Types,Characteristics and Significances of Migrating Pathways of Gas-bearing Fluids in the Shenhu Area,Northern Continental Slope of the South China Sea

The first marine gas hydrate expedition in China has been conducted by Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey in the Shenhu Area, northern continental slope of the South China Sea. Previous study has analyzed the P-T conditions, geophysical anomalies and saturation calculations of these gas hydrates, but has not documented in detail the migration of gas-bearing fluids in the study area. Based on the interpretations of 2D/3D seismic data, this work identified two types of migration pathways for gas-bearing fluids in the Shenhu area, i.e., vertical and lateral pathways. The vertical pathways（largescale faults, gas chimneys and mud diapirs） presented as steep seismic reflection anomalies, which could be traced downward to the Eocene source rocks and may penetrate into the Late Miocene strata. The deeper gases/fluids might be allowed migrating into the shallower strata through these vertical conduits. However, the distributions showed distinct differences between these pathways. Large-scale faults developed only in the north and northeast of the Shenhu area, while in the drilling area gas chimneys were the sole vertical migration pathways. Since the Pliocene, normal faults, detachment faults and favorable sediments have constituted the lateral pathways in the Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area. Although these lateral pathways were connected with gas chimneys, they exerted different effects on hydrate formation and accumulation. Gas-bearing fluids migrated upward along gas chimneys might further migrate laterally because of the normal faults, thereby enlarging the range of the chimneys. Linking gas chimneys with the seafloor, the detachment faults might act as conduits for escaping gases/fluids. Re-deposited sediments developed at the early stage of the Quaternary were located within the gas hydrate stability zone, so hydrates would be enriched in these favorable sediments. Compared with the migration pathways（large-scale faults and mud diapirs） in the LW3-1 deep-sea oil/gas field, the migration efficiency of the vertical pathways（composed of gas chimneys） in the gas hydrate drilling area might be relatively low. Description and qualitative discrimination of migration pathways in the Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area are helpful to further understand the relationship between good-quality deep source rocks and shallow, mainly biogenicallyproduced, hydrates. As the main source rocks of the Baiyun sag, lacustrine mudstones in the Wenchang and Enping Formations may provide thermogenic methane. Gas chimneys with relatively low migration efficiency created the vertical pathways. Caused by the Dongsha tectonic movement, the release of overpressured fluids might reduce the vertical migration rates of the thermogenic methane. The thick bathyal/abyssal fine-grained sediments since the Late Miocene provided migration media with low permeability. These preconditions may cause carbon isotopic fractionation ofthermogenic methane during long-distance vertical migrations. Therefore, although geochemical analyses indicate that the methane forming gas hydrate in the Shenhu area was mainly produced biogenically, or was mixed methane primarily of microbial origin, thermogenic methane still contribute significantly.

The Relationship between Tectonic Subsidence and BSR of Upper Neogene in the Deep-Water Area of the Northern Continental Slope, South China Sea

BSR （Bottom Simulating Reflector） occurs widely in the strata since the late Miocene in the deep-water area of the northern continental slope of South China Sea （SCS）. It is an important seismic reference mark which identifies the gas hydrate and its distribution influenced by the tectonic movements. Single-point basin modeling was conducted using 473 points in the study area. To discuss the relationships between the tectonic subsidence and BSR, the volume and rate of tectonic subsidence in each geological time have been simulated. The results show that there are three tectonic accelerate subsidence processes in the study area since the late Miocene, especially since 1.8Ma the tectonic subsidence accelerates more apparently. Since the Late Miocene to Pleistocene, the rate of tectonic subsidence in deep-water underwent a transformation from weak to strong. The ratio of tectonic subsidence to the total subsidence was relatively high （65-70%）. Through the superposition of the BSR developed areas and the contours of tectonic subsidence in this area, it was discovered that more than 80% of BSR tend to be distributed at the slope break or depression-uplift structural transfer zone and the average tectonic subsidence rate ranges from 70 m/Ma to 125 m/Ma.

An analysis of oasis stability in arid areas:a case study in the northern slope areas of the Tianshan Mountains

This paper discusses oasis stability at regional scale with a case study in the northern slope areas of the Tianshan Mountains (NSTM). The results showed certain significant aspects. (1) As long as water resources in the oasis keep stable and their utilization efficiency can be maintained or gradually increased, the primary productivity could be continuously increased and the natural primary productivity keeped relatively stable. In this case, it is considered that the oasis is stable and its sustainable development can be achieved at regional scale. (2) Considering the availability of water resources in the oases, the oases on the alluvial-diluvial fans are highly stable. In the alluvial plain downstream of the groundwater overflowing zones the oases are moderately stable and in the lacustrine deltas or dry lacustrine deltas the oases are lowly stable. (3) Enlargement of oases and the increase of water resources and vegetation coverage in the oasis will certainly enhance the 'cold-island effect' of the oasis and increase the stability of oases.

Strike-Slip Faults and Their Control on Differential Hydrocarbon Enrichment in Carbonate Karst Reservoirs: A Case Study of Yingshan Formation on Northern Slope of Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin

Objective Oil and gas are abundant in the Ordovician Yingshan Formation carbonate karst reservoirs on the northern slope of Tazhong uplift in the Tarim Basin, and have extremely complicated oil-gas-water distribution, however. The difference in burial depth of the reservoirs between east and west sides is up to 1000 m. Water-bearing formations exist between oil- and gas-bearing formations vertically and water-producing wells are drilled between oil- and gas-producing wells. Macroscopically, oil and gas occur at low positions, while water occurs at high positiona on the northern slope of Tazhong uplift. The mechanism of differential hydrocarbon enrichment in heterogeneous reservoirs is by far not clarified, which has affected the efficient exploration and development of oil and gas fields in this area.

Dissociation of gas hydrates by hydrocarbon migration and accumulation-derived slope failures:An example from the South China Sea

The mechanism of slope failure associated with overpressure that is caused by hydrocarbon migration and accumulation remains unclear.High-resolution seismic data and gas hydrate drilling data collected from the Shenhu gas hydrate field(site SH5)offer a valuable opportunity to study the relations between submarine slope failure and hydrocarbon accumulation and flow that is associated with a~2 kmdiameter gas chimney developed beneath site SH5 where none gas hydrates had been recovered by drilling and sampling despite the presence of distinct bottom simulating reflectors(BSRs)and favorable gas hydrate indication.The mechanism of submarine slope failure resulted from buoyancy extrusion and seepage-derived deformation which were caused by overpressure from a~1100 m-high gas column in a gas chimney was studied via numerical simulation.The~9.55 MPa overpressure caused by hydrocarbons that migrated through the gas chimney and then accumulated beneath subsurface gas hydratebearing impermeable sediments.This may have resulted in a submarine slope failure,which disequilibrated the gas hydrate-bearing zone and completely decomposed the gas hydrate once precipitated at site SH5.Before the gas hydrate decomposition,the largely impermeable sediments overlying the gas chimney may have undergone a major upward deformation due to the buoyancy extrusion of the overpressure in the gas chimney,and slope failure was initiated from plastic strain of the sediments and reduced internal strength.Slope failure subsequently resulted in partial gas hydrate decomposition and sediment permeability increase.The pressurized gas in the gas chimney may have diffused into the overlying sediments controlled by seepage-derived deformation,causing an effective stress reduction at the base of the sediments and significant plastic deformation.This may have formed a new cycle of submarine slope failure and finally the total gas hydrate dissociation.The modeling results of buoyancy extrusion and seepage-derived deformation of the overpressure in the gas chimney would provide new understanding in the development of submarine slope failure and the link between slope failure and gas hydrate accumulation and dissociation.

昆仑山北坡水资源科学考察初报

2021年10月首批启动了第三次新疆科学考察——“昆仑山北坡水资源开发潜力及利用途径科学考察”。结合多源遥感信息和2022—2023年野外科考工作,对昆仑山北坡的水文水资源变化和水资源利用进行了调查研究。结果表明:(1)1990—2020年,昆仑山北坡山区的气温、降水分别以0.14℃·(10a)^(-1)和6.53 mm·(10a)^(-1)幅度增加。(2)冰川变化相对稳定,积雪面积和积雪深度表现为略微增加。(3)永久性水体和季节性水体面积分别显著增加79.89%和144.49%。(4)东昆仑-库木库里盆地的阿牙克库木湖和阿其克库勒湖两大湖泊的水域面积分别增加了68.91%和58.22%,盆地内多条河流具备水资源开发潜力。(5)昆仑山北坡陆地水储量总体呈增加趋势,表现为从西向东增加趋势越加显著。(6)昆仑山北坡的主要河流和田河、克里雅河和车尔臣河年均径流量2010—2023年较1957—2023年分别增加了20.24%、27.85%和45.17%。(7)基于不同气候变化情景模拟预测至21世纪中后叶,主要河流径流量将保持上升态势,区域水资源量总体呈增加趋势。昆仑山北坡的水资源禀赋可为区域绿色高质量发展提供有利的水资源保障条件。

冀北山地桦木林土壤细菌群落特征对坡向的响应

为了揭示冀北山地桦木林土壤细菌群落特征对坡向的响应规律,以冀北山地阴坡、半阴坡和半阳坡桦木林土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,分析了土壤细菌群落结构和多样性。结果表明:细菌群落组成主要包含41门、107纲,其中优势细菌门为变形菌门和酸杆菌门;土壤细菌群落α多样性指数在坡向间存在显著差异,阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡;土壤含水量、容重、硝态氮和氨态氮均影响细菌微生物群落的结构组成,其中,土壤含水量与多种细菌门存在显著相关性,且与细菌α多样性存在极显著的正相关性。综上所述,不同坡向桦木林土壤细菌群落结构和多样性呈现出一定的变化规律,坡向和土层深度变化引起的土壤含水量变化是该地区桦木林土壤细菌群落结构和多样性差异的主要因素。

昆仑山北坡区域积雪时空变化特征

积雪是水循环的重要组成部分,积雪的积累消融对下游社会经济发展具有重要影响。采用趋势分析、相关性分析等方法分析2000—2020年昆仑山北坡积雪面积、积雪日数(SCD)在空间和时间上的分布特征和变化趋势,并分析积雪的海拔效应及气候对积雪的影响。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年昆仑山北坡积雪面积呈减少趋势(-152.4 km^(2)·a^(-1)),2010年以前积雪面积距平偏正,2010年后偏负。(2)月尺度上,积雪覆盖率(SCF)从8月到翌年7月呈先增后减的趋势,冬、春季高于夏、秋季。(3)SCD分布具有明显的空间异质性,中部地区SCD的变化影响该地的年总SCD。(4)2000—2020年的年均SCD随海拔升高而增加,海拔>6.0 km为331.6 d,说明高海拔地区存在常年性积雪。(5)气温与积雪面积呈显著负相关(相关系数为-0.68,P<0.01),降水与积雪面积呈不显著正相关(相关系数为0.14,P>0.05),气温对积雪的影响高于降水。

塔中地区北部斜坡带下奥陶统碳酸盐岩风化壳油气富集特征

塔里木盆地塔中地区北部斜坡带下奥陶统发育大型碳酸盐岩风化壳。对风化壳储层及其成藏条件的研究表明,风化壳储层类型以次生溶蚀孔洞形成的低孔、低渗储层为主,储层主要发育于下奥陶统顶部,分布范围与古构造活动形成的不整合面形态具有较好的对应关系。断裂及裂缝的发育对改善风化壳储层具有重要作用,形成了纵向上叠置、横向连片、沿岩溶斜坡部位广泛分布的风化壳储层。断裂和不整合面构成的输导体系控制了风化壳的油气运聚成藏,储层发育程度控制了风化壳的油气富集程度,多期油气充注与风化壳储层非均质性造成了风化壳油气赋存的差异性。

塔中北斜坡奥陶系鹰山组岩溶型储层发育模式与油气勘探

塔中北斜坡奥陶系鹰山组顶部的不整合面发育大规模岩溶缝洞型优质储层,目前已探明油气储量约2×108t。岩溶型储层以大型缝洞储集空间为主,贯穿于不整合面以下200m范围内,具有非均质变化的缝洞叠置连片且呈带状展布。这套储层既与岩溶古地貌相关,又受多成因、多期次成岩溶蚀、断裂裂缝、埋藏溶蚀叠加的综合控制,其中断裂和裂缝网络是岩溶水的主要渗滤通道,不整合岩溶控制了储层的横向展布规模,埋藏溶蚀是优化储集性能的关键。通过储层主控因素的深入分析,建立了储层叠合发育演化模式,综合预测了储层发育的有利区带,指出在勘探中要注重不同井区之间的储层类型和主控因素之差异性,优选主控因素以对勘探进行指导。

塔中Ⅰ号断裂坡折带构造特征及勘探领域

利用新的三维地震资料,综合运用等时地层格架及构造解析方法,分析了塔中Ⅰ号构造带复杂的构造特征及油气富集的差异性。研究结果表明:塔中Ⅰ号构造带是早奥陶世末至晚奥陶世早期形成的大型逆冲断裂带,在上奥陶统沉积前遭受长期侵蚀而形成复杂的断裂坡折带。在上奥陶统良里塔格组沉积时,沿高陡断裂坡折带发育台地边缘礁滩复合体,形成碳酸盐岩沉积坡折带。塔中Ⅰ号断裂坡折带在横向上具有分段性,其间通过构造变换带的调节作用分为结构与形成演化各具特征的5 段,各段油气富集具有明显的差异性。塔中44井区礁滩复合体发育,是实现碳酸盐岩高产、稳产勘探的首选领域;塔中45 井区构造作用与岩溶作用强烈,是寻找大规模缝洞系统的有利领域。这2个区带是在塔中Ⅰ号断裂坡折带寻找大油气田的主攻目标。

风化壳岩溶储层地质—地震综合预测技术与应用——以塔中北部斜坡带下奥陶统为例

塔中地区下奥陶统风化壳储层成因的多样性和地震资料的差异性造成储层地震响应特征差异大。利用地质—地震一体化数据平台直观地标定和识别了岩溶储层的地震响应特征,在储层主控因素分析基础上,建立了储层地质模型,利用分频振幅、瞬时频率、相关长度、多属性约束井—震联合反演和地质—地震多信息融合储层综合预测与评价等技术,分层次刻画了不同级别岩溶储层的分布规律,提高了储层预测的精度,有效地指导了该区的勘探生产。

塔中北斜坡奥陶系鹰山组碳酸盐岩高阻层分布特征及其意义

塔里木盆地奥陶系油藏储集层具有很强的非均质性,其油气水分布规律复杂。综合钻井、录井、测井等资料对鹰山组高阻层段岩性、厚度进行了统计分析,并在此基础上根据单井柱状图建立了各井区及内外带的连井剖面图,总结了其分布特征规律。结果表明,鹰山组高阻层岩性主要为泥晶灰岩,且在成像测井图像上呈亮黄色成层性特征,空间上具有"横向分布不稳定,纵向叠置"的分布特征。通过实验手段对高阻层段岩石矿物铸体薄片进行鉴定,初步认为高阻层的成因机制主要包括机械-化学充填作用和大气降水选择性溶蚀作用。高阻层厚度与其下伏原油的物性、油气日产量及气油比显示出较好的相关性,即随着高阻层厚度增大,其下伏油气的日产量及气油比逐渐增大,而油气的密度及粘度却逐渐减小。高阻层对下伏油气的分布具有一定的控制作用。由此推断,鹰山组高阻层可以作为一套或多套隐蔽"盖层",与下伏储层可能形成良好的"储-盖"组合配置关系。

塔里木盆地塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩礁滩复合体油气来源与运聚成藏研究

近年来对塔里木盆地海相层系油气的勘探进展很快,在塔中地区围绕塔中I号坡折带有重要发现,特别是发现了上奥陶统碳酸盐岩礁滩复合体大面积富含油气。认为该区上奥陶统碳酸盐岩礁滩复合体储层存在多期油气运移聚集,包括晚加里东期油气的聚集、晚海西期古油藏油气的调整转移和直接从烃源岩生成油气的补充以及喜山期古油藏裂解天然气对早期油藏的气侵;塔中地区原油和凝析油主要来源于寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩,上奥陶统中聚集的油气是沿断裂垂向运移与沿多套储层横向运移面来;塔中奥陶系油气藏之所以表现出外带为凝析气藏、内带为油藏的分布特征,主要与来源于外带下伏的的寒武系-下奥陶统古油藏的裂解气有关,也与I号坡折带北侧的良里塔格组斜坡相古油藏的裂解气有关,这些天然气沿I号坡折带向上运移,补充到位于I号坡折带附近的礁滩复合体油气藏中,并对原来的油藏产生气侵,气侵程度的不同,或者形成凝析气藏,或者仍然保持油藏。

塔中Ⅱ区鹰山组岩溶缝洞充填物碳氧同位素特征及环境意义

由于充填物形成时流体性质和古水文环境不同,其碳氧同位素值也不同。因此,利用充填物碳氧同位素值可以判别缝洞充填过程中流体性质和古水文环境。通过对塔中Ⅱ区奥陶系鹰山组风化壳缝洞充填物测井曲线分析、岩芯观察与薄片鉴定,发现塔中Ⅱ区缝洞充填物测井显示一般为高GR,主要为钙泥质充填物和角砾充填物。对充填物碳氧同位素进行分析并与基岩相比较,结果表明钙泥质充填物δ13 C值为0.6‰~1.04‰,δ18 O值为-6.8‰^-5.5‰,δ13 C值明显偏正,由此认为溶洞中钙泥岩充填于良里塔格期海相环境;小角砾充填物δ13 C值为-0.13‰,δ18 O值为-6.29‰,与基岩值一致,判断为基岩垮塌或破碎充填形成。研究可为古岩溶缝洞储层充填机理研究和古岩溶模式建立提供依据。

塔中北斜坡走滑断裂断距对碳酸盐岩油气藏的影响

塔中北斜坡奥陶系碳酸盐岩的储层改造和油气分布,都受到走滑断裂的影响。由于区域内较大规模的走滑断裂均表现为北东向,水平断距较小,使得利用地震资料直接计算断距时存在着较大的困难。实际上,走滑断裂还普遍表现出北西向拉张特征,并沿断裂走向形成了宽度不同的拉分区域。断裂多沿北东向平直延伸,表明这些拉分区域的宽度和高度主要是受局部应力作用而形成的。这些拉分区域的宽度和高度在三维地震资料中较容易识别。根据断裂的拉分特征,提出通过计算拉分区域的宽度和高度间接识别走滑断裂的断距的方法。断距计算结果符合走滑断裂发育的地质规律,断距较大处是走滑断裂活动性较强的区域,同时也是储层改造作用强烈和油气分布较好的区域。

塔中北斜坡奥陶系走滑断裂带与岩溶储集体发育模式

塔里木盆地塔中北斜坡奥陶系发育多条北东—南西向走滑断裂带,沿这些走滑断裂带多口钻井在奥陶系碳酸盐岩中获得油气发现。研究碳酸盐岩内幕储集体特征、成因及其与走滑断裂带的关系,是塔中北斜坡奥陶系油气勘探面临的关键问题之一。通过对4口典型钻井奥陶系储集体发育特征、岩石学和地球化学资料的综合分析,结合区域地质背景及火成岩发育特征,提出储集体发育可能与不同性质的深成岩溶流体改造有关,其中A井可能与区域火成岩侵入体相关流体有关,而B井、C井和D井可能与深部含硅质地层热液流体有关。通过对4口井所在的3条走滑断裂带的分段性和变形强度进行半定量解剖,并与实钻情况对比,提出走滑断裂带分段性可能控制了储集体发育部位,张扭部位较压扭部位更为有利,而变形强度控制了储集体发育规模,变形强度大的断裂带储集体规模更大。建立了塔中北斜坡奥陶系走滑断裂带与深成岩溶储集体的发育模式,为奥陶系断裂带碳酸盐岩内幕储集体的油气勘探与评价提供了新的思路。

塔中北斜坡富油气区油气分布规律与富集主控因素研究

塔里木盆地塔中北斜坡奥陶系油气藏类型多样、油气性质变化大、油气水分布复杂。通过对塔中北斜坡大量单井及其生产动态的分析解剖,结合分析化验资料,深入探讨了富油气区的流体分布特征、断裂发育特征、储层差异性以及典型高产井和出水井的对比,揭示了油气分布规律与控制因素。鹰山组顶部的风化壳型不整合面在垂向上控制了储层的发育深度范围和储层质量;平面上储层的非均质性是导致油气分布差异的重要原因。断裂引起的局部高差对流体聚集存在明显影响,使断裂上盘高部位更倾向于富油气,并发现断裂对储层改造强烈,特别是走滑断裂作为油气运移通道对油气分布具有重要的控制作用,决定了不同区域的古油藏在晚喜山期遭受气侵的强度,控制了不同相态油气藏的分布;奥陶系鹰山组上部发育的致密段对古油藏的保存具有积极的作用。该认识对相似地区碳酸盐岩油气富集规律研究及勘探开发具重要的参考价值。

塔中北斜坡奥陶系鹰山组岩溶储层特征及古岩溶发育模式

塔中北斜坡奥陶系鹰山组碳酸盐岩古岩溶发育,油气资源丰富,具有广阔的勘探开发前景。本次利用岩石化学分析、岩芯钻井、地震测井及成像测井资料,对岩溶储层发育规律及岩溶缝洞发育模式进行研究。认为：鹰一段和鹰二段发育质纯厚层灰岩地层,属强岩溶层组,溶蚀孔,溶蚀裂缝及溶洞均发育,后期古岩溶作用是该区油气聚集的主要场所。垂向岩溶缝洞系统主要发育在鹰山组顶面以下0-50 m及80-180 m范围。同时,溶洞在该区发育,洞穴型岩溶是该区优质岩溶储层,钻井过程常伴有放空、水漏失现象。结合古地貌特征,建立了ZG18-ZG22井区古岩溶缝洞系统发育模式,为岩溶储层预测及勘探开发井位部署提供地质依据。

塔中北坡鹰山组碳酸盐岩缝洞体量化描述技术及应用

针对各种储集层地质模型,根据野外观测系统和工区地震地质条件,利用Tesseral全波场模型正演方法,明确高产井有利储集体地震响应特征。通过大量的正演研究,分析各种储集层的地球物理响应特征,优选出波阻抗反演地震属性预测方法,将校正后的波阻抗体转换为孔隙度体,可得储集层的有效储集空间,最终实现岩溶缝洞体有效储集空间的量化描述。研究表明,"表层强且内幕规则串珠反射"、"表层弱且内幕强串珠反射"是高产高效井的主要表现形式。下奥陶统风化壳碳酸盐岩储集层的地震响应特征为低阻抗、低速度、低频、强分频振幅、强相干、强衰减等特征。经缝洞体量化描述,中古8井储量区有效储集层总体积为5.42×108 m3.勘探实践表明,量化描述缝洞体是碳酸盐岩油气藏高效勘探开发的有效途径之一。