The“Emperor’s Edict”and the Emperor’s power in the Southern Song Dynasty

“Emperor’s Edict”refers to the writing of emperor himself.In the context of serving as official document,it refers to the special writ issued by emperor for sake of administering national affairs.In the official document system of Song Dynasty,“Emperor’s Edict”had always been an attention of the scholars and officials at that time due to its unusual functions in terms of drafting,promulgation and power.The Southern Song Dynasty was generally conceived by academic circles as a period when the“Administration by Emperor’s Edict”was gradually phased out.We did observe,however,with“Emperor’s Edict”placed in historical panorama of the early years of Southern Song Dynasty,an ever-strengthened power and prowess of“Emperor’s Edict”as backlit by several historical incidents such as Emperor Gaozong’s controlling and manipulating by“Emperor’s Edict”of the national armies.It reflects the political truth of strengthened imperial power in the Southern Song Dynasty.Hence,we can have access to another facet of the politics of the Southern Song Dynasty.

A Preliminary Study on the Spherical Bombs(Huolei)of the Southern Song Dynasty,Unearthed in Chongqing

The military situation of the thirteenth century required that the Song and the Mongols construct a great number of defensive works,relying on the mountains or facing the rivers,in the mountainous Sichuan Province and Chongqing.In recent years,a special kind of explosive firearms,huolei火雷(bombs),was unearthed in the large-scale excavations of the site of Diaoyu Fortress钓鱼城in Hechuan District合川and the Baidicheng白帝城in Fengjie County奉节,both of which were defensive works constructed in this mountainous area during the Southern Song dynasty.In addition,the ruins of kilns and the clay molds that were relevant to the casting of iron huolei have been discovered at the site of Baidicheng,indicating that these huolei might have been produced locally.The Southern Song iron huolei unearthed in Chongqing are the most direct evidence of the evolvement of gunpowder and firearms,and are of great significance to the history of science and technology,in particular the history of military technology.

Artistic Features of Gardens in Southern Song Dynasty

Based on the discussion of gardens in song dynasty,the artistic characteristics of gardens in southern song dynasty are analyzed from the four perspectives of poetry and painting style,stone piling and water designing,architectural form and plant cultivation.The gardens of southern song dynasty embody the regional and cultural characteristics of Jiangnan.The aesthetic appreciation of gardens infl uenced by the style of poetry and painting highlights the artistic characteristics of false or true complement,soft and elegant,and tends to be popularized.Mountain stones are stacked into peaks and waters are designed according to local conditions.The architectural forms are strewn at random,exquisite and elegant.Landscape plants present varying sceneries with changing view-points,and naming echo with scenes to enhance the artistic value of landscape.It is hoped that the status of garden art of southern song dynasty in the history of Chinese classical gardens can be evaluated more scientifi cally and objectively through the research,and some reliable theoretical basis can be provided for modern garden design.

The Research on the Battle of Yanmen Pass

During the war between Liao Dynasty(907-1125)and Northern Song Dynasty(960-1127),there was a classic battle that happened in Yanmen Pass(located in today’s Dai County,Xinzhou,Shanxi Province,China).It was a well known battle of ancient China because a commander of the Song army named Yang Ye(?-986)was really famous in both classical Chinese fictions and Chinese war history.He is the early protagonist of a famous Chinese classic fiction named The Romance of the Yang family’s generals(written in the 16th century,Ming Dynasty of China).The story of his family also appears in other novels.Besides,in history,he was a general who was active in the early stages of the war between Liao Dynasty and Northern Song Dynasty.The battle of Yanmen Pass(980)was one of the most important battles of Yang’s military career.His combat style especially his cavalry tactic can be summarized through researching this battle.

The Rediscovery of“Evocation”(Xing)and the Rise of“Poems Based on Evocation with Miscellaneous Themes”(Za-Xing)in the Resurgence Era of Southern Song Dynasty

The composition of group poems based on evocation with miscellaneous themes(za-xing)first emerged in the Tang Dynasty,pioneered by Du Fu and Chu Guangxi,but an extraordinary outburst of group poems based on evocation with miscellaneous themes emerged in the the resurgence era of Southern Song Dynasty.This phenomenon was not only influenced by new ideas in poetics and the studies of Confucian classics in the Southern Song Dynasty but also directly stemmed from the resistance against the poetic system represented by the Jiangxi poetry school.The group poems based on evocation with miscellaneous themes of poets such as Lu You,Yang Wanli,and Fan Chengda exhibit a tendency opposite to the Jiangxi poetic style in terms of their overall characteristics.The rise of evocation with miscellaneous themes poems in the poetic circle of the the resurgence era of Southern Song Dynasty holds significant importance in the history of Song poetry.It represents a rebellious and rule-breaking force that fundamentally protests against the various rules and boundaries established by Song poetics,marking a revolution in the norms of Song poetry.

Measurement of transient thickness between the body and graze layers of ancient porcelains using microprobe EDXRF technique

The oxide contents of TiO2, MnO, SrO and Fe2O3 in the body and graze layers of the Jiao-Tan-Xia (JTX) and Lao-Hu-Dong (LHD) porcelains in Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279 A.D.) have been determined using an In- ternational Eagle-II μ-probe EDXRF spectrometer. The results show that the contents in the body are much different from those in the graze one. Therefore, the transient thickness (TT) between the body and graze layers can be meas- ured through determination of a distance of the drift change in the chemical contents. The TT average for the JTX porcelains is 161μm, while that for the LHD porcelains is 258μm, which are consistent with a range of 0.15-0.3mm in the Ru-Yao porcelains. The different TT is related to the variances in firing temperature and raw material for manu- facturing the respective porcelains.

Bianjing Spectacle: Soundscapes of Bianjing and Identities in Song Dynasty Literature

By closely examining the literary works of the Song Dynasty,such as prose,poetry,rhyme-prose,lyrics,notes,and miscellaneous theses,this paper combines historical and literary evidence to rediscover the 13 types of soundscapes and their corresponding spaces in the Bianjing City,the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty,and it reveals the causes and historical-cultural significance of these soundscapes.Focusing on the key issues of soundscapes,this paper analyzes the sound spaces,identities,discourses,and literary achievements depicted in the writings about Bianjing.It argues that the“Bianjing Spectacle”of vendors’cries described by the Southern Song people can be used as a summary of the soundscape characteristics of Bianjing.Furthermore,it interprets the special silence,crying,and the absence of the sounds of production from an aesthetic perspective.By rediscovering,analyzing,and interpreting the soundscapes of Bianjing,this paper reveals significant differences between the Tang and Song dynasties at the sound level and differentiates various“auditory communities.”It thereby demonstrates the portrayal of Bianjing in Song literature,addresses theoretical hot topics in literature and geography,and builds on Marx’s arguments to propose that a thorough understanding of history,the world,and ourselves requires an in depth study of the soundscapes in literature.

Reconstruction of cropland area and spatial distribution in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty （AD1004-1085）

To understand historical human-induced land cover change and its climatic effects, it is necessary to create historical land use datasets with explicit spatial information. Using the taxes-cropland area and number of families compiled from historical documents, we estimated the real cropland area and populations within each Lu （a province-level political region in the Northern Song Dynasty） in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty （AD1004-1085）. The estimations were accomplished through analyzing the contemporary policies of tax, population and agricultural development. Then, we converted the political region-based cropland area to geographically explicit grid cell-based fractional cropland at the cell size of 60 km by 60 km. The conversion was based on calculating cultivation suitability of each grid cell using the topographic slope, altitude and population density as the independent variables. As a result, the total area of cropland within the Northern Song territory in the 1070s was estimated to be about 720 million mu （Chinese area unit, 1 mu = 666.7 m2）, of which 40.1% and 59.9% oc- curred in the north and south respectively. The population was estimated to be about 87.2 million, of which 38.7% and 61.3% were in the north and south respectively, and per capita cropland area was about 8.2 mu. The national mean reclamation ratio （i.e. ratio of cropland area to total land area; RRA hereafter for short） was bout 16.6%. The plain areas, such as the North China Plain, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Guanzhong Plain, plains surrounding the Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake and Sichuan Basin, had a higher RRA, being mostly over 40%; while the hilly and mountainous areas, such as south of Nanling Mountains, the southwest regions （excluding the Chengdu Plain）, Loess Plateau and south- east coastal regions, had a lower RRA, being less than 20%. Moreover, RRA varied with topographic slope and altitude. In the areas of low altitude （~〈250 m）, middle altitude （250-100 m） and high altitude （1000-3500 m）, there were 443 million, 215 million and 64 million mu of cropland respectively and their regional mean RRAs were 27.5%, 12.6% and 7.2% respectively. In the areas of flat slope, gentle slope, medium slope and steep slope, there were 116 million, 456 million, 144 million and 2 million mu of cropland respectively and their regional mean RRAs were 34.6%, 20.7%, 8.5% and 2.3% respectively.

Reconstruction of Lu-level cropland areas in the Northern Song Dynasty （AD976-1078）

Based on data on taxed-cropland area and on the number of households in historical documents, a probabilistic model of cropland distribution and a cropland area allocation model were designed and validated. Cropland areas for the years AD976, 997, 1066, and 1078 were estimated at the level of Lu（an administrative region of the Northern Song Dynasty）. The results indicated that（1） the cropland area of the whole study region for AD976, 997, 1066, and 1078 was about 468.27 million mu（a Chinese unit of area, with1 mu=666.7m2）, 495.53 million mu, 697.65 million mu, and 731.94 million mu, respectively. The fractional cropland area（FCA） increased from 10.7% to 16.8%, and the per capita cropland area decreased from 15.7 mu to 8.4 mu.（2） With regard to the cropland spatial pattern, the FCA of the southeast, north, and southwest regions of the Northern Song territory increased by 12.0%, 5.2%, and 1.2%, respectively. The FCA of some regions in the Yangtze River Plain increased to greater than 40%, and the FCA of the North China Plain increased to greater than 20%. However, the FCA of the southwest region（except for the Chengdu Plain） in the Northern Song territory was less than 6%.（3） There were 84.2% Lus whose absolute relative error was smaller than 20% in the mid Northern Song Dynasty. The validation results indicate that our models are reasonable and that the results of reconstruction are credible.

Nature as Harmony： The Foundation of Chinese Poetry

This paper argues for the very foundation of Chinese poetry, that is, nature itself. To this end, I have chosen three well-known poets, Wang Wei （706-761） in Tang Dynasty （618-907）, Su Shi （1037-1101） and Zhou Dunyi （1017-1073） in Northern Song Dynasty （960-1127）. All three poets were also high ranking governmental officials. They were leaders of high personal integrity.

On Chengzhai Poetic Style and Shu Culture

Yang Wanli,a renowned poet of the Southern Song Dynasty(1127-1279 AD),has left an indelible mark on the history of Chinese literature with his unique artistic style.He pioneered the Chengzhai Poetic Style,a unique approach characterized by simplicity,naturalness,freshness,and liveliness in poetic creation.This style marked a turning point in the development of Song poetry and exerted a profound influence on the subsequent trends of Song poetry.As such,he was hailed as a“Leader in Poetry”by his contemporaries.The Chengzhai Poetic Style was gradually formed during Yang’s creation course,under the influence of several important factors,including the Bashu culture and its aesthetic taste represented by Zhang Jun and Zhang Shi,the Zen philosophy that emphasizes liveliness prevailing in the Shu area,and the view that the“Chinese Yi-ology has its roots in the Shu area.”Meanwhile,in the Collected Works of Chengzhai(Chengzhai Ji),there are many poems and essays about the Bashu area,which have provided valuable feedback to the Bashu literature and enriched its content.

北宋粮食储备与流通对当前我国粮食安全的启示

当前,我国仍存在耕地数量降低、农民务农数量减少和种粮收益不高等问题,需要从国家到个人、思想到行动两个层面上采取措施,才能有效缓解。我国宋代粮食市场突出特点是地区间转运贸易发达,随着北宋粮食贸易的日渐活跃,百姓获得粮食渠道的拓宽,在一定程度上缓解了国家的粮食储备压力,影响了当时的粮食安全标准。北宋农民的赋税负担十分繁重,富民、地主粮食储备较为可观,官方与民间的粮食储备总量存在差距,具备藏粮于富民的特征。宋朝廷利用制度性和市场性的手段,将粮商作为国家的后备粮仓,灵活地缓解了官民粮食储备差距悬殊的矛盾。粮食流通在不同区域呈现出明显的地域性特征,不同的粮食来源和运输距离揭示了政治力量与经济力量在南、北救荒上的不同分配,北方地区的灾荒救济以官方力量为主,南方地区则以民间力量为主,粮食的性质、流通方式存在较大区别,影响着救荒效果。以北宋时期为鉴,当前我国应切实关注民生问题,构建多种形式的土地耕种格局;合理统筹全国区域性粮食流通,完善重大灾情下的粮食供给体系;树立科学粮食储备观,全方位增强社会戒奢从俭意识。

“森列”与“饾饤”:南宋园林假山营造的两种类型及其结合发展

现有中国园林史研究已经认识到南宋是园林中石假山营造得到重要发展的时期,然而南宋园林假山营造的具体方式及其形态特点尚未得到有效探讨。在深入研读相关文献与图像的基础上,结合历史来源与后世影响,探讨南宋园林假山营造的类型及其发展。首先从“置”与“叠”2种基本方式出发,在历史语境中探讨“森列”与“饾饤”这2类南宋常见的假山营造类型及其来源与影响;进而关注二者在仿“飞来峰”营造中的结合与发展,从而更清晰地认识南宋,乃至其后的石假山营造。这一研究将对其后中国园林假山发展的认识,乃至当代假山特点的理解提供坚实的历史理论基础。

南宋和元代龙泉窑粉青瓷釉色比较研究

为了研究南宋与元代龙泉粉青瓷釉呈色机理,采用colorimeter,XRF,XRD,Raman spectrometer,XPS等对南宋和元代龙泉粉青瓷釉进行对比分析。结果表明,南宋粉青瓷L*值大于元代,而a*、b*值小于元代粉青瓷。南宋粉青瓷的烧成温度低于元代。龙泉粉青瓷乳浊如玉的质感主要是受釉层内小而密集气泡与大量石英晶体对光的影响所致。Fe2O3的化学色主导了龙泉青瓷的呈色,且南宋粉青瓷的Fe2+与Fe3+的比值高于元代粉青瓷,是南宋粉青瓷偏蓝而元代粉青瓷偏绿的主要原因。

南宋临安古都的历史还原

南宋建都临安,是杭州这座历史文化名城跃升为全国首都的里程碑,是浙江文化从外缘走向中心的转折点,是中国文化中心南北易位最终聚合江南的分界线,也是宋代文化继续繁荣再造高峰的动力源。然而由于战乱等原因,作为“七大古都”之一的南宋临安未能如北京、南京、西安、洛阳等有效保存古都空间景观,以皇城为核心的主体建筑荡然无存,这无疑是浙江也是中国文明发展史的重大缺憾。在当今长三角一体化的大战略中,以国际大都会上海为领雁,以古都南京与杭州为两翼,必将在建设全球第六大城市群中书写新的辉煌。鉴此,尤有必要从中国古都谱系的历史定位中提出和探索南宋古都复原与重建这一重要论题。

南宋沿海地区巡检与海患治理

巡检司是宋代为缉拿走私、平息基层变乱、维持地方治安而在各地增设的机构,其主管官的称谓很复杂,简称“巡检”。随着海外贸易的兴盛,南宋时期沿海地区各类走私猖獗,走私者分布广、规模大,海上盗贼势力空前强大,负责缉私与巡查盗贼的巡检数量随之增加。沿海巡检所统领的土兵是当时基层常备巡警力量,根据缉私对象、寇盗活动规模及其治理难易程度的不同,或与附近巡检寨兵联合行动,或配合水军等主力官兵及地方民防力量协同参与弹压行动,在近海海患治理中发挥重要的基础性作用。揭示南宋沿海各地巡检的布局特征,分析其职能变化,探讨巡检在当时海患治理机制中的地位和作用,对于深化和推进地方治理机制的相关研究有重要的意义。

朱子社仓与南宋乡村共同体的形成

随着宋代土地兼并造成的社会分化加剧,乡村贫富矛盾日益尖锐,这在南宋初年的乡村社会尤其明显。在生存竞争的压力下,各种单一共同体成为小群体的生存策略,建立在地缘基础上的乡村共同体反而受到削弱。在一些生存困难的地区,由常规性春荒引发的贫富对立就足以造成乡村共同体的分裂,更在饥荒期间造成乡村共同体的崩溃。为此,如何建立一种能够纾解民困、缓解贫富矛盾并修复乡村共同体的有效机制,成为南宋士大夫们尤其是理学家们重点思考的问题。朱熹的方案是:通过建立由士人领导的立足乡村的公益设施——社仓,构建一种利益平衡机制,贫民能够以较低代价获得所需口粮,乡里借贷利率也得以整体降低;富民尽管做出部分让步,并投入大量精力从事公益服务,但避免了社会崩溃带来的生命财产损失。在这一体系中,士人作为儒家传统的代言人为系统注入道德内聚性,公益服务与慈善活动增进了结构的精神属性。由此,一个在官方监督下的由士人领导的建立在乡里社会场域上的地缘共同体得以成立。这种模式尽管并非尽善尽美,但在应对乡村社会分化导致的地缘共同体分裂方面具有无可替代的作用,因而被后世所继承,这无疑是朱子社仓超越南宋时代的价值所在。

古礼今义:北宋蓝田吕氏家族墓地墓葬排列及相关问题补论

蓝田吕氏对北宋中晚期的思想学术、社会文化乃至朝堂政治皆有较大的影响。本文认为吕氏家族墓地由家族“大”字辈成员甚至著名学者规划,清楚地反映了吕氏的礼学思想。墓葬排列中特别突出宗法的做法为目前仅见,而昭穆法则直接承袭二程的丧葬理念,祔葬之法也体现了当时儒学士大夫对于族葬古礼的理解。宁愿牺牲常礼也要特别突出嫡长的埋葬方法,不仅是北宋复兴宗法思想的发展和实践,或许也与吕氏的时政见解和表达有关。

周必大对南宋国家治理的建言对策

南宋名臣周必大积极入世,官至丞相,其针对南宋国家存在的问题提出诸多建言对策。在人才问题上,他提倡不拘资序,平时做好人才储备,有需要时适才而用;在制度问题上,周必大针对科举发解试中的积弊和档案管理中的漏洞提出了改进建议和措施;周必大主张官员推行久任制度,同时革除荐举之弊;在国防问题上,周必大针对四川马政和两淮民兵提出了改进建议;在社会治理方面,周必大提出了疏与堵结合的对策,既要加强防范又要缓和矛盾。他对南宋国家治理的建言对策多能切中时弊。

宋韵传廉,继往开来——基于南宋廉洁文化的杭州特色廉洁文化教育路径探究

文化是一个国家、一个民族的灵魂,是人民的精神家园。宋韵文化是中华优秀传统文化的重要组成部分,根植于宋韵文化中的廉洁因子处处可见,并在历经千年后仍熠熠生辉。杭州作为南宋都城,宋代文化遗产颇丰,深入挖掘留存在城市和老百姓生活中的宋韵廉洁文化,将会给当代廉洁文化建设以新的启示。该文通过文献研究、实地调研和人物采访等方法,研究南宋清官廉吏身先示范的事迹、优秀家风家训蔚然成风的形式、珍贵文物遗产托物言志的呈现,从而实现继承宋韵廉洁文化精华,守正创新,并提出新时代具有杭州特色的廉洁教育路径,打造可观可感的文化品牌,实现润物无声的廉洁教育,充分发挥与时俱进的地区人文优势,将城市资源活化,以期宋韵传廉,继往开来。