Modellings of Infectious Diseases and Cancers under Wars and Pollution Impacts in Iraq with Reference to a Novel Mathematical Model and Literature Review

Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various pathogens cause human disease, research in microbial pathogenesis also addresses mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. Answering fundamental questions regarding host-microbe interactions requires an interdisciplinary approach, including microbiology, genomics, informatics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, immunology, epidemiology, environment and interaction between host and microbe. Studies investigating the direct effects of pollutants on respiratory tract infections are very vast, but those interested in the role of a pre-existing disease and effects of the exposure on the response to secondary stresses are few. In an experimental study at concentrations of air pollutants found in urban environments, frank toxicological responses are rarely observed, however, exposure to secondary stress like the respiratory challenge with infectious bacteria can exacerbate the response of the experimental host. The models like experimental, mechanical, and mathematical are the most abstract, but they allow analysis and logical proofs in a way that other approaches do not permit. The present review is mostly concerned with these model representations particularly with a novel mathematical model explaining the interaction between pathogen and immunity including the equivalence point.

Review and Analysis: United States Secret Wars in Cambodia: Long-Term Impacts and Consequences

The People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) decided to use conventional warfare to unify Vietnam. The United States military operation against the Ho Chi Minh Trail traffic began in 1959. The (PAVN) connected a series of old trails leading from North Vietnam to South Vietnam via Laos and Cambodia. In the 1960s the network of trails was expanded. Trail traffic was interdicted by repeated CIA (Air America) and US Air Force (Operation Ranch Hand) tactical herbicide spraying and bombing missions. During the late 1960s, the Khmer Rouge Army slowly grew in eastern Cambodia during a time when America was spraying and bombing the Ho Chi Minh Trail. On February 22, 1969, the PAVN launched a new offensive against American forces in South Vietnam from their sanctuaries in Cambodia. President Richard Nixon and Dr. Henry Kissinger, decided to spray and bomb Cambodia, a neutral country, to eliminate the PAVN sanctuary base camps. The damage and loss of life as a result of U.S. air campaign resulted in the insurgency (Khmer Rouge) being able to recruit civilian members. This created a dual effect of strengthening the popularity of the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, enabling him to overthrow the Khmer Republic in 1975. The primary objectives of this study are to determine the political impacts and consequences of: 1) the 1959 United States secret war on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia and 2) the 1969 President Nixon’s decision to destroy the PAVN bases hidden in the Cambodian jungles. These United States secret wars in Cambodia had long-lasting effects on Cambodian political, social, and economic stability.

PACT/WAR工艺在腈纶污水处理工程中的应用

丙烯腈/腈纶污水污染物浓度高,含难生化处理的低聚物,处理难度大,成为困扰企业污水达标排放的难题。介绍了国内企业腈纶污水处理的工程实践及实验研究,采用PACT/WAR工艺处理腈纶污水的工程实例。工程运行表明:该工艺处理包括丙烯腈/腈纶污水在内的炼油、化工污水,处理效果良好,能够达到一级直排标准。针对运行中出现的问题,提出相应的解决方案及优化建议。

Assessment of Ecosystems Damages Caused by Russian War against Ukraine

The question of the impact of war on ecosystems still remains secondary in the internal and external policy of states, society and the agenda of international organizations. From the point of view of losses in monetary terms, the values of ecosystem damages obtained in the work, which are a consequence of the impact of hostilities on the environment, correspond to the annual budgets of the largest countries in the world or exceed them. The presented calculations significantly exceed the known normative methods, the use of which in the conditions of war is limited in space and time. Objective difficulties associated with the uncertainty of many processes of the development of ecological systems and their reaction to the multifactorial impact of war are also significant limitations. Therefore, as part of the study, a method of assessing the impact of war on the environment is proposed, which is based on the patterns of energy flows in ecosystems from the moment it is binding by producers. This made it possible to take into account in the calculations the principle of functional integrity of the ecological system, according to which the destruction or damage of the components of a functionally whole environment will necessarily cause negative phenomena in the development of ecological systems. The results are presented in the form of real values of ecological losses in energy and monetary equivalents, as consequences of the loss of ecosystem services. As the results of the research show, the minimum amount of damage to ecosystems from Russian tanks is 43,500 USD per day. Environmental damage from Russian fighter jets has been estimated at $1.5 billion per week since the start of the war. Noise from military operations causes losses of at least 2.3 billion US dollars per year. The obtained results create prerequisites for improving the system of ensuring environmental safety at the local, state, and international levels and transferring the obtained solutions into safety-shaping practice.

Review and Analysis: Evaluation of the Impacts and Consequences of Using Agricultural Herbicides as Military Chemical Weapons in Second Indochina War

The legacy of the human misery caused by the application of the herbicides including Agent Purple and Agent Orange contaminated with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD and Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, sprayed over the jungles, rice fields, and hamlets of Vietnam is still haunting us today. Why did this happen? Could it have been prevented? Was it necessary United States military strategy? Was it an intentional decision to inflict this blight on the enemy soldiers and the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian civilians, to poison their land and cause generations of harm? Alternatively, was it an unpreventable accident in the march of military history? What patterns in the U.S. government’s thought process could be identified as the cause, which led to the decision to use these herbicides as tactical chemical weapons? If the introduction of herbicide (chemical) weapons had not been made, would the outcome of the Vietnam War and the Secret Wars in Laos and Cambodia have been any different? The objective of this treatise is to outline the role of world events and backgrounds and the role of the leaders, U.S. military, CIA, USDA, U.S. State Department, the U.S. President appointed Ambassadors to Vietnam and Laos, chemical companies, and President Diệm’s Republic of Vietnam (RVN) government and military. Their collective advice led to the decision to use herbicides as military and environmental chemical weapons in the Second Indochina War. Were the National interests achieved by U.S. military strategy in the RVN using herbicide weapons worth the long-term environmental and human health consequences in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos? Did it impact the outcome of the Second Indochina War?

Rebellion in Northern Manchuria During the Third Revolutionary War in China and Its Causes

The frequent rebellions in Northern Manchuria during the Third Revolutionary War occurred in the special context of the struggle between the Kuomintang(KMT)and the Communist Party of China(CPC)for Northeast China after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.The rebellion reached its peak during the KMTs attack on Northeast China,followed by a second wave of rebellion after the defeat in the Defensive Battle of Siping.It tended to disappear after the downfall of the Jiang Pengfei Group.In addition to the blind recruitment of the CPC in traditional narratives,the instigation of the KMT,the traditional mutiny of the old army,the limitations of the early work of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army,the early activities of the KMT,and the regional conflicts between the local and foreign forces are also important reasons for the concentration of rebellions.

An Exploration of the British Army Female Nursing Service during World War I

After the outbreak of World War I,the British War Office decided to dispatch female nursing personnel to the front lines due to the severe casualties among soldiers,the underdeveloped military medical services of the allied forces,and the maturity of the British Army female nursing service.Despite the harsh working conditions and the complexities of nurse-patient relationships under wartime restrictions,the female nursing staff also experienced moments of leisure that allowed them to relax and recuperate.The wartime British Army Female Nursing Service had a positive effect in reducing casualties and promoting the development of the official nurse registration movement.

品味《Summer Wars》的夏日温馨——浅析《Summer Wars》中的人物形象及其动人情感

日本动画《Summer Wars》采取的是人们司空见惯的小人物拯救世界的题材,却铸就了一部直抵观众灵魂的巨作。究其原因在于导演细田守温情而细腻的表达手法,让片中的每一个角色性格都十分鲜活,栩栩如生,跃然银幕,让所有观众都感同身受,爱不释手。

基于NETWARS框架的网络仿真研究

分析研究网络战仿真(NETWARS)体系框架,应用于海上通信网的仿真研究中,提出了通信网络仿真的研究方法,基于0PNET软件对海上通信网的设备、链路、应用业务进行仿真建模和实现,构建海上通信网的仿真模型库;并针对典型场景进行仿真研究,仿真模型的可重用性好,仿真结果可用于通信网络的性能分析和系统体系结构研究的支撑。

Gastrointestinal problems in modern wars: clinical features and possible mechanisms

Gastrointestinal problems are common during wars, and they have exerted significant adverse effects on the health of service members involved in warfare. The spectrum of digestive diseases has varied during wars of different eras. At the end of the 20 th century, new frontiers of military medical research emerged due to the occurrence of high-tech wars such as the Gulf War and the Kosovo War, in which ground combat was no longer the primary method of field operations. The risk to the military personnel who face trauma has been greatly reduced, but disease and non-battle injuries(DNBIs) such as neuropsychological disorders and digestive diseases seemed to be increased. Data revealed that gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and noncardiac chest pain are common among military personnel during modern wars. In addition, a large number of deployed soldiers and veterans who participated in recent wars presented with chronic gastrointestinal complaints, which fulfilled with the Rome III criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGIDs). It was also noted that many veterans who returned from the Gulf War suffered not only from chronic digestive symptoms but also from neuropsychological dysfunction; however, they also showed symptoms of other systems. Presently, this broad range of unexplained symptoms is known as "Gulf War syndrome". The mechanism that underlies Gulf War syndrome remains unclear, but many factors have been associated with this syndrome such as war trauma, stress, infections, immune dysfunction, radiological factors, anthrax vaccination and so on. Some have questioned if the diagnosis of FGIDs can be reached given the complexity of the military situation. As a result, further studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disease among military personnel.

Enduring association between irritable bowel syndrome and war trauma during the Nicaragua civil war period:A population-based study

BACKGROUND Psychosocial and physical trauma are known risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),including in war veterans,whereas war exposure in civilians is unclear.Nicaragua experienced two wars,1970-1990:The Sandinistas Revolution(1970s)and The Contra War(1980s).Our aim was to investigate the role of exposure to war trauma in the subsequent development of IBS in the context of an established health surveillance system(11000 households).AIM To investigate in a civilian population the relationship between exposure to war trauma and events and the subsequent development of IBS in the context of an established public health and demographic surveillance system in western Nicaragua.METHODS We conducted a nested population-based,cross-sectional study focused on functional gastrointestinal disorders based on Rome II criteria.1617 adults were randomly selected.The Spanish Rome II Modular Questionnaire and Harvard Trauma Questionnaire were validated in Nicaragua.War exposure was assessed with 10 measures of direct and indirect war trauma and post-war effects.Multiple exposures were defined by≥3 measures.RESULTS The prevalence of IBS was 15.2%[Female(F)17.1%,Male(M)12.0%],war exposure 19.3%(F 9.3%,M 36.7%),and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)5.6%(F 6.4%,M 4.3%).Significant associations with IBS in the civilian population were observed(adjusted by gender,age,socioeconomic status,education):physical and psychological abuse[adjusted odds ratio(aOR):2.25;95%confidence interval:1.1-4.5],witnessed execution(aOR:2.4;1.1-5.2),family member death(aOR:2.2;1.2-4.2),and multiple exposures(aOR:2.7;1.4-5.1).PTSD was independently associated with IBS(aOR:2.6;1.2-5.7).CONCLUSION An enduring association was observed in the Nicaragua civilian population between specific civil war-related events and subsequent IBS.Civilian populations in regions with extended armed conflict may warrant provider education and targeted interventions for patients.

Economic and Political Aspects of Wars and Armed Conflicts

War,as a social phenomenon,is studied unofficially by most disciplines of social sciences.This is due to the nature of the war itself,which is an extremely interdisciplinary phenomenon.In common thought,war is associated exclusively with the science of history,but in its essence,this phenomenon also includes economics and political sciences.War undeniably affects the political and economic processes in the state,both in a negative and positive way.Often,also the strategies of the state’s political activities and plans for economic development are conditioned by the occurrence of wars and armed conflicts.

Religious War： Al-Qaradawi During the Wars in Gaza

Since Israel＇s withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in August 2005, it has already conducted over three wars and a few other operations against Hamas. The last Gaza War lasted 50 days （July 7-August 26, 2014）. This article shows how this conflict is in actuality a war between Islamic nationalism （represented by Hamas） and Jewish nationalism （represented by Israel）. In this constant state of conflict, Hamas is supported by the famous Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, a Muslim Brotherhood scholar and the head of the International Union of Muslim Scholars and other well-known Islamic institutions. An analysis of Qaradawi＇s views on the wars in Gaza explains why jihad in Palestine will continue and why there is no possible compromise solution. According to Qaradawi, the war against Israel is the most important type of jihad in the Arab world today （and not in Syria and Iraq）. This is the first and foremost of all Muslim problems and must be supported by all Muslims. The Gaza Strip is only one battlefield in this war.

Settlement of Internal Cutthroat Competition Amid IT Group Companies:Away from “Prisoners’ Dilemma” of Price Wars

Cutthroat competition amid subsidiary companies of IT Group Company due to immanent characteristics of IT industry and grouping management mechanism infringes upon the collective profits. Two ways to avoid cutthroat competition of group company with game theory are studied： the assessment objective made by IT group company for subsidiary companies focuses on profits not revenue; the supervisory department of group company shall intensify law enforcement strength and give severe punishment against illegal depreciation of the subsidiary company.

Smartphone Wars

SMARTPHONE companies are in battle in China, the world＇s largest smartphone market. While not yet the largest in terms of profit, it surpassed the United States in 2011 to register the world＇s highest smartphone sales volume, according to Strategy Analytics, an international market research and consulting firm. In this fiercely competitive environment,

Chemical exposures and suspected impacton Gulf War Veterans

Gulf War Illness(GWI) encompass a spectrum of maladies specific to troops deployed during the Persian Gulf War(1990–1991). There are several hypothesized factors believed to contribute to GWI, including(but not limited to)exposures to chemical agents and a foreign environment(e.g., dust, pollens, insects, and microbes). Moreover, the inherent stress associated with deployment and combat has been associated with GWI. While the etiology of GWI remains uncertain, several studies have provided strong evidence that chemical exposures, especially neurotoxicants,may be underlying factors for the development of GWI. This mini style perspective article will focus on some of the major evidence linking chemical exposures to GWI development and persistence decades after exposure.

Secret Wars

Hip-hop一族们已经经历多年的MC之战了，那么为什么插画不能给大家提供一个相似的景观呢？Tom Dennis审视Secret Wars中的绘画元素……

Africa and the World Wars

This year marks the 100th anniversary of the First World War and the 75th anniversary of the Second World War. Mauya Omauya a media editor and lecturer in international affairs at Kenya＇s Moi University, believes that from slavery to colonialism and neocolonialism, Africa has been a victim of wars started far from its shores. His views follow：

THE IVORY WARS

象牙,珍贵一如白金,价逾拱璧;可是,富有象牙的纳米比亚诸国却深受其苦。为了保护濒临灭绝的大象,国际公约规定禁止偷猎大象,买卖象牙。于是,蒙此荣幸的象群肆意横行,践踏庄稼,殃及无辜。象牙的财富似近在眼前却又遥不可及,人民遭其祸害却无处伸冤。那么,这场象牙之战究竟何去何从呢?

Escaping Dependency and Trade War:China and the US

Marxist political economy provides a perspective for grasping the root cause of the China-US trade war.The international relations of production,which stem from the international division of labor,shape the distribution of international economic interests and the political status of countries.Traditionally,developing countries have been subjected to the“periphery”in the international division of labor.In the new global value chain,developing countries have remained in a subordinate position characterized by“technological-market”dependence.To achieve the goal of building a strong modern nation,China must escape the“technological-market”dependence.Yet China’s efforts and achievements in escaping dependent development are deemed as a threat to US vested interests in the international markets.To preserve the economic foundation of its hegemony,the US has resorted to a trade war to contain China’s development.