儒学的身体转向及其文明史意义--重思晚明儒学中的泰州学派

以儒学身体观为线索,从文明史和儒学史的交互视野,可以看到儒学在晚明时代发生了一次“身体转向”,即从以心为本转到以身为本,这种转向不只是内容上的修补,更是结构上的变革。由此可见以王心斋为核心的泰州学派在儒学史上的独特意义,及其在现代性叙事中的文明史意义。从“心本”到“身本”的结构转换,与西方文化中从意识到身体的转换有类似之处,但二者也有差别。从以身为本的一体感应论逻辑中,可以发现关于现代性的另一种叙事,即关于人类社会现代化进程的儒学方案。

“以诗为文”观念演变论略--以《东坡志林》《陶庵梦忆》为例

“以诗为文”,即以散文文体为基础,化用吸收诗体特征成文。早期散文文体内部包含诗的因素,经由文体理论现世,散文逐步发展成熟,“以诗为文”的观念由模糊未分到清晰确立,散文的诗化倾向愈发明显,审美风格发生偏移。该观念凝聚于宋代,并在宋代完成长期新变定型,《东坡志林》的文本样态及审美风格显示了“以诗为文”这种文体渗透观念的跳跃发展。至晚明小品,诗文跨界融通的创作观念达到成熟阶段,张岱《陶庵梦忆》集小品之大成,化诗歌句式节奏之外在、情志之内涵、意境之神韵入文,笔调自然圆熟,冲淡太和。

明清易代之际中州士大夫的命运抉择与身份困境--以“贰臣”彭而述为例

彭而述是明清易代之际中州士大夫中“贰臣”的典型代表,也是清初被低估了的文学家。在王朝鼎革之际,身为旧朝低级官员的他在目睹家乡遭受农民起义军的战火荼毒后,将清军视为“救民于水火之中”的义师。明亡后,彭而述最终选择出仕新朝,并为清廷统一全国立下了汗马功劳。对南明小朝廷的失望与建功立业的入世思想是其出仕的主要原因。出仕新朝后,彭而述在作品中虽未流露出明显的故国之思与忏悔之恨,但身份困境的难题仍如梦魇一般时常萦绕在他心头。

Current-event Play and Circulation of Information in late Ming China

This essay examines current-event plays( shishiju 时事剧) and their social functions in late Ming China. Drawing on awide range or primary sources and built on secondary scholarship on information history,the essay offered a complete picture of the booming,features,social functions and the decline of the current-event plays. The essay argues that many current-event plays addressed on credibility,timeliness and easy accessibility,which enabled current-event plays to play an important role in information circulation. This essay further exposes the current-event plays not only opened a forum for public discussion but also influenced public opinions greatly from literate elites to the masses in Ming China. Through analyzing current-event plays in the context of Ming society,this essay expands the realm of studying information history.

生活即艺术--晚明文人生活美学的精神旨归及当代意义

“天崩地解”“王纲解纽”的晚明时代,文人们受启蒙思潮影响,并依托经济社会的发展,开启日常生活审美化风尚。文章从晚明生活美学的文化土壤出发,揭示这种风尚是晚明文人个性解放、正视需求的表现,折射出他们反抗世俗、超越世俗的价值意图,承载着他们的精神寄托。晚明文人“生活美学”所表征的对个体价值的体认及尊生的旨归,面对现实困境的精神选择与审美取向,对生活的热爱态度及对生活智慧的经验总结,对当代美学建设具有重要的参鉴意义。

The Leisure Style of Men of Letters in the Late Ming Dynasty and Its Social Influence

This paper explored the background of the leisure boom among the literati in the late Ming Dynasty from the aspects of politics, economy, ideology and social environment, and elaborated the leisure styles of the literati in terms of enjoying a sightseeing tour, sampling wine and tea, appreciating and collecting calligraphy and painting works, favoring theatergoing, indulging in dallying with prostitutes, practicing meditation, and building gardens, and analyzed the influence of their leisure styles on the painting and calligraphy art, drama, literary creation, garden construction and other aspects of the society at that time. It is hoped that this paper can provide a deep understanding of social politics, economy, ideology and culture in the late Ming Dynasty and a reference for the development of the current leisure tourism.

Overview of the plague in the late Ming Dynasty and its prevention and control measures

The plague of the late Ming Dynasty(15511644 C.E.)was long lasting,affected a wide range of the population,and had serious consequences.The purpose of this study is to review the medical system in place at the time and the measures instituted to prevent and control the plague during the late Ming Dynasty.Information on the history of the Ming Dynasty(13681644 C.E.),local chronicles,and related research literature were consulted and analyzed in terms of duration,geographical area,and other dimensions of the epidemic.Because of the abnormal climate,wide range of natural disasters,and the impact of war,the epidemic spread over a wide area during the late Ming Dynasty.The government’s epidemic prevention measures were affected by war and other factors,resulting in poor control of the outbreak.However,in terms of the medical system in place during the Ming Dynasty,some of the thinking and methods of prevention and control of the plague were historical and progressive.Some outstanding physicians such as Wu Youke(15821652 C.E.)appeared during this period.His theory of plague prevention and control had a profound influence on the formation and development of pestilence deterrence in later generations.In the late Ming Dynasty,rich experiences and measures of prevention and control were accumulated in the struggle against the plague.These methods and experiences also have a significant,positive guiding influence on the prevention and control of plague in the present day.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpart essay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolution of the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy is so far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre that presents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores the literature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paper proposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Ming and Qing dynasty, especially in middle Qing dynasty literature in almost all areas have made great progress that make the various forms of genre of Chinese classical literature have been into the comprehensive prosperity. The rhythm of the eight-part essay writing features can also be of composition structure shift from above, the inversion analysis of rhythm of the reasonable explanation. Eight-part essays writing have speaking format, the arrangement of each part of the article structure and should be treated according to certain programs. This paper integrates the related result to propose the new idea on the stereotyped writing criticism genre that propose the novel perspective for the related research areas.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpartessay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolutionof the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy isso far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre thatpresents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores theliterature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paperproposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

从佛教信仰“由禅入净”看晚明家具的装饰意趣--以“卍”字符纹饰为例

以“卍”为代表的佛教符号在晚明时期成为日用家具上流行的装饰题材。这种文化现象既与晚明心学思潮影响下佛教的复兴有关,也与各阶层民众,特别是大批掌握文化主导权的文人居士,其佛教信仰“由禅入净”“禅净圆融”的具体状况渊源颇深。与孕育了空灵、简约之美的禅宗有所不同的是,净土宗对佛教偶像和佛教符号极为倚重。某种程度上得益于净土宗风靡的文化语境,作为祈愿“往生”的重要凭借和承载着“福德圆满”之义的“卍”字符成为晚明家具装饰的一大创意源泉。这种此岸与彼岸、世俗与信仰的契合和统一在佛教符号纹饰家具上得到了很好的体现,并融合成一种具有多重维度丰富涵义的吉祥隐喻。

重审晚明:从文人士夫的知识世界谈起

“晚明文学”的图景是五四新文化运动的产物,在古今中西的参照系中,被赋予与现代性接榫的近世性特征。这幅图景为反思五四以来的学术模式提供了样例,也成为重审晚明文学文化的契机。重审的目标在于将该时期出现的种种变化,还原至当时文化与社会的前后关系中,聚焦于古典人文学术,探求晚明文人士夫的知识世界及其背后的思想范型。这一知识世界承续自明中期,因复古的价值导向与私人刻书业等物质性条件,而有系统之变,令相关生产与传播产生诸多新特点。将晚明与前后时段联结起来作长时段考察,还促发我们重新思考复古运动与性灵思潮的关系、从文章博学到考据学风的变易路径等一系列问题。

论公安派之“真”的四个层面

在公安派的诗文理论中,“真”是一个非常重要的概念。前人对于“真”这一概念虽颇有研究,但对于“真”的意义层面划分仍不够细致。通过对相关文献的梳理,将公安派之“真”区分为人格、情感、文体、表达四个层面,并由此探讨“性灵”与“真”之间的关系问题,认为“性灵”和“真”其实是“体”和“用”的关系。以“真”为核心来建立公安派的文学体系,一方面颠倒了二者之间的因果位置,另一方面在某种程度上淡化了其他审美风格在公安派文学中的地位和价值。公安派对于“真”的追求,树立了独立自主的人格类型,实现了个人情感的自由书写,促进了晚明非正式文体的勃兴,也代表了晚明“重一己而轻外物”的时代文化精神。

明遗民集序书写的纪传与想象

别集序在文体初创时期,就已经确立了传记写作的传统。明末清初的遗民通过诗文来回应国家和自我身份认同等问题。这种回应体现在别集序的书写中,使其中的纪传部分更加注重真实性的表达。然而,由于别集序的主观创作空间较大,真实与想象的成分在遗民的别集序中交织在一起,这无疑影响了通过“知人论世”的传统批评方法所得批评主张的有效性。此外,集序作者往往通过个人经历的想象和性情的投射来塑造遗民的形象。这种塑造可能源于作者真实情感的流露,也可能出于对经典文本的模仿。因此,遗民集序中的人物形象可能与他们的历史行为存在差异,这进一步影响了集序所传达的文学批评要素的接受和传播。

僧诗总集与晚明清初的丛林习诗热潮——以稀见文献《珠林风雅》为典型

《珠林风雅》是晚明清初僧诗风气高涨的产物,也是古典诗歌总集编印高潮时期的典型样本。它生动地反映了诗歌从个别精英僧人的专利,到清初发展为一般文化僧都能够参与的文学活动。这是明清之际诗学家徐增编选的僧诗总集,以寺院为中心,选录了灵隐寺住持晦山戒显及僧众十余人的诗作一百余首。戒显入选最多,其中的《题武昌黄鹤楼》不仅当时“天下传颂”,而且逐渐流传为两种版本。版本差异显现了清代政治规训力量的强悍,也显现了僧诗在诗坛的影响。其他僧人也大半编有自己的诗集,但对入选仍极为热心,他们不仅期待借助传播性更强的诗歌总集传世不朽,也希望跻身为寺院文化的塑造者。晚明清初僧诗文献大量存世,无论种类还是数量都已远远超过前代,却很少受到学界关注。这一存世文献与研究成果极不对应的现象,提醒研究者重新审视佛教文学史的认识框架。

红夷大炮传入与晚明战法更新

明朝启祯时期,随着西洋火器被广泛运用于军事实践,中国军队已逐渐摸索出围绕红夷大炮的水陆新战法。在攻城方面,基于传统城墙高大坚厚的特点,明军将红夷炮击战与旧有穴城战结合起来,创造出“上推垛,下穴城”的攻城新战术。在守城方面,明军初步形成以敌台、角台之西式红夷大炮为点,城墙之上中式轻型锻铁炮为面,点面结合、远近兼备的新型城防火力体系。在野战方面,明军的车营战术也显露出类似城防作战的新思路,红夷大炮不仅用于镇守车营“阵门”,也被用来压制敌人炮兵火力。在水战方面,明军将以红夷大炮为核心的炮击战术和以火箭、火砖等为核心的纵火战术有机融合,不断完善,推动了侧舷炮舰与炮击战术的协同发展。晚明时代围绕红夷大炮展开的水陆新战法,是西洋军事技术与中国军事传统相结合的产物,体现了中西合璧的战术特征,彰显了中国军事的创新能力和整体活力。

晚明小品文中的“江南”与诗性文化

随着晚明时期商品经济的蓬勃发展,日趋繁荣的城市生活成为晚明社会的时代表征。江南经济进入高速成长时期,市民阶层也日益壮大,城市化进程得以加快,在这种富足环境中孕育生长的文学亦呈现出鲜明的时代特征和地域特色。晚明小品文家为我们建构了一个真实又具体的“江南”城市形象,写出了江南士人的生活情调,也勾勒了一幅全民的城市娱乐盛宴。与此同时,这一过程也暴露了“江南”颓废化和精致化的一面。在江南的繁华和奢侈的背后,实际是人的主体性的张扬和情感的自由宣泄,体现的是一种诗性的生活智慧。

明代山左底层文人的日常书写与晚年心态解析——以王克笃的散曲集《适暮稿》为考察对象

通过对王克笃散曲集《适暮稿》中日常生活书写的细读与研究,分析了他自足、自适、清高、自遣、淑世、喟世、哀穷的复杂心态,认为这些心态的产生与其生活环境、身份地位、年龄时段、个体性情、治生观念有着疏密不同的关系。

交往的情趣:元末明初江南诗人的风雅之好

元末明初诗歌创作呈现丰富、多面的色彩,江南诗人的题画唱和即为其中之一。在社会乱离背景下,江南诗人以题画表达时代之思、离别之情和隐逸之趣,体现出不同一般题画诗的创作趣味和文化内涵。他们以题画送别、交往唱和、共赏题诗等方式,共同促成了这一时期江南诗坛的兴盛景象。元末明初江南诗人在文学交往过程中展现的风雅之好,是构成该时期诗歌创作景观的重要面向。今人建构元末明初诗史图像,江南诗人的题画唱和之作应进入关注视野。

书院讲学与晚明理学传播——以“东林书院网络”为中心的考察

晚明是理学传播较活跃的时期,书院是理学传播的重要场域之一。晚明书院学人秉承修正儒脉的立说宗旨,思考理学传播中淑世精神的传递,通过讲会、结社等方式在书院或书院之外弘扬己说,构建传播网络,形成了以东林书院为代表的多个波及全国、影响社会深层结构的学派群体,对晚明清初学统构建和学术传承起到了重要作用。