ON CRAFT OF SILK “KNITTING” CORDS OF WARRING STATES PERIOD IN JIANGLING

Seven pieces of silk braids excavated from Chu Tomb No.1 at M ashan in Jiangling are thoughtto belong to the knitting fabric.Their structures are double-stitched type,with a lining silk on theback side to fix the knitted threads;besides the traverse linking structure,there are alsomulti-structures by single jersey combined with traverse linking,the excavators declared.The au-thor of this paper believes that those cords can be classified as some intermediary between theknitwear and the needlework.They have the structure similar to certain kinds of knitting,crochetand embroidery,and can be duplicated through two different methods.The differences and similar-ities between these cords and the traditional hand-knitting or embroidery,as well as their originsare discussed.Photographs of the relic and the duplication are presented.

Scientific Investigation on Bronze Swords from Spring-Autumn and Warring States Period

1. Introduction The bronze swords were somewhat important in ancient China. Its alloy constituent analysishas been carried out by some scientist with modern technique. Afterwards, a series of work havebeen published. The main results are: (1) the sword materials are Pb-Sn-bearing bronze with tincontent at 15～19%; (2) it is cast alloy mainly; (3) the rhombus pattern on the sword of Yue King

Mercantilist Origin of United States’ Trade Protectionism

During its rise as a world power, the United States(U.S.) adopted a traditional form of mercantilism, and most US politicians followed a protectionist approach. From the end of the Civil War to the eve of World War I, the United States blazed a new trail of industrial development and implemented protective policies such as high tariffs. This historical tradition has had a profound influence on some current US politicians. After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the United States developed a new form of mercantilism, as manifested in the emergence of nontariff barriers instead of tariff barriers to restrict imports and protect domestic industries and employment. Although export regulations have avoided affecting the technology industry, they have led to hefty trade deficits for the United States. National interests have prevailed in U.S. decision-making and have influenced its choices to accede to or walk away from international organizations or treaties. The dollar's hegemony has played a pivotal role in U.S. economic policymaking. These factors have led to the twin deficits in the U.S. economy, i.e. a trade deficit and a fiscal deficit. The real intention of the United States in waging a trade war against China is to maintain and even strengthen the dollar's hegemony and the U.S.' international predominance.

The Need for Standard Policies on State Recognition： The Case of the Russia-Georgia War, Georgia, and Azerbaijan From 2008 to Early 2012

A major problem today is the existence of territories, usually breakaway regions that have been part of a larger union under dissatisfactory conditions, which have set themselves up as states but does not recognized by much of the world. Such regions present both regional and global problems. In this study, the Russia-Georgia War and its accompanying domestic politics are examined, including the policies of unrecognized states, using Georgia and Azerbaijan as examples. The Russian factor caused difficulties for Azerbaijan and Georgia in terms of recovering their land; however, the lack of a common standard for state recognition in the international community is also to blame for their difficulties. This study aims to demonstrate the need for a new common standard that considers historical backgrounds and legal aspects in helping such troubled territories return to normal.

Transition of human diets and agricultural economy in Shenmingpu Site, Henan, from the Warring States to Han Dynasties

Historical records and archaeological remains indicate that the Chinese agricultural economy changed significantly from the Warring States （475-221 BC） to Han Dynasties （206 BC-220 AD）, i.e., from rice-millet based agriculture to rice-millet-wheat based agriculture. However, the variation of human diets and the inner relationship between human diets and the agricultural transition during this period remain poorly understood. In this paper, the C and N stable isotopes from human and animal bones at the Shenmingpu site （SMPS）, Xichuan County, Henan Province were analyzed. If some outliers （M34, M36, M102） were excluded, the mean δ13C value （（-16.7±0.8）‰, n=15） of humans in Hart Dynasties was dramatically lower than that in the Warring States （（-12.7±0.8）‰, n=14）, indicating that the cultivation of rice and wheat, especially wheat, had been more widely popularized in Han Dynasties. Meanwhile, the range of 615N values of humans （6.6‰-9.3‰） in Hart Dynasties was narrower than that of the Warring States （6.2‰-10.4‰）, suggesting that the animal protein resources in human foods during Han Dynasties were more concentrated. The transition of human diets and the close relationship with the change of agricultural economy in SMPS were due to more stable society, the carryout of new agricultural policies, and the emergence of new agri- cultural tools in Han Dynasties.

Transnational Mathematics and Movements: Shiingshen Chern, Hua Luogeng, and the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study from World War II to the Cold War

This paper reconstructs,based on American and Chinese primary sources,the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern陈省身(Chen Xingshen)and Hua Luogeng华罗庚(Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in the United States in the 1940s,especially their interactions with Oswald Veblen and Hermann Weyl,two leading mathematicians at the IAS.It argues that Chern’s and Hua’s motivations and choices in regard to their transnational movements between China and the US were more nuanced and multifaceted than what is presented in existing accounts,and that socio-political factors combined with professional-personal ones to shape their decisions.The paper further uses their experiences to demonstrate the importance of transnational scientific interactions for the development of science in China,the US,and elsewhere in the twentieth century.

Diversified manufacturing processes and multiple mineral sources:Features of Warring States bronze vessels excavated from Chutai Cemetery M1,Anhui Province

Northern Anhui was an important region for diverse bronze culture convergence and extensive metal resource circulation in the Pre-Qin Period.In this paper,metallographic microstructure analysis,chemical composition analysis,and lead isotope ratio analysis were conducted on 12 samples of 6 Warring States Period(476–221 BCE)bronze vessels excavated from Chutai Cemetery M1,Fuyang,Anhui Province,revealing the integrated application of diversified manufacturing processes,such as casting,forging,cold working,and welding and multiple metal minerals.The analytical results showed that 2 Ding vessels(鼎)were made by casting,and 2 He vessels(盒)and 2 Dui vessels(敦)were made by forging followed by cold working.These two types of bronze vessels made by different manufacturing processes have significantly distinct alloy ratios and mineral sources,among which the Cu and Sn contents of the 2 cast bronze vessels are lower and the Pb content is higher,while the Cu and Sn contents of the 4 forged bronze vessels are higher and the Pb content is lower.The lead minerals of the two types of bronze vessels might come from Western Henan and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,respectively.In addition,the 3 pieces of solder used to weld bronze vessels were all made of pure Sn,their metal minerals should come from the densely distributed area of tin ore in Southern China,and Sn solders were mainly discovered in the Chu culture area during the Eastern Zhou Period.

Why the Cold War Will Never Return to World Politics

Every serious confrontation between the United States and Russia evokes new cold war debates.The Cold War found its true meaning because it had achieved to create its own momentum within time.This question is a great test in terms of measuring the level that today’s international relations has reached:Is cold war still relevant in a global politics?The answer to be given to this question depends on whether any cold war can be maintained against all the pluralistic tendencies of international relations.It will be a negative one because the dynamics unleashed by globalization are likely to marginalize new cold war regardless of the will to wage and sustain it.For,beyond the will to wage and sustain it,the concept of cold war is a technical issue that can only exist provided that it can achieve to subordinate all the dynamics of the global politics to itself.

Footprint on the Sand： An Analysis of the State of Nature in Robinson Crusoe

Thomas Hobbes(1588-1679)put forward"state of nature",a term of political theory which had completely changed the Western political philosophy. Deeply influenced by this concept, Daniel Defoe(1660-1731) showed us an island of the state of nature in his Robinson Crusoe. A print of man's foot on the sand, which evoked Robinson's fear, had become a symbol of the state of nature for Robinson's life on the island, and finally brought him a"state of war".

人道主义援助与冷战——1980年代美国应对埃塞俄比亚饥荒的历史考察

冷战期间,人道主义援助是美国对外政策的重要工具之一。由于连年旱灾、落后的农业生产力、社会体制现代化程度不足和长期内战等原因,埃塞俄比亚在1980年代前期发生了大范围的饥荒。最初,里根政府拒绝提供人道主义救助,以促使门格斯图政权倒台,后因国内政治和社会压力而成为最大的粮食捐助国,但其反共产主义的本质贯彻始终。苏联因经济低迷和粮食增产停顿,对埃塞俄比亚的人道主义援助则较少;以交通工具和医护人员为主,却被广为宣传。里根政府高估了其大规模救助对门格斯图政府消解西方意识形态抗拒力的作用,而门格斯图则在获得国际人道主义援助的同时,维持了政权稳定及其与苏联的关系。

湖北荆州张大冢战国楚墓出土青铜器的成分与金相研究

利用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、金相显微镜对荆州市纪南镇雨台村张大冢战国墓地出土12件青铜器进行成分与金相分析。结果表明,12件青铜器分别为铅锡青铜、锡铅青铜和锡青铜3种材质,铅锡(或锡铅)青铜器普遍含铅量较高,青铜器多以铸造成形,铜盘均采用热锻加工技术。不同类型及使用功能的器物,其合金成分与金相组织存在明显差异。张大冢墓地作为战国中晚期的楚国下等级贵族家族墓地,出土青铜容器也多为素面薄壁,锈蚀较为严重,但其出土青铜器的合金配比、制作技术及机械性能均展现出战国中晚期楚国工匠已经拥有成熟的青铜合金、铸造以及加工技术,也揭示出当时工匠有意识地在青铜明器与实用器的合金技术上存在区别对待,为全面认识东周时期楚都纪南城青铜冶铸业的发展状况提供科学依据。

以期刊作为方法:美国的中国学学术史变迁

中国学期刊是展示美国中国学领域科研成果的重要载体之一,为美国和全球的区域研究提供了重要的交流平台和思想资源。美国中国学期刊的发展反映了中美关系的冷暖亲疏,大致分为三个阶段:冷战前后的曲折起步;中美建交前后的繁荣发展;全球化时代的深化拓展。为了更好推进这一领域的研究,可以从系统论、谱系论、关系论、比较论四个方面寻找解决办法。以中国学期刊作为方法,考察其不同历史阶段所呈现的创刊理念、发展路径、学者活动以及学术影响,可以透视期刊视野中的中国学历史面貌与演进过程,了解美国文化软实力的建构方式,加强中美之间的文明互鉴与交流。

贸易猜忌问题的六种思想解决方案

根据英国政治思想史家伊斯特凡·洪特的研究,贸易的猜忌是在贸易已经成为国家核心事务的时代,霍布斯主义的国家猜忌在国际竞争中的特定表现形式。从政治与经济的相互依赖开始成为政治理论核心议题的18世纪开始,直到19世纪,诸如马克思等思想家们关于贸易猜忌问题的应对之道可以分为六种类型:农业国方案、封闭商业国方案、贸易势力均衡方案、富国长优方案、欧盟方案和共产主义方案。它们形成了从政治逻辑主导到经济逻辑主导的连续谱。这六种思想方案对于我们思考今天的国际政治经济困境及其出路仍然具有重要的启发意义。

作为历史“韵脚”的“战国策派”——战争、国竞与中国文明的更化

抗日战争期间在后方出现的“战国策派”是20世纪中国第二波立足于“国竞”并重新评价中国古代文明的思潮,它与一战之前的第一波“国竞”思潮一样,重视春秋战国的历史经验,批判将“大一统”作为适合当下的秩序想象,批评家族制度与家族文化,寻求强化民众的国民身份和国民自觉。然而第一波“国竞”思潮的思想家在一战后对战前的思想倾向进行了相当程度的反思,从而为“觉醒年代”作出了新的贡献;而“战国策派”却在更为逼仄的国际环境压力之下,将一战之前的“国竞”思潮中的某些倾向进一步推向极端,从而导致了对中国文明的片面理解和对未来世界大局的片面预测。

抗战时期宜红茶复兴计划与国营体系的建立

晚清以来,在国际市场需求的带动和自身发展优势的基础上,宜红茶贸易兴起,区域茶业逐渐兴盛,并形成了“宜红茶”品牌。抗战时期,在国际国内局势和“中国茶业复兴计划”的影响下,“宜红复兴计划”被提出。中国茶叶公司、湖北省平价物品供应处茶叶部先后在宜红茶区投资设厂,推动了宜红茶区国营茶厂的建立与国营体系的发展,体现了传统商品经济在近代全球化趋势中的生存境遇与抉择,奠定了区域茶业社会经济的历史格局。

朝鲜战争时期美国对国民党“反攻大陆”议题的因应

国民党退台后,具体意义上的“反攻”军事行动精神化,成为更具政治内涵和心理激励作用的口号。美国在政府层面对国民党的“反攻”议题是审慎的,但在特殊时代背景下提高了对台湾地区防务的重视程度,且军政要员时而抛出主张助蒋“反攻”的言论。朝鲜战争爆发,中国人民志愿军抗美援朝的行动打击了美军的气焰。在麦卡锡主义横行的年代,选举政治催化下,部分美国政客主张协助国民党“打回大陆”,较大程度上这是右翼势力情绪宣泄的体现。理性分析之下,美国政府认为助蒋“反攻”几乎没有胜算,且可能引发大战。在英国等盟友推动下,美国准备谋求朝鲜半岛问题的政治解决。麦克阿瑟被免职成为美国狂热反共情绪回落的一个转折点。美方意识到,“反攻大陆”是蒋介石维持台湾地区军民士气的工具化口号,不能强行使其放弃梦想。但梦想与现实之间是有差距的,通过控制军援水平和方式以保持这个差距,是美国找到的有效方法。

中原地区战国至西汉墓葬出土陶釜研究

本文通过系统聚类分析方法,对中原地区战国至西汉墓葬出土的陶釜进行了类型学研究,认为战国中期陶釜以一种特殊葬俗的形式出现在郑州地区,战国晚期开始陶釜迅速发展,分布范围变广,数量和类型明显增多,包含有郑韩文化、晋文化和秦文化三大系统。进入汉代,陶釜数量急剧减少,类型单一。陶釜在中原地区的发展历程与秦文化有密切的关系。

春秋战国时代的国家安全思想探析

春秋战国时代是统一下的大分裂时代,也是酝酿着统一基因的大分裂时代。春秋战国时代维护国家安全的主体呈现出多元化,形成了天下—国—家的三阶层结构;通过变法图强,增强维护国家安全的能力;在重民思想的影响下,民众支持成为维护国家安全的重要因素;由于分封制、宗法制等制度的变革,阶层的上下流动成为维护政权安全的历史选择;作为国家安全的重要领域,领土安全在春秋战国时代具有新的形态,战败国以土地换和平成为新的诉求;战争的巨大破坏性催生了弭兵运动,成为古代历史上追求共同安全的伟大尝试;从华夷之辨到中华民族的大融合,塑造了密不可分的安全共同体。春秋战国时代的国家安全思想被打上了深深的时代烙印,它是优秀传统文化的重要组成部分,也为当代维护国家安全的理论注入丰富的历史养分。

泾渭秦墓出土战国时期彩绘陶器绘彩工艺分析

泾渭秦墓战国中期至晚期早段墓葬中出土了一批彩绘陶器,是研究秦人绘彩工艺的重要实物资料。本文采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜能谱仪、X射线衍射仪及激光拉曼光谱仪对其微观形貌和颜料组成等方面进行分析。结果表明红、白、黑色颜料分别为赤铁矿、高岭土及炭黑,绘彩工具为毛刷等软质工具,这批彩绘陶器绘彩工艺较为粗糙,推测为民间作坊所制。但较纯高岭土作为白色颜料的发现,反映了秦人对颜料的认知和使用有一定发展。

河北平山战国冶铁遗址初步调查

平山战国冶铁遗址位于河北省石家庄市平山县北白家岸村西侧,面积约47000 m^(2)。2022年7月对该遗址进行田野调查并获取炉渣、炉壁等冶金遗存。采用X射线荧光光谱分析仪(EDX)、扫描电镜及能谱分析(SEM-EDX)、金(矿)相观察等科学试验方法,对10个炉渣等样品进行检测分析,结合炉渣的化学成分和显微组织讨论该遗址的冶炼性质与技术特征。结果表明,该遗址为冶铁遗址,技术类型为生铁冶炼,炼铁渣属于钙硅铝系高钙炉渣。