lands in the Ziwuling Region on the Loess Plateau of China were monitored to quantitatively evaluate the effects of accelerated soil erosion, caused by deforestation, on organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus losses. Eight natural runoff plots were established on the loessial hill slopes representing different erosion patterns of dominant erosion processes including sheet, rill and shallow gully (similar to ephemeral gully). Sediment samples were collected after each erosive rainfall event. Results showed that soil nutrients losses increased with an increase of erosion intensity. Linear relations between the losses of organic matter, total N, NH4-N, and available P and erosion intensity were found. Nutrient content per unit amount of eroded sediment decreased from the sheet to the shallow gully erosion zones, whereas total nutrient loss increased. Compared with topsoil, nutrients in eroded sediment were enriched, especially available P and NH4-N. The intensity of soil nutrient losses was also closely related to soil erosion intensity and pattern with the most severe soil erosion and nutrient loss occurring in the shallow gully channels on loessial hill slopes. These research findings will help to improve the understanding of the relation between accelerated erosion process after deforestation and soil quality degradation and to design better eco-environmental rehabilitation schemes for the Loess Plateau.

Soil nutrient loss due to tuber crop harvesting and its environmental impact in the North China Plain

Soil loss due to crop harvesting （SLCH） is a soil erosion process that signiifcantly contributes to soil degradation in crop-lands. However, little is known about soil nutrient losses caused by SLCH and its environmental impacts. In the North China Plain area, we measured the losses of soil organic carbon （SOC） and nitrogen as wel as phosphorus due to SLCH and assessed their relationship with soil particle size composition, agronomic practices and soil moisture content. Our results show that the losses by harvesting potato of SOC, total nitrogen （TN）, available nitrogen （AN）, available phosphorus （AP） and total phosphorus （TP） were 1.7, 1.8, 1.8, 15.9 and 14.1 times compared by harvesting sweet potato, respectively. The variation of SOC, N and P loss by SLCH are mainly explained by the variation of plant density （PD） （17–50%）, net mass of an individual tuber （Mcrop/p） （16–74%）, soil clay content （34–70%） and water content （19–46%）. Taking into account the current sewage treatment system and the ratio of the nutrients adhering to the tubers during transportation from the ifeld （NTRP/SP）, the loss of TN and TP by harvesting of potato and sweet potato in the North China Plain area amounts to 3% N and 20% P loads in the water bodies of this region. The fate of the exported N and P in the sewage treatment system ultimately controls the contribution of N and P to the polution of lakes and rivers. Our results suggest that a large amount of SLCH-induced soil nutrient export during transportation from the ifeld is a potential polutant source for agricultural water for vast planting areas of tuber crops in China, and should not be overlooked.

GIS-based Effect Assessment of Soil Erosion Before and After Gully Land Consolidation: A Case Study of Wangjiagou Project Region, Loess Plateau

The Loess Plateau is one typical area of serious soil erosion in the world. China has implemented ′Grain for Green′(GFG) project to restore the eco-environment of the Loess Plateau since 1999. With the GFG project subsidy approaching the end, it is concerned that farmers of fewer subsidies may reclaim land again. Thus, ′Gully Land Consolidation Project′(GLCP) was initiated in 2010. The core of the GLCP was to create more land suitable for farming in gullies so as to reduce land reclamation on the slopes which are ecological vulnerable areas. This paper aims to assess the effect of the GLCP on soil erosion problems by studying Wangjiagou project region located in the central part of Anzi valley in the middle of the Loess Plateau, mainly using the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) based on GIS. The findings show that the GLCP can help to reduce soil shipment by 9.87% and it creates more terraces and river-nearby land suitable for farming which account for 27.41% of the whole study area. Thus, it is feasible to implement the GLCP in places below gradient 15°, though the GLCP also intensifies soil erosion in certain places such as field ridge, village land, floodplain, natural grassland, and shrub land. In short, the GLCP develops new generation dam land and balances the short-term and long-term interests to ease the conflicts between economic development and environmental protection. Furthermore, the GLCP and the GFG could also be combined preferably. On the one hand, the GFG improves the ecological environment, which could offer certain safety to the GLCP, on the other hand, the GLCP creates more farmland favorable for farming in gullies instead of land reclamation on the slopes, which could indirectly protect the GFG project.

Impact of Different Contour Hedgerows on Runoff,Nutrient and Soil on Sloping Farmland in Danjiangkou Reservoir Region of China

Soil and water loss has been a major environmental problem in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region.A study of 14°sloping farmland was performed on impact of different contour hedgerows on runoff,losses of soil and nutrients during 2008 and 2011,with five treatments and three replications.The winter wheat and summer maize were used as the test crops.Treatments consisted of four hedgerows:Amorpha(Amorpha fruticosa L.),Honeysuckle(Lonicera japonica Thunb.),Day-lily flower(Hemerocallis citrina Baroni.),and Sabaigrass(Eulaliopsis binata),and a control without hedgerow.Result showed that the runoff under the control treatment was much higher than that of hedgerows.Amorpha could reduce the runoff by 35.2%compared with the control.Soil losses in four hedgerows showed significant reduction in four years(e.g.,Amorpha:78.3%;Honeysuckle:77.1%).Nutrient losses in winter were much higher than that in summer,especially total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium,even though there was an abundant precipitation in summer.Hedgerows greatly affected the soil and nutrient losses on slopping farmland compared with the control treatment,especially Amorpha treatment.The present study found that the Amorpha could be used as the hedgerow species for reducing soil and water loss in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region.

生物结皮生长发育对黄绵土抗侵蚀性能的影响

[目的]黄土高原退耕还林(草)工程驱动的生物结皮发育可显著抑制土壤侵蚀,为探明土壤抗侵蚀性能随生物结皮生长发育的变化特征及其响应机制。[方法]设置藻结皮、藓结皮和自然演替结皮3个处理,培育176天,系统研究生物结皮不同发育阶段及其类型差异对黄绵土抗侵蚀性能的影响。[结果](1)生物结皮盖度、厚度、生物量、叶绿素和粗糙度随生长时间均显著增加,培育初期藓结皮较高,培育末期自然演替结皮反而最高。(2)随生物结皮发育,土壤黏结力呈幂函数增强,较初期增加39.8%~60.3%;质量损失率呈指数函数减小,较初期降低45.6%~57.3%;饱和导水率变化趋势较为复杂,但培育末期均最低(0.08~0.12 mm/min)。(3)土壤黏结力随生物结皮盖度、厚度、叶绿素、生物量和表面粗糙度的增加呈幂函数增长,质量损失率随生物结皮盖度、厚度、叶绿素、生物量和表面粗糙度的增加呈指数函数下降。(4)土壤抗侵蚀综合指数(C_(ser))可表示为盖度(Cov)、厚度(T)和生物量(B)的幂函数(Cser=0.279 Cov^(0.194)T^(0.188)B0.119,R^(2)=0.73,p<0.05)。[结论]黄土高原生物结皮发育可显著提高黄绵土抗侵蚀性能,藓结皮效果最强。

Effects of nano carbon on soil erosion and nutrient loss in a semi-arid loess region of Northwestern China

Since 2005,the application of nano carbon(NC)in agriculture and environmental remediation has received considerable attention with most of the research focusing on plant growth and heavy metal absorption.However,little is known about the potential effects of NC on soil erosion and nutrient loss.In this study,rainfall simulation tests were conducted on a soil plot(1 m×1 m,located in a semi-arid loess region of northwestern China),in which a mixture(5-cm below the soil surface)of NC(0,0.1%,0.5%,0.7% and 1.0% on a mass base)and sandy soil(same as the one in the plot)was embedded as three bands(5 cm wide,1 m long and 5 cm thick)at the three positions(top,middle and bottom of the plot),respectively.Before the rainfall simulation test,a mixed solution of potassium bromide(1.0 mol/L KBr),potassium nitrate(1.0 mol/L KNO_(3)),monopotassium phosphate(1.0 mol/L KH_(2)PQ_(4))was sprayed on the soil surface.Results showed that the sandy soil on the Loess Plateau with 0.7%NC addition(36.47 kg/hm^(2) on a mass basis)could improve soil water runoff,sediment yield,and nutrient loss in the semi-arid loess region of northwestern China,in addition to preventing soil water from deep percolation.Therefore,NC may have a great potential in soil erosion control on the Loess Plateau of China.

生物炭施加垄沟集雨种植对水土流失及紫花苜蓿草产量的影响

为缓解我国黄土高原区干旱胁迫和控制水土流失,本研究采用裂区设计,生物炭施加模式(生物炭施加和无生物炭施加)为主区,耕作模式(打结垄、开敞垄和平作)为副区,研究不同生物炭施加模式和耕作模式对土壤水分、径流、泥沙流失、养分流失、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)干草产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验结果表明,在2019和2020年紫花苜蓿生育期,与平作处理相比,开敞垄和打结垄处理的径流量、泥沙、全氮、全磷、有机质流失量分别减少20.1%~37.7%和60.1%~64.7%,54%~75.5%和77.1%~87.6%,44.4%~65.5%和49.0%~81.8%,36.7%~75.3%和48.6%~87.3%,48.2%~72.9%和58.6%~85.4%,土壤贮水量、紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率分别增加39.5~52.1和31.2~60.5 mm,26.2%~31.7%和26.5%~35.2%,10.07~14.86和12.14~16.55 kg·hm^(-2)·mm^(-1)。与无生物炭施加处理相比,生物炭施加处理的径流量、泥沙、全氮、全磷和有机质流失量分别减少48%~69%,94%~125%,12%~24%,28%~46%和35%~48%,土壤贮水量、紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率分别增加42.93~26.09 mm,106%~111%和1.96~6.90 kg·hm^(-2)·mm^(-1)。本研究表明,生物炭施加打结垄沟集雨种植是该区域适宜耕作模式。

黄土区草地不同组分与土壤侵蚀关系及其对降雨情景的响应

随着气候变化黄土高原植被与坡面侵蚀关系面临更多复杂和极端降雨情景的挑战。以黄土丘陵区草地坡面为对象,选择3场当地典型降雨事件,研究植物冠层、枯落物和根系与土壤侵蚀的关系及其对不同降雨情景的响应规律。事件-Ⅰ为短历时、高强度和大雨量,事件-Ⅱ为中等历时、强度和雨量,事件-Ⅲ为长历时、低强度和小雨量,3场事件分别代表2015—2017年侵蚀性降雨事件聚类分析后的3种情景。从多年次降雨事件尺度来看,冠层主要作用于降低泥沙浓度,减少了48.20%的径流含沙量,占总贡献率的53.03%,并贡献了约1/3的减流和减沙效应;枯落物的减流效应最高,减少了28.43%的径流量,占总贡献率的50.75%,其减沙的相对贡献率仅为26.41%;根系的减沙效应最高,减少了36.33%的土壤流失量,占总贡献的37.95%,远高于其减流相对贡献率(15.58%)。说明草地植物对土壤侵蚀的作用机制受到冠层、枯落物和根系的影响,各组分越完整,减流减沙能力越高。单次事件分析表明,由事件-Ⅰ、事件-Ⅱ到事件-Ⅲ,冠层的减流率和减沙率均为负值(-77.97%至-0.91%),相对贡献呈逐渐减小趋势;而枯落物和根系的减流率和减沙率却分别高达12.05%—57.70%和86.90%—95.51%,相对贡献则逐渐增大。说明草地不同组分控制土壤侵蚀的主要途径受到降雨情景的影响,长时间尺度的统计性结论不一定适用于特定降雨情景。研究对比分析了草地植物在单次和多年尺度降雨事件中的保水保土功能,可为黄土高原植被恢复和气候变化加剧背景下,降雨-植物-侵蚀关系研究提供科学依据。

坝上草原鱼鳞坑生态修复措施的水土保持效应

[目的]探究不同位置鱼鳞坑的水土保持效果,确定合理的鱼鳞坑布置原则,为生态脆弱区鱼鳞坑选址与效果评估提供实证研究。[方法]以坝上草原千松坝为研究区,在阴坡、阳坡和河谷分别设置样地,对比鱼鳞坑区和对照区的水土状况,分析不同位置鱼鳞坑对生物量、土壤容重、根系层和土壤养分的影响。[结果](1)阳坡、阴坡、河谷的鱼鳞坑均增加了地上生物量、地下生物量、根系深度、TN含量,DOC等指标,降低了土壤容重。(2)阴坡、阳坡、河谷的鱼鳞坑水土保持效果差异较大;阴坡、阳坡鱼鳞坑均能显著增加植被的根系深度(p<0.05)(阴坡104.19%,阳坡42.87%),而阴坡鱼鳞坑对土壤容重、TN含量、地上生物量的影响更显著(p<0.05)(分别减少9.26%,增加148.05%,增加136.32%);河谷鱼鳞坑能显著增加土壤氨氮和硝态氮(p<0.05)(125.16%,174.53%)。(3)鱼鳞坑位置、修建时间对水土保持指标影响较大,坡位的影响较小;随着鱼鳞坑修建时间的增长,地上地下生物量、TN含量、根系深度增加,土壤氧化还原电位降低。(4)土壤侵蚀严重地区的鱼鳞坑水土保持效果更显著。[结论]鱼鳞坑水土保持效果显著,阴坡鱼鳞坑效果较阳坡显著,河谷鱼鳞坑提高土壤氨氮和硝态氮的效果较阴坡、阳坡显著,且随着鱼鳞坑修建时间增长,水土保持效果增强。应因地制宜地在阴坡、河谷修建鱼鳞坑,以增强鱼鳞坑的水土保持效果。

基于降水特征的次降水侵蚀力估算模型——以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域为例

【目的】在分析侵蚀性降水特征的基础上,构建基于降水特征的次降水侵蚀力估算模型,研究结果可为区域水土流失定量监测和水土保持效益评价提供参考。【方法】利用甘肃黄土丘陵沟壑区安家沟小流域和龙滩小流域2个典型径流场5 a的侵蚀性降水过程资料,构建雨量(P)×雨强(I)结构与E×I_(30)的转换关系。【结果】大于50 MJ·mm/(hm^(2)·h)的次降水侵蚀力占侵蚀力总量的比例高达75%,是该地区降水侵蚀力的主要贡献来源。降水量P和降水动能E之间呈线性函数关系。降水单因子I_(30)(30 min降水强度)、I_(60)(60 min降水强度)、E(降水动能)对土壤流失量(S)产生显著影响(P<0.01)。降水双因子P×I_(30)、P×I_(60)与S之间的相关系数r>0.616(P<0.01),P×I_(30)、P×I_(60)是影响坡面土壤流失量S的主要降水复合因子。P×I_(30)、P×I_(60)与E×I_(30)符合幂函数关系,模型方程决定系数R^(2)达到0.9840、0.9609。2个模型的有效系数分别为98.9%、98.1%,偏差系数分别为2.0%、3.2%。当10 mm<P<50 mm时,2个模型的预测值相对误差均不超过16%,对于>50 MJ·mm/(hm^(2)·h)的次降水侵蚀力预测值相对误差<10%。【结论】模型预测效果良好,指标因子P×I_(30)、P×I_(60)可作为该区域10 mm<P<50 mm次降水侵蚀力指标因子。

黄土区土地利用方式转变对土壤磷素累积及淋溶损失的影响

鉴于日光温室和农田两种土地利用施肥和农艺措施的差异,研究由农田向日光温室转变后深层土壤磷素累积及分布,为评价磷素有效性及淋失状况,指导日光温室磷肥合理施用,降低磷素损失提供理论参考。对黄土高原东北部日光温室及农田磷肥投入和携出状况调查,同时,采集0~400 cm土层土壤剖面样品,测定土壤Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量,比较两种土地利用方式下养分平衡及深层土壤剖面磷素的累积及分布状况。结果显示,日光温室磷肥年均投入量为897 kg/hm^(2),显著高于农田,磷盈余量平均为679 kg/hm^(2),为农田的10.9倍。日光温室0~20 cm土层土壤Olsen-P含量高达400.5 mg/kg,为农田对应土层的44倍;0~40、40~100、100~200、200~300、300~400和0~400 cm土层土壤剖面Olsen-P累积量分别为1637、443、277、378、258和2993 kg/hm^(2),显著高于农田对应土层累积量(41、54、122、174、163和554 kg/hm^(2));40 cm以下土层Olsen-P累积量占整个0~400 cm土层土壤剖面累积量的45.3%,磷素出现了明显的淋溶损失现象。土壤剖面各土层CaCl2-P含量均随Olsen-P含量的增加而增加,二者表现为显著的正相关关系。结果表明,研究区由农田向日光温室转变显著增加了土壤磷素的累积及向深层土壤的淋溶损失。因此,日光温室降低磷肥投入,改善管理措施十分必要。

冻融农田氮磷养分流失阻控技术研究

为集成并优化东北冻融农田的养分流失阻控技术模式,通过2019—2020年在东北试验玉米地设置4个处理[平原地秸秆粉碎、深翻还田(T1);平原地无秸秆对照(CK1);坡耕地顺坡改横垄种植,高留茬秸秆归行覆盖(T2);坡耕地顺垄无秸秆对照(CK2)],开展氮磷流失阻控技术的研究。结果表明,除坡耕地地表径流水的磷流失有发生在冻融时期外,其他各处理的氮磷污染均发生在降雨时期。平原及坡耕地对照流失水土中氮磷量均比秸秆还田处理大,且以氮为主,总氮流失量分别为10.18、7.77kg/hm^(2)。经过阻控技术处理土壤容重均小于对照,土壤自然含水量、饱和含水量和孔隙度则大于对照。阻控技术处理后土壤全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷含量在平原地比对照分别高9.24%、9.57%、26.99%、42.94%,在坡耕地分别比对照高24.59%、56.07%、67.62%、109.94%,但差异显著程度不同,整体表现为坡耕地改善效果优于平原地。综上,平原地秸秆粉碎、深翻还田技术和坡耕地顺坡改横垄、秸秆归行技术均可以有效阻控冻融农田的氮磷流失,后者的改善效果更明显。

降雨类型和水土保持对黄土区小流域水土流失的影响

对黄土区桥子东沟流域的143场次洪水事件水文泥沙数据进行统计分析,并利用K均值分类法划分降雨类型,比较不同降雨类型条件下流域水土流失特征,探讨水土保持治理对不同降雨类型下流域产流输沙的影响。结果表明,次降雨量和最大30 min雨强是影响流域产流输沙的主要降雨特征。降雨事件划分为4种类型:Ⅰ型(小雨量、小雨强)、Ⅱ型(大雨量、大雨强)、Ⅲ型(大雨量、小雨强)和Ⅳ型(小雨量、大雨强)。4种降雨类型下次洪水事件的产流能力和洪峰流量由大到小依次为Ⅱ型、Ⅳ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅰ型。频次最少的Ⅱ型降雨次洪水事件的输沙量最多,Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型降雨条件下次洪水事件输沙量的差异不显著,输沙量均较少。水土保持综合治理显著减少了流域径流量和输沙量,其中Ⅱ型降雨次洪水事件减水量和减沙量最多,Ⅰ型最少。

黄土丘陵小流域土地利用变化对水土流失的影响

在土壤侵蚀模型LISEM(Limburg Soil Erosion Model)校正的基础上,模拟了陕北黄土丘 陵沟壑区大南沟小流域5种土地利用方案的水土流失效应,旨在探讨土地利用变化对流域出口水土流失的影响.研究结果表明:流域出口的洪峰流速、径流总量和侵蚀总量的大小顺序为: 1975年＞1998年＞25度退耕＞20度退耕＞15度退耕.1975年和1998年25度以上的陡坡耕地和休闲地均退耕还林还草,这2种土地利用格局的径流和侵蚀模拟值都显著大于3种退耕方案.在3种退耕方案中,20度和15度以上的陡坡耕地和休闲地逐步转变为果园/经济林地,3种退耕方案之间的水土流失差异不显著.相对于1975年土地利用来说,1998年土地利用能降低洪峰流速、径流量和侵蚀量约5%～10%;3种退耕方案的减流减沙效益更加显著,可以降低洪峰流速、径流量和侵蚀量约40%～50%.

植被类型对黄土坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

植被类型影响黄土坡地径流、土壤侵蚀和和养分迁移过程。该研究通过野外水流冲刷试验,对比分析了6种植被条件下坡面产流产沙及氮磷流失特征。研究结果表明,大黄花拦蓄径流作用最为明显,而大豆最弱;产沙量随时间的变化会出现峰值特征,其中苜蓿控制土壤侵蚀作用要优于其他植被;径流中硝态氮和水溶性磷的浓度在放水初期随时间迅速衰减,而后趋于稳定,幂函数比指数函数能更好的描述径流中硝态氮和水溶性磷浓度变化过程;泥沙中的硝态氮含量随时间迅速衰减,而有效磷的含量则随着时间逐渐波动减小,二者的最高含量均发生在苜蓿地。养分的富集率与土壤侵蚀量成反比;径流硝态氮流失总量的大小关系为谷子>苜蓿>柠条>玉米>大豆>大黄花,水溶性磷流失总量的大小关系为谷子>玉米>柠条>大豆>大黄花>苜蓿,谷子、玉米、柠条、大豆、大黄花各自硝态氮和水溶性磷的流失总量基本相同(P>0.05);土壤剖面硝态氮含量随着深度增大呈现出峰值特征,且峰值存在的深度不同,土壤有效磷主要积聚在表层5 cm以上,5 cm以下含量极低。综上可知,野外草本植被在拦截径流、减少土壤侵蚀和控制养分流失方面要优于农田作物,在植被恢复中应广泛采用农地撂荒的方式进行恢复。

近50年来黄土高原中部水土流失的时空演化特征

黄土高原是我国水土流失最严重的区域之一．近50年来，随着全球气候变化和人类活动对地表的影响，水土流失发生了巨大变化．为了揭示黄土高原水土流失的时空演化特征，该文选择了黄土高原中部4种典型地貌区域，以年径流深度和年侵蚀模数为水土流失过程参数，采用波谱分析方法和多元回归分析方法对该地区水土流失的周期和演化趋势进行了探讨，分析了不同地貌区域的水土流失特征及近50年来各地貌区域水土流失的演化过程．结果表明，近50年来，黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失无明显变化，黄土残塬沟壑区和水土流失较轻的土石山区水土流失总体上都存在着不同程度的持续减弱，而水土流失较轻的黄土山区则表现出总体递增的趋势．黄土高原各地貌区都存在20～21a、6～7a和2～4a的变化周期．周期外延和多元回归的混合模型，可以很好地模拟预报黄土高原水土流失的周期波动与总体递变相叠加的演化趋势，可作为黄土高原水土流失监测与预测的有效方法．

陕北黄土区生物结皮条件下土壤养分的积累及流失风险

分析了陕北黄土高原典型流域生物结皮的形成和发育对土壤养分的积累效应,同时对生物结皮条件下土壤养分的流失风险进行评价.结果表明:生物结皮生长发育后能够迅速增加结皮层及2cm土层的养分含量,但对深层土壤影响较小;退耕0～20年间结皮层的养分含量与退耕年限之间的关系可用指数函数(y=a[b-exp(-cx)])拟合,其中有机质、全氮和碱解氮在退耕20年间的增加速度变化不大,而全磷、速效磷和速效钾在退耕初期增加迅速,后期增加缓慢;自然发育生物结皮对土壤养分的年均净贡献量为:有机质50.15g.m-2、全氮1.95g.m-2、全磷0.44g.m-2、碱解氮164.33mg.m-2、速效磷9.64mg.m-2和速效钾126.21mg.m-2,人工培育条件下生物结皮发育更快,对养分尤其是速效养分的贡献速率更高;生物结皮条件下养分含量的提高增加了养分流失风险,尤其是养分随泥沙流失大幅度增加,生物结皮增加的养分中平均有39.06%随泥沙流失,仅有60.94%得以保留.总之,生物结皮可迅速、全面增加表层土壤养分,但同时会加大养分流失风险.尽管如此,土壤养分的净增加量仍相当可观,显示生物结皮具有较好的土壤养分积累效应.

黄土高原水土流失综合治理技术及示范

黄土高原是我国水土流失严重和生态环境极为脆弱的地区,也是我国"两屏三带"生态安全战略格局的重要组成部分。研发及集成相关技术,建立试验示范样板,为该区生态修复与产业发展提供技术支撑成为亟待解决的重要问题。"黄土高原水土流失综合治理技术及示范"项目(2016YFC0501700)属于国家重点研发计划"典型脆弱生态修复与保护研究"专项。该项目通过6个类型区水土流失治理相关技术的研究及区域尺度上的集成研发,阐明黄土高原脆弱区域生态持续恢复与生态安全中的主要学科发展及相关技术问题。