Effect of Valence Band Tail Width on the Open Circuit Voltage of P3HT:PCBM Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell:AMPS-1D Simulation Study

The effect of the valence band tail width on the open circuit voltage of P3HT：PCBM bulk heterojunction solar cell is investigated by using the AMPS-1D computer program. An effective medium model with exponential valence and conduction band tail states is used to simulate the photovoltaic cell. The simulation result shows that the open circuit voltage depends Iinearly on the logarithm of the generation rate and the slope depends on the width of the valence band tail. The open circuit voltage decreases with the increasing width of the band tail. The dark and light ideality factors increase with the width of the valence band tail.

Improvement of the Open Circuit Voltage of CZTSe Thin-Film Solar Cells by Surface Sulfurization Using SnS

The objective of this study is to find an effective method to improve Voc without Jsc loss for Cu2ZnSnSe4 （CZTSe） thin film solar cells, which have been fabricated by the one step co-evaporation technique. Surface sulfurization of CZTSe thin films is carried out by using one technique that does not utilize toxic H2S gas; a sequential evaporation of SnS after CZTSe deposition and the annealing of CZTSe thin films in selenium vapor. A Cu2ZnSn（S, Se）4 （CZTSSe） thin layer is grown on the surface of the CZTSe thin film after the annealing. The conversion efficiency of the completed device is improved due to the enhancement of Voc, which could be attributed to the formation of a hole-recombination barrier at the surface or the passivation of the surface and grain boundary by S incorporation.

Spectrum of the Open Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process with Arbitrary Boundary Parameters

We study the one-dimensional asymmetric simple exclusion process （ASEP） with generic open boundaries （in- cluding current-counting deformation）, and obtain the exact solutions of this ASEP via the off-diagonal Bethe ansatz method. In particular, numerical results for the small size asymmetric simple exclusion process indicate that the spectrum obtained by the Bethe ansatz equations is complete. Moreover, we present the eigenvalue of the totally asymmetric exclusion process and the corresponding Bethe ansatz equations.

Comparison of Cold Tolerance in Three Ground-cover Chrysanthemum Cultivars during Wintering in the Open Field

[Objectives]Among many chrysanthemum types,the ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivar group has the characteristics of dwarf plant,long flowering period,rich color and strong resistance to stress.This study aimed to screen out cultivars with strong cold tolerance in order that they can be used for planting in urban green space and economic forests in northern cold areas,so as to enrich the plant community structures of landscape in cold regions.[Methods]Three ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivars,i.e.,‘Meiaihuang’,‘Xinhong’and‘Zixunzhang’,were selected as the experimental materials.During the wintering period in the field in Beijing,they were observed and measured for the changes of the morphological manifestations and the physiological indices,and the relationship between the indices and low temperature was analyzed.The cold tolerance of the three ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivars was also comprehensively evaluated.[Results]During the open-field overwintering period,the root activity of the three ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivars increased slowly with cooling,decreased at the freezing low temperature,and then increased again in early spring.With natural cooling,the membrane injury percentages(MIPs)of the leaves and foot shoots increased significantly,and the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA)increased;the contents of soluble sugar(SS)and proline(Pro)gradually accumulated,and the contents of SS and Pro in foot shoots increased significantly in late winter;and the superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity showed a similar trend of rising slowly at first and then increasing significantly.There were correlations between MIPs in the leaves and foot shoots of the three cultivars and other physiological indices:a significant negative correlation with MDA content,and a significant positive correlation with SS content,Pro content and SOD activity.[Conclusions]Combining the morphological manifestations and physiological indices,the cold tolerance of the three ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivars was evaluated by the subordinate function method.The results showed that the cold tolerance of the three ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivars ranked as‘Meiaihuang’>‘Xinhong’>‘Zixunzhang’.The strong cold tolerance of foot shoots and roots was the main reason that the three ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivars could overwinter in the open field.

A Guide to the Open Cities(Counties,Cities and Districts)of Sichuan Province

Administrative divisions: ChengduMunicipality:Qingyang District, Jinjiang District,Wuhou District, Chenghua District, JinniuDistrict, Longquanyi District, QingbaijiangDistrict, Jintang County, Shuangliu County,Wenjiang County, Chongzhou City, XinduCounty, Dujiangyan City, Qionglai City,Pixian County, Pujiang County, XinjingCounty, Dayi County, Pengzhou

On the Theme of The Open Boat

The Open Boat is one of the best realistic stories written by stephen crane, an early American naturalist writes. At dramatically presnets the subtle, delicate relation between man and nature, cranes ideas of the essence of man and nature are revelaed thorugh his analysis of the situation and experience of the protagonist.

Handling the Relationship Between Expanding the Open Policy,Using Foreign Capital,and Protecting Domestic Industry and Markets

It has been our consistent policy to expand the opening policy, while using foreign capital reasonably and effectively. Our experience of economic development since China’s economic reform and opening to the outside world 20 years ago has shown that implementing the opening policy, participation in the international division of labour and exchange, the use of both domestic and international markets and resources, and the introduction of a foreign

MECHANISM OF WALL PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS BENEATH THE OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

Based on the measured results that wall pressure fluctuations are mainly de- cided by coherent structures of turbulence, the relationship between root-mean- square wall pressure and wall shear stress in turbulent shear flow and that between the intensities of pressure and fluctuating velocity in homogeneous and isotropic turbulence are established in this paper. These relationships are consistent with former works, and have good agreement with experimental data. The paper also dis- cusses the concept of 'apparent pressure' on the wall in mean flow.