Evolution and prospect of China's rural development policy: A policy text analysis of the No.1 Central Documents

By combing 20 documents of the Central Committee on the historical evolution of rural development policies since 1982, we hold that historical evolution has undergone reforms, adjustments, modernization developments and new ideas, and the path of reform experienced economic recovery, industrial nurturing agriculture, agriculture modernization and rural revitalization. The study found that: farmers' income has always been the focus of attention; agricultural production has shifted from total demand to green ecology; urban and rural resource elements are not well-organized, resulting in internal contradictions. The implementation of the rural revitalization strategy is an important measure to fundamentally solve the rural development problems in the new era.

High mobility group box 1 in the central nervous system:regeneration hidden beneath inflammation

High-mobility group box 1 was first discovered in the calf thymus as a DNA-binding nuclear protein and has been widely studied in diverse fields,including neurology and neuroscience.High-mobility group box 1 in the extracellular space functions as a pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern,which has been proven to play an important role in a wide variety of central nervous system disorders such as ischemic stroke,Alzheimer’s disease,frontotemporal dementia,Parkinson’s disease,multiple sclerosis,epilepsy,and traumatic brain injury.Several drugs that inhibit high-mobility group box 1 as a damage-associated molecular pattern,such as glycyrrhizin,ethyl pyruvate,and neutralizing anti-high-mobility group box 1 antibodies,are commonly used to target high-mobility group box 1 activity in central nervous system disorders.Although it is commonly known for its detrimental inflammatory effect,high-mobility group box 1 has also been shown to have beneficial pro-regenerative roles in central nervous system disorders.In this narrative review,we provide a brief summary of the history of high-mobility group box 1 research and its characterization as a damage-associated molecular pattern,its downstream receptors,and intracellular signaling pathways,how high-mobility group box 1 exerts the repair-favoring roles in general and in the central nervous system,and clues on how to differentiate the pro-regenerative from the pro-inflammatory role.Research targeting high-mobility group box 1 in the central nervous system may benefit from differentiating between the two functions rather than overall suppression of high-mobility group box 1.

High-intensity swimming alleviates nociception and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of chronic postischemia pain by activating the resolvin E1-chemerin receptor 23 axis in the spinal cord

Physical exe rcise effectively alleviates chronic pain associated with complex regional pain syndrome type-Ⅰ.However,the mechanism of exe rcise-induced analgesia has not been clarified.Recent studies have shown that the specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator resolvin E1 promotes relief of pathologic pain by binding to chemerin receptor 23 in the nervous system.However,whether the resolvin E1-chemerin receptor 23 axis is involved in exercise-induced analgesia in complex regional pain syndrome type-Ⅰ has not been demonstrated.In the present study,a mouse model of chronic post-ischemia pain was established to mimic complex regional pain syndrome type-Ⅰ and subjected to an intervention involving swimming at different intensities.Chronic pain was reduced only in mice that engaged in high-intensity swimming.The resolvin E1-chemerin receptor 23 axis was clearly downregulated in the spinal cord of mice with chronic pain,while high-intensity swimming restored expression of resolvin E1 and chemerin receptor 23.Finally,shRNA-mediated silencing of chemerin receptor 23in the spinal cord reve rsed the analgesic effect of high-intensity swimming exercise on chronic post-ischemic pain and the anti-inflammato ry pola rization of microglia in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.These findings suggest that high-intensity swimming can decrease chronic pain via the endogenous resolvin E1-chemerin receptor 23 axis in the spinal cord.

Efficacy of 1/3-Dose Verteporfin Photodynamic Therapy for Subacute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

Purpose: To study the safety and efficacy of 1/3-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) for subacute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Methods: In this case series, 59 eyes (59 patients) diagnosed with subacute CSC in Shenyang the 4th hospital from January 2014 to December 2015 were treated with 1/3-dose verteporfin PDT and followed up for at least 1 year. The symptoms and the diagnosed history were more than 3 months but shorter than 6 months. The central foveal thickness (CFT), neuroretinal thickness (NRT), height of subfoveal retinal fluid (SRF), and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) were observed at baseline and after treated at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months with EDI-OCT, Best-corrected visual acuity ( BCVA) was also studied at the same time. Results: After 1, 2, 3 and 6 months of 1/3-dose verteporfin PDT treatment, the BCVA improved significantly (P 0.05). The height of SRF changed significantly. There was no retinal pigment epithelium atrophy and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in all cases after more than 12 months follow-up. Conclusion: Treatment of 1/3 dose verteporfin PDT could safely and effectively reduce expansion of choroidal vessel and choroidal choriocapillary, promoting absorbance of subretinal fluid for subacute CSC. 1/3-dose verteporfin PDT may be an alternative method to treat the subacute CSC.

经钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿患者血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平变化及其临床意义

目的探讨经钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿患者血清血小板反应蛋白1(TSP1)、血小板反应蛋白2(TSP2)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、中枢神经特异蛋白(S-100β)水平变化及其临床意义。方法选取江苏省中医院2019年1月~2023年6月收治的慢性硬膜下血肿患者142例作为病例组,均进行钻孔引流术;另选取同期健康体检人员146例作为健康对照组,比较两组不同脑损伤、手术前后、不同复发情况的血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平,分析血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平与慢性硬膜下血肿患者脑损伤程度的相关性。结果与健康对照组比较,病例组血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平均相对更高;与轻度脑损伤组进行比较,中度脑损伤组、重度脑损伤组血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平均相对更高,且重度脑损伤组高于中度脑损伤组;与术前进行比较,术后7 d慢性硬膜下血肿患者血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平均相对较低;与复发组进行比较,未复发组血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平均相对较低(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,慢性硬膜下血肿患者血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平与GCS评分均呈负相关关系(r=-0.655、-0.674、-0.711、-0.689、-0.705,P<0.05)。结论慢性硬膜下血肿患者经钻孔引流术后血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平均降低,并与患者脑损伤程度、转归具有高度相关性,临床上可通过检测慢性硬膜下血肿患者上述各项血清学指标的变化情况,以便及时判断慢性硬膜下血肿患者的脑损伤程度。

Neuropathy optic glaucomatosa induced by systemic hypertension through activation endothelin-1 signaling pathway in central retinal artery in rats

AIM： To evaluate effect of hypertension on retinal ganglion cell（RGC） apoptosis, intraocular pressure（IOP）,and the activation of endothelin-1（ET-1） signaling pathway in central retinal artery（CRA） in rats.METHODS： The experimental study was performed on20 male Sprague Dawley rats that were divided into control group, and hypertension groups. The hypertension was induced by subcutaneous deoxycorticoacetate（DOCA）10 mg/kg twice a week and administered 0.9% Na Cl solution daily for 2, 6, and 10 wk. Blood pressure（BP） was measured using animal BP analyzer. IOP was measured by handheld tonometry. Retinal tissue preparations by paraffin blocks were made after enucleation. The expression of ET-1, e NOS, ET-1 receptor A（ETRA）, ET-1receptor B（ETRB）, and phosphorylated myosin light chain kinase（MLCK）, and caldesmon（Ca D） in CRA and RGC apoptosis were evaluated through immunofluorescent staining method then observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy. RESULTS： BP significantly increased in all of the hypertension groups compared to control（P =0.001）.Peak IOP elevation（7.78±4.14 mm Hg） and RGC apoptosis（576.15±33.28 Au） occurred on 2wk of hypertension. ET-1expression（1238.6±55.1 Au） and e NOS expression（2814.2±70.7 Au） were found highest in 2wk of hypertension,although the ratio of ET-1/e NOS decreased since 2wk.ETRAreached peak expression in 10 wk of hypertension（1219.4 ±6.3 Au）, while ETRBsignificantly increased only in 2 weeks group（1069.2 ±9.6 Au）. The highest MLCK expression（1190.09±58.32 Au）, Ca D（1670.28±18.36 Au）were also found in 2wk of hypertension.CONCLUSION： Hypertension effects to activation of ET-1 signaling pathway significantly in CRA, elevation of IOP, and RGC apoptosis. The highest value was achieved at 2wk, which is the development phase of hypertension.

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Central Nervous System Co-Infection

Co-infections of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by bacterial and viral pathogens are considered to be rare. Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) reactivation following Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is well described but most cases are related to oral or cutaneous lesions or in respiratory samples. HSV-1 CNS reactivation after Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis is a very rare event and may have significant morbidity and mortality. In this case report, we describe a 71-year-old female patient that presented with a history of abdominal pain and confusion/disorientation that had tonic-clonic seizures while in the Emergency Department. The diagnostic work-up confirmed CNS co-infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and HSV-1. Of note, beyond age, the patient had no known risk factors for both entities and recovered fully after antibiotic and antiviral therapy. This case underlines that clinicians must be aware of CNS co-infection despite being a rare diagnosis. This should be suspected particularly in patients who present an unusual clinical course of CNS infection.

The regulatory role of Pin1 in neuronal death

Regulated cell death predominantly involves apoptosis,autophagy,and regulated necrosis.It is vital that we understand how key regulatory signals can control the process of cell death.Pin1 is a cis-trans isomerase that catalyzes the isomerization of phosphorylated serine or threonine-proline motifs of a protein,thereby acting as a crucial molecular switch and regulating the protein functionality and the signaling pathways involved.However,we know very little about how Pin1-associated pathways might play a role in regulated cell death.In this paper,we review the role of Pin1 in regulated cell death and related research progress and summarize Pin1-related pathways in regulated cell death.Aside from the involvement of Pin1 in the apoptosis that accompanies neurodegenerative diseases,accumulating evidence suggests that Pin1 also plays a role in regulated necrosis and autophagy,thereby exhibiting distinct effects,including both neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects.Gaining an enhanced understanding of Pin1 in neuronal death may provide us with new options for the development of therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders.

A novel mutation of SGK-1 gene in central serous chorioretinopathy

AIM: To investigate the association of serum glucocorticoid kinase gene-1(SGK-1) DNA variants with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC).METHODS: We enrolled 32 eyes of 32 patients who were diagnosed with chronic CSC and composed 32 normal eyes as a control group. Peripheral blood was used for DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction amplification. SGK1 gene was sequenced by using Big Dye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing Kit(Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The SGK-1 gene and its variants were investigated in CSC patient group and control group.RESULTS: We identified a new polymorphism M32 V in two person in the patient group [Minor allele frequency(MAF) =0.009] on the region of 1-60 amino acids. The rs1057293 was located in the encoder region of the SGK- 1 gene but not associated with CSC(P =0.68). An intrinsic rs1743966 is also not associated(P =0.28).CONCLUSION: The new polymorphism M32 V is located on the region of 1-60 amino acids which is necessary for localization to the mitochondria in CSC patient. This mutation is probably important for the energy metabolism and plays an important role in the cellular response to hyperosmotic stress and other stress stimuli. Both rs1057293 and rs1743966 are not associated with CSC.

Research progress of sphingosine 1-phosphate and its signal transduction in central nervous system diseases

Sphingosine 1-phosphate(S1P),as a sphingolipid metabolite,has become a key substance in regulating various physiological processes,involved in differentiation,proliferation,migration,morphogenesis,cytoskeleton formation,adhesion,apoptosis,etc.process.Sphingosine 1-phosphate can not only activate the S1P-S1PR signaling pathway by binding to the corresponding receptors on the cell membrane,but also play a role in the cell.In recent years,studies have found that there is a certain relationship between its level changes and the occurrence and development of central nervous system diseases.This article reviews the latest knowledge of sphingosine-1-phosphate in the occurrence and treatment of nervous system diseases,and further clarifies its molecular mechanism in the treatment and development of central nervous system diseases.

偏痛汤1号对痛敏性偏头痛大鼠BDNF/p-Akt信号途径的影响

目的基于BDNF/p-Akt信号途径研究偏痛汤1号对硝酸甘油(NTG)致偏头痛模型大鼠作用机制的影响。方法采用随机数字表法将40只SD雄性大鼠分为空白组、假手术组、模型组、阳性药组、偏痛汤1号组,每组8只。空白组予正常饮食水饲养,假手术组予颈背部皮下注射生理盐水,其余各组大鼠予颈背部皮下注射NTG。成模后给药1周,同时检测行为学及痛阈值变化。采用ELSIA技术检测外周血浆中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、脑神经营养因子(BDNF)、一氧化氮(NO)水平。RT-qPCR技术检测大鼠三叉神经节中降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)、BDNF、蛋白激酶B(Akt)、Bcl-2相关死亡启动因子(BAD)及NO mRNA转录水平。Western blotting技术测定大鼠三叉神经节中BDNF、Akt及p-Akt蛋白表达。结果与模型组比较,偏痛汤1号组大鼠眼眶痛阈上调(P<0.05);血浆BDNF、NO蛋白表达水平下调(P<0.05),IL-6无显著下降趋势(P>0.05);三叉神经节中CGRP、Akt、BDNF mRNA转录水平下调(P<0.05),BAD、NO mRNA转录水平有下调趋势,但无显著差异(P>0.05),Akt、p-Akt与BDNF蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.001)。结论偏痛汤1号抑制痛敏性偏头痛的机制与调控BDNF/p-Akt信号途径,下调偏头痛相关因子CGRP、NO、IL-6等表达水平,从而减少突触递质引起的通路活化相关。

The necessary role of mTORC1 in central nervous system axon regeneration

Permanent loss of vital functions after central nervous system （CNS） injury, e.g., blindness in traumatic optic nerve （ON） injury or paralysis in spinal cord injury, occurs in part because axons in the adult mammalian CNS do not regenerate after injury. Growth failure is due to the diminished intrinsic regenerative capacity of mature neurons and the inhibitory environment of the adult CNS. Neutralizing extracellular inhibitory molecules genetically or pharmacologically yields only limited regeneration and functional recovery, highlighting the critical importance of neuron-intrinsic factors.

血清胰岛素样生长因子1联合子宫与卵巢超声参数对性早熟女童的临床诊断价值

目的 探讨血清胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)联合子宫与卵巢超声参数对性早熟女童的临床诊断价值。方法 将120例性早熟女童根据病因分为特发性中枢性性早熟(ICPP)组71例和单纯乳房早发育(IPT)组49例,比较两组患儿血清IGF-1水平及子宫与卵巢超声参数,采用Logistic回归分析ICPP影响因素,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清IGF-1联合子宫与卵巢超声参数对ICPP的诊断价值。结果 ICPP组患儿血清IGF-1水平高于IPT组(P<0.01);ICPP组患儿子宫和卵巢纵径、体积及最大卵泡直径均大于IPT组(P<0.01)。Logistic回归分析结果提示,血清IGF-1水平高,子宫纵径、卵巢纵径、卵巢体积及最大卵泡直径较大均为ICPP的危险因素(P<0.05或0.01);ROC曲线分析结果提示,血清IGF-1水平、子宫纵径、子宫体积、卵巢纵径、卵巢体积及最大卵泡直径对ICPP诊断的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.722、0.734、0.713、0.701、0.741及0.656,联合诊断的AUC为0.926。结论 血清IGF-1水平高,子宫纵径、卵巢纵径、卵巢体积及最大卵泡直径较大的女童可能更易发生ICPP,血清IGF-1联合子宫与卵巢超声参数对性早熟女童具有较高的诊断价值。

中枢性性早熟女童血清神经肽吻素和网膜素-1的表达与骨龄指数和卵巢体积的相关性分析

目的探讨中枢性性早熟女童血清神经肽吻素、网膜素-1的表达与骨龄指数、卵巢体积的相关性。方法选取2022年7月至2023年6月于河北省唐山市妇幼保健院进行治疗的中枢性性早熟女童85例作为观察组。另选取70例同期体检正常女童作为对照组。比较2组相关临床指标、神经肽吻素、网膜素-1水平。采用Logistic回归分析法分析骨龄指数、卵巢体积的影响因素。采用Pearson相关性分析法分析中枢性性早熟女童神经肽吻素、网膜素-1表达与骨龄指数、卵巢体积的相关性。结果观察组神经肽吻素、骨龄指数、卵巢体积高于/大于对照组[(2.68±1.05)μg/L比(0.60±0.20)μg/L、(1.67±0.25)比(1.02±0.06)、(3.68±0.58)cm^(3)比(2.70±0.29)cm^(3)],网膜素-1水平低于对照组[(27±4)μg/L比(70±8)μg/L],差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,预测成年身高、雌二醇、黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、骨源性碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素、胰岛素样生长因子1、神经肽吻素、网膜素-1为骨龄指数的影响因素(均P<0.001),子宫体积、雌二醇、LH、FSH、神经肽吻素、网膜素-1为卵巢体积的影响因素(均P<0.001)。中枢性性早熟女童神经肽吻素与骨龄指数(r=0.634,P=0.001)、卵巢体积(r=0.533,P=0.001)呈正相关;网膜素-1与骨龄指数(r=-0.569,P=0.001)、卵巢体积(r=-0.459,P=0.001)呈负相关。结论中枢性性早熟女童神经肽吻素表达升高,网膜素-1表达降低,神经肽吻素与患儿骨龄指数、卵巢体积呈正相关,网膜素-1与患儿骨龄指数、卵巢体积呈负相关。

椎管内麻醉后CD老年患者S100β、H-FABP、NLRP3mRNA、Caspase-1 mRNA表达意义

目的分析老年髋关节置换术(THA)患者椎管内麻醉后认知功能障碍(CD)发生的危险因素及中枢神经特异蛋白(S100-β)、核苷酸结合寡聚化域受体蛋白3信使核糖核酸(NLRP3 mRNA)、中心型脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP)、天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶1信使核糖核酸(Caspase-1 mRNA)对其预测价值。方法将椎管内麻醉后发生CD的40例老年THA术患者纳入A组,另选取未发生CD的68例老年THA术患者纳入B组。比较两组临床资料、S100-β、H-FABP、NLRP3 mRNA、Caspase-1 mRNA,危险因素采用多因素Logistic回归分析法进行分析,S100-β、H-FABP、NLRP3 mRNA、Caspase-1 mRNA对老年THA术患者椎管内麻醉后CD发生的预测价值采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线进行分析。结果A组年龄大于B组,差异有统计学意义(t=13.674,P<0.05);有糖尿病、术中低血压的患者占比均高于B组,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=12.643、17.767,P<0.05)。A组血清S100-β、NLRP3 mRNA、H-FABP、Caspase-1mRNA表达均高于B组,差异有统计学意义(t=14.571、21.691、80.159、23.572,P<0.05)。老年THA术患者椎管内麻醉后CD发生的独立危险因素包括年龄大、糖尿病、术中低血压、血清S100-β、H-FABP、水平、NLRP3 mRNA、Caspase-1 mRNA高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。S100-β、H-FABP、NLRP3 mRNA、Caspase-1 mRNA联合检查预测老年THA术患者椎管内麻醉后CD发生的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.915高于单一检测(P<0.05)。结论年龄大、糖尿病、术中低血压均为老年THA术患者椎管内麻醉后CD发生的独立危险因素,且S100-β、H-FABP、NLRP3 m RNA、Caspase-1 mRNA联合检测对CD的预测价值较高。

The role of microtubule-associated protein 1B in axonal growth and neuronal migration in the central nervous system

In this review, we discuss the role of microtubule-associated protein 1 B （MAP1B） and its phosphorylation in axonal development and regeneration in the central nervous system. MAP1B exhibits similar functions during axonal development and regeneration. MAP1B and phosphorylated MAPIB in neurons and axons maintain a dynamic balance between cytoskeletal components, and regulate the stability and interaction of microtubules and actin to promote axonal growth, neural connectivity and regeneration in the central nervous system.

Correlation between cerebral neurotransmitters levels by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is the main manifestation of central neuropathy.Although cognitive impairments tend to be overlooked in patients with diabetes mellitus(DM),there is a growing body of evidence linking DM to cognitive dysfunction.Hyperglycemia is closely related to neurological abnormalities,while often disregarded in clinical practice.Changes in cerebral neurotransmitter levels are associated with a variety of neurological abnormalities and may be closely related to blood glucose control in patients with type 2 DM(T2DM).AIM To evaluate the concentrations of cerebral neurotransmitters in T2DM patients exhibiting different hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)levels.METHODS A total of 130 T2DM patients were enrolled at the Department of Endocrinology of Shanghai East Hospital.The participants were divided into four groups according to their HbA1c levels using the interquartile method,namely Q1(<7.875%),Q2(7.875%-9.050%),Q3(9.050%-11.200%)and Q4(≥11.200%).Clinical data were collected and measured,including age,height,weight,neck/waist/hip circumferences,blood pressure,comorbidities,duration of DM,and biochemical indicators.Meanwhile,neurotransmitters in the left hippocampus and left brainstem area were detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.RESULTS The HbA1c level was significantly associated with urinary microalbumin(mALB),triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR),and beta cell function(HOMA-β),N-acetylaspartate/creatine(NAA/Cr),and NAA/choline(NAA/Cho).Spearman correlation analysis showed that mALB,LDL-C,HOMA-IR and NAA/Cr in the left brainstem area were positively correlated with the level of HbA1c(P<0.05),whereas HOMA-βwas negatively correlated with the HbA1c level(P<0.05).Ordered multiple logistic regression analysis showed that NAA/Cho[Odds ratio(OR):1.608,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.004-2.578,P<0.05],LDL-C(OR:1.627,95%CI:1.119-2.370,P<0.05),and HOMA-IR(OR:1.107,95%CI:1.031-1.188,P<0.01)were independent predictors of poor glycemic control.CONCLUSION The cerebral neurotransmitter concentrations in the left brainstem area in patients with T2DM are closely related to glycemic control,which may be the basis for the changes in cognitive function in diabetic patients.

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 enhances discharge activity of cortical neurons

Transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-β1)has been extensively studied for its pleiotropic effects on central nervous system diseases.The neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects of TGF-β1 in specific brain areas may depend on the pathological process and cell types involved.Voltage-gated sodium channels(VGSCs)are essential ion channels for the generation of action potentials in neurons,and are involved in various neuroexcitation-related diseases.However,the effects of TGF-β1 on the functional properties of VGSCs and firing properties in cortical neurons remain unclear.In this study,we investigated the effects of TGF-β1 on VGSC function and firing properties in primary cortical neurons from mice.We found that TGF-β1 increased VGSC current density in a dose-and time-dependent manner,which was attributable to the upregulation of Nav1.3 expression.Increased VGSC current density and Nav1.3 expression were significantly abolished by preincubation with inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase(PD98059),p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(SB203580),and Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2 inhibitor(SP600125).Interestingly,TGF-β1 significantly increased the firing threshold of action potentials but did not change their firing rate in cortical neurons.These findings suggest that TGF-β1 can increase Nav1.3 expression through activation of the ERK1/2-JNK-MAPK pathway,which leads to a decrease in the firing threshold of action potentials in cortical neurons under pathological conditions.Thus,this contributes to the occurrence and progression of neuroexcitatory-related diseases of the central nervous system.

IGF-1及其相关指标对CPP患儿GnRHa治疗期间生长减速的诊断价值

目的 分析胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)及其相关指标对中枢性性早熟(CPP)患儿促性腺激素释放激素类似物(GnRHa)治疗期间生长减速的诊断价值,并找出最佳参考指标及截断值以指导临床工作。方法 回顾分析53例接受GnRHa治疗的特发性CPP女童的临床资料[身高、骨龄(BA)、生长速率(CV)等],分析IGF-1及其相关指标、性激素等与生长速度的相关性,并采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析CPP患儿过度生长减速的最佳参考指标。结果 GV、GV SDS与ΔBA-IGF-1 SDS、治疗12个月时的雌二醇(E2)均呈正相关,与初诊时BA-IGF-1 SDS均呈负相关(P<0.05)。患儿以GV SDS≥0和GV SDS<0分组,ΔBA-IGF-1 SDS的ROC曲线面积最大[曲线下面积(AUC)=0.782],其最佳界值点为-1.274。结论 在GnRHa治疗期间生长减速与生长激素(GH)-IGF-1轴的变化、性类固醇缺乏有关,ΔBA-IGF-1 SDS可考虑作为CPP患儿GnRHa治疗后临床上指导联合使用重组人生长激素(rhGH)的参考指标。

大国与中亚国家间“C5+1”对话机制的发展现状、动因与前景

“C5+1”机制在近些年来成为中、美、俄、欧、印等大国介入中亚事务的主要借助手段,突出表现为参与大国日益增多和对话层级不断提升。大国近年来之所以重视以“C5+1”机制介入中亚事务,主要是因为大国在中亚利益的整体性和有限性、中亚区域合作取得新进展等原因,但根本原因在于中亚地区大国竞争的加剧。“C5+1”机制在近年来的兴盛,对中国的中亚外交具有双重影响。展望未来,大国的意愿仍将是决定“C5+1”机制存续与发展的关键要素,同时不同大国参与下的“C5+1”间既有竞争又有合作的基本关系面在较长时间内不会改变,以及阿富汗有可能成为“C5+1”的成员国,扩展为“C6+1”。这些对中国来说既是机遇也是挑战,中国应着力提高“C5+1”机制下与中亚国家间的务实合作水平,同时也应密切关注其他大国“C5+1”机制的进展,取长补短,推动中国对中亚外交行稳致远。