Obvious tendency and periodicity of the air temperature can be detected over the North Pole area.They are reflected as follows： a.the air temperature at the earth surface and in the middle layer of the stratosphere t...Obvious tendency and periodicity of the air temperature can be detected over the North Pole area.They are reflected as follows： a.the air temperature at the earth surface and in the middle layer of the stratosphere tends to be increased either in winter or in summer.The air temperature has increased 1.3 °C for about 50 years at a speed about 0.025 °C/year in January,and 0.013 °C/year in July.The air temperature in the middle layer of the stratosphere （10 hPa） in January has increased 10 °C.The temperature rising speed in July is 0.14 °C/year.Generally speaking,the temperature rising speed is quicker in winter than in summer and quicker in the upper layer than at the earth surface.b.The air temperature at the top layer of the troposphere （100 hPa） over the North Pole area tends to be increased either in winter or in summer.The air temperature in January has decreased 5.0 °C for about 50 years at a temperature decreasing speed about 0.094 °C/year,and at a temperature decreasing speed about 0.032 °C/year in July.The speed of the temperature decreasing is greater in winter than in summer.c.Periodicity.The air temperature respectively at different altitudes over the North Pole possesses interdecadal variation with a period of 22 years.In July the amplitude of the variation with a period of 22 years decreases rapidly from the high altitude to the low.This means that the 22–year’s period is more obvious at the high altitude than at the low altitude.At the earth surface layer in North Pole there also is obvious decadal variation with a period of 11 years.The analysis indicates that the 22-years’ period temperature variation is associated with the periodic variation of the solar magnetic field.The 11-year period temperature variation is corresponding to 11 year’ period of the variation of the sunspot number.展开更多
Global Change is affecting both the marine Arctic and Antarctic as well as the Himalayas and the broader Tibetan area–also known as 'The Pan-Third Pole' due to its altitude and extreme environment–explains P...Global Change is affecting both the marine Arctic and Antarctic as well as the Himalayas and the broader Tibetan area–also known as 'The Pan-Third Pole' due to its altitude and extreme environment–explains Prof. Nils Chr. Stenseth, former President of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (DNVA) and a current Faculty Professor and Research Professor of Ecology and Evolution of the University of Oslo.展开更多
The interaction between climate and vegetation along four Pole-Equator-Pole （PEP） belts were explored using a global two-way coupled model, AVIM-GOALS, which links the ecophysiological processes at the land surface ...The interaction between climate and vegetation along four Pole-Equator-Pole （PEP） belts were explored using a global two-way coupled model, AVIM-GOALS, which links the ecophysiological processes at the land surface with the general circulation model （GCM）. The PEP belts are important in linking the climate change with the variation of sea and land, including terrestrial ecosystems. Previous PEP belts studies have mainly focused on the paleoclimate variation and its reconstruction. This study analyzes and discusses the interaction between modern climate and vegetation represented by leaf area index （LAI） and net primary production （NPP）. The results show that the simulated LAI variation, corresponding to the observed LAI variation, agrees with the peak-valley variation of precipitation in these belts. The annual mean NPP simulated by the coupled model is also consistent with PIK NPP data in its overall variation trend along the four belts, which is a good example to promote global ecological studies by coupling the climate and vegetation models. A large discrepancy between the simulated and estimated LAI emerges to the south of 15°N along PEP 3 and to the south of 18°S in PEP 1S, and the discrepancy for the simulated NPP and PIK data in the two regions is relatively smaller in contrast to the LAI difference. Precipitation is a key factor affecting vegetation variation, and the overall trend of LAI and NPP corresponds more obviously to precipitation variation than temperature change along most parts of these PEP belts.展开更多
In this paper,we use pre-column 2 times low-temperature cryo-trap enrichment—gas chromatography(GC) /nitrogen and phosphoms detector(NPD)to detect and analyze phosphine in Arctic pole area forthe first time.The resul...In this paper,we use pre-column 2 times low-temperature cryo-trap enrichment—gas chromatography(GC) /nitrogen and phosphoms detector(NPD)to detect and analyze phosphine in Arctic pole area forthe first time.The results show phosphine exists in all of the samples in Arctic pole biosphere and phosphineconcentration in Arctic atmosphere is between 18.54～132.18 ng/m^3,almost the same as that inAntarctic atmosphere;phosphine concentration in Dalian bay sea surface sediments is between 116.8～554.3 ng/kg,almost the same as that reported in Jiao-zhou bay.Our research of phosphine will shednew light on the mechanisms showing how the phosphorus supplement influences the biogeochemical cycleand global warming.展开更多
Phosphine,a ubiquitous trace gas in the atmosphere,acts as a carrier of gasous phosphorus in thebiogeochemical cycle.The research of phosphine will show new light on the mechanisms of how the phos-phorus supplement in...Phosphine,a ubiquitous trace gas in the atmosphere,acts as a carrier of gasous phosphorus in thebiogeochemical cycle.The research of phosphine will show new light on the mechanisms of how the phos-phorus supplement influence the biogeochemical cycle and global warming.In this paper,we detect thephosphine in Arctic Pole area for the first time.The result shows that matrix-bound phosphine(MBP)ex-ists in all the samplings.Phosphine distributions varied with different environmental origins.Averagephosphine concentrations in tundra soil,lake sediments,sea sediments,seabird-droppings and deerguanos were 14.17ng/kg dry,35.44 kg dry,67.20 kg dry,32.9 ng/kg dry,and 25.52 ng/kg dry re-spectively.Correlation analysis shows that there is an obviously positive correlation between Porg andMBP.It could be concluded that anaerobic decomposition of Porg and the mechano-chernistry action of therock probably are the possible reasons explaining the mechanism of MBP production in Arctic Pole area.展开更多
The Pan-Third Pole region comprises multiple nations affected by climate vulnerability and energy inequality,wherein promoting energy transitions in rural households would provide a path to combat climate change.Ident...The Pan-Third Pole region comprises multiple nations affected by climate vulnerability and energy inequality,wherein promoting energy transitions in rural households would provide a path to combat climate change.Identifying the factors that drive rural household energy consumption and the transition is important.This study performed a micro-survey of 1060 rural households in five countries in the Pan-Third Pole region and empirically analyzed the relationships between off-farm income,energy consumption,and energy transitions.The off-farm income of rural households was found to have a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on energy expenditure,indicating that energy expenditure increased with increasing off-farm income.Off-farm income has a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on the proportion of commercial energy but a significantly negative effect on the proportion of noncommercial energy.These results indicate that increasing off-farm income can adjust the energy consumption structure of rural households.Furthermore,a robustness check by substituting independent variables,instrumental variable method(IV),and propensity score matching method(PSM)provided strong evidence to prove the robustness of the results.The heterogeneity analysis showed that the effects of off-farm income on energy expenditure and transitions differed among countries,off-farm income had no significant impact on energy expenditure in Cambodia and Myanmar,but it worked for China,Nepal,and Thailand.Finally,policy implications are proposed to promote energy transition in the Pan-Third pole region:providing more full-time or part-time off-farm employment opportunities,employment assistance or skill training by local governments;increasing the pace of infrastructure construction to solve energy inaccessibility;multiple measures to promote the education and environmental knowledge.展开更多
基金The Global Change Research Program of China under contract No. 2010CB951403the National Natural Science Foundations of China under contract No. 40875041
文摘Obvious tendency and periodicity of the air temperature can be detected over the North Pole area.They are reflected as follows： a.the air temperature at the earth surface and in the middle layer of the stratosphere tends to be increased either in winter or in summer.The air temperature has increased 1.3 °C for about 50 years at a speed about 0.025 °C/year in January,and 0.013 °C/year in July.The air temperature in the middle layer of the stratosphere （10 hPa） in January has increased 10 °C.The temperature rising speed in July is 0.14 °C/year.Generally speaking,the temperature rising speed is quicker in winter than in summer and quicker in the upper layer than at the earth surface.b.The air temperature at the top layer of the troposphere （100 hPa） over the North Pole area tends to be increased either in winter or in summer.The air temperature in January has decreased 5.0 °C for about 50 years at a temperature decreasing speed about 0.094 °C/year,and at a temperature decreasing speed about 0.032 °C/year in July.The speed of the temperature decreasing is greater in winter than in summer.c.Periodicity.The air temperature respectively at different altitudes over the North Pole possesses interdecadal variation with a period of 22 years.In July the amplitude of the variation with a period of 22 years decreases rapidly from the high altitude to the low.This means that the 22–year’s period is more obvious at the high altitude than at the low altitude.At the earth surface layer in North Pole there also is obvious decadal variation with a period of 11 years.The analysis indicates that the 22-years’ period temperature variation is associated with the periodic variation of the solar magnetic field.The 11-year period temperature variation is corresponding to 11 year’ period of the variation of the sunspot number.
文摘Global Change is affecting both the marine Arctic and Antarctic as well as the Himalayas and the broader Tibetan area–also known as 'The Pan-Third Pole' due to its altitude and extreme environment–explains Prof. Nils Chr. Stenseth, former President of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (DNVA) and a current Faculty Professor and Research Professor of Ecology and Evolution of the University of Oslo.
基金This study was supported by the State Key Basic Development Planning Project ＂the Development and Application of a Regional Model of the Earth System （Grant No. 2006CB400506）＂ the Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences （Grant No. KZCX3-SW-229）the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 40205013）.
文摘The interaction between climate and vegetation along four Pole-Equator-Pole （PEP） belts were explored using a global two-way coupled model, AVIM-GOALS, which links the ecophysiological processes at the land surface with the general circulation model （GCM）. The PEP belts are important in linking the climate change with the variation of sea and land, including terrestrial ecosystems. Previous PEP belts studies have mainly focused on the paleoclimate variation and its reconstruction. This study analyzes and discusses the interaction between modern climate and vegetation represented by leaf area index （LAI） and net primary production （NPP）. The results show that the simulated LAI variation, corresponding to the observed LAI variation, agrees with the peak-valley variation of precipitation in these belts. The annual mean NPP simulated by the coupled model is also consistent with PIK NPP data in its overall variation trend along the four belts, which is a good example to promote global ecological studies by coupling the climate and vegetation models. A large discrepancy between the simulated and estimated LAI emerges to the south of 15°N along PEP 3 and to the south of 18°S in PEP 1S, and the discrepancy for the simulated NPP and PIK data in the two regions is relatively smaller in contrast to the LAI difference. Precipitation is a key factor affecting vegetation variation, and the overall trend of LAI and NPP corresponds more obviously to precipitation variation than temperature change along most parts of these PEP belts.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Programme of China ( No. 2008AA09Z114)the Polar Science Research Foundation ( No. 20070214)the Opening Foundation ( No. PCRRF08016) of State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Nanjing University and the National Ocean science Foundation (No. 2008614)
文摘In this paper,we use pre-column 2 times low-temperature cryo-trap enrichment—gas chromatography(GC) /nitrogen and phosphoms detector(NPD)to detect and analyze phosphine in Arctic pole area forthe first time.The results show phosphine exists in all of the samples in Arctic pole biosphere and phosphineconcentration in Arctic atmosphere is between 18.54～132.18 ng/m^3,almost the same as that inAntarctic atmosphere;phosphine concentration in Dalian bay sea surface sediments is between 116.8～554.3 ng/kg,almost the same as that reported in Jiao-zhou bay.Our research of phosphine will shednew light on the mechanisms showing how the phosphorus supplement influences the biogeochemical cycleand global warming.
基金Supported by the National High Technology. Research and Development Program of China （No. 2008AA09Z114）；the Polar Science Research Founda- tion （No. 20070214）；the Opening Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse of Nanjing University （No. PCRRF08016）；the National Ocean Science Foundation （No. 2008614）
文摘Phosphine,a ubiquitous trace gas in the atmosphere,acts as a carrier of gasous phosphorus in thebiogeochemical cycle.The research of phosphine will show new light on the mechanisms of how the phos-phorus supplement influence the biogeochemical cycle and global warming.In this paper,we detect thephosphine in Arctic Pole area for the first time.The result shows that matrix-bound phosphine(MBP)ex-ists in all the samplings.Phosphine distributions varied with different environmental origins.Averagephosphine concentrations in tundra soil,lake sediments,sea sediments,seabird-droppings and deerguanos were 14.17ng/kg dry,35.44 kg dry,67.20 kg dry,32.9 ng/kg dry,and 25.52 ng/kg dry re-spectively.Correlation analysis shows that there is an obviously positive correlation between Porg andMBP.It could be concluded that anaerobic decomposition of Porg and the mechano-chernistry action of therock probably are the possible reasons explaining the mechanism of MBP production in Arctic Pole area.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72104112,41901255,31861143015)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20010303).
文摘The Pan-Third Pole region comprises multiple nations affected by climate vulnerability and energy inequality,wherein promoting energy transitions in rural households would provide a path to combat climate change.Identifying the factors that drive rural household energy consumption and the transition is important.This study performed a micro-survey of 1060 rural households in five countries in the Pan-Third Pole region and empirically analyzed the relationships between off-farm income,energy consumption,and energy transitions.The off-farm income of rural households was found to have a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on energy expenditure,indicating that energy expenditure increased with increasing off-farm income.Off-farm income has a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on the proportion of commercial energy but a significantly negative effect on the proportion of noncommercial energy.These results indicate that increasing off-farm income can adjust the energy consumption structure of rural households.Furthermore,a robustness check by substituting independent variables,instrumental variable method(IV),and propensity score matching method(PSM)provided strong evidence to prove the robustness of the results.The heterogeneity analysis showed that the effects of off-farm income on energy expenditure and transitions differed among countries,off-farm income had no significant impact on energy expenditure in Cambodia and Myanmar,but it worked for China,Nepal,and Thailand.Finally,policy implications are proposed to promote energy transition in the Pan-Third pole region:providing more full-time or part-time off-farm employment opportunities,employment assistance or skill training by local governments;increasing the pace of infrastructure construction to solve energy inaccessibility;multiple measures to promote the education and environmental knowledge.
