Jade Bi and Gui: A Reconfirmation on Zhouli Completed in the Early Years of Han Dynasty Based on Sacrificial Ceremony

As an classical book which disputes endlessly on the completed time but systematic and detailed record on official function, rituals and sacrificial vessels, Zhouli (Rites of Zhou) has become a paradoxical existence: on the one hand, it’s a crucial reference document frequently quoted for reconstructing the propriety in the past dynasties and explaining the ritual remains in modern archeology;on the other hand, its authenticity and edition age are always questioned. So the completed time of Zhouli is still a bottleneck problem and cannot be ignored. This article focuses on the tradition of sacrificial jade Bi and Gui based on the written documents and archeological findings, demonstrate once again that Zhouli was completed in early Han dynasty.

The Decline of Image of China Under the Background of Rites Controversy in Qing Dynasty

At the turn of the 18th-19th century,in the process of developing missionary business in China,there was a debate about the nature of traditional Chinese sacrificial rites among missionaries,that is,whether the traditional rites of Confucius and Christianity were consistent.With the intervention of the Vatican and the Qing Dynasty,the Chinese rites controversy evolved into the dispute over Chinese imperial power and Roman religious imperial power.The missionary career in China also experienced the transformation from the toleration order,exclusion order and the ticket receiving order to the prohibition order.The sharp opposition between Chinese imperial power and Roman religious imperial power led to the desperate situation of Christian career in China.The missionaries naturally vented their dissatisfaction with China,the good image of China gradually collapsed,and the western image of China began to decline rapidly.

Historical Tracing of the Ideological Attribute of “Virtue”

Tracing back to the historical occurrence of“virtue”,it can be found that it originated from political practice and is an effective political technology with strong historical and political attributes.Among the core concepts of Confucianism,such as benevolence,rites,virtue,etc.,virtue should be the earliest to appear.Rites can be regarded as the daily,technical and detailed representation of virtue,while benevolence contains not only all ethical expectations of virtue,but also more complex humanistic information with more explicability.In contrast,“virtue”,with its rich practical color and ancient political experience,appears so simple that when it is regarded as an ideological concept,it is almost covered by the more mature“benevolence”with similar connotation,and overshadowed by richer“rites”.Therefore,virtue is the predecessor of rites and benevolence,which is the historical pedigree of the core concepts of Confucianism.

Stamps of New China Eastern Zhou Dynasty Bronzes

The State Postal Bureau’s latest set of special stamps for 2003 features Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256 B,C.) bronzes. This eight-stamp set is the third to feature this type of relic; a set issued in 1964 depicted bronzes from the Yin Dynasty (14th-11th century}, and one featuring Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century-771 B.C.) bronzes was released in 1982.The Eastern Zhou Dynasty followed the Western, and during this period, bronze vessel casting developed remarkably. Artifacts from this period include sacrificial vessels, musical instruments, utensils, weapons and tools.One of these pieces, a rectangular tray decorated with tortoise and fish patterns, dates back to the late Spring and Autumn

Promotion of Rites in a Beautiful World——2015 NE·TIGER“Ming Li”Haute Couture Huafu Fashion Show

The 17th China Fashion Week made its grand debut in Beijing on October 25.As an opening show,NETIGER"Ming Li"Haute Couture Huafu Fashion Show was performed in a great way in Beijing Hotel.The Ritual and Music Civilization Built in a Country Famed for Its Clothing Culture On the stage,as the booming sound of violoncellos was integrated with the

“内国”与“外土”:周代铜器铭文所见的两个疆域概念

周代铜器录卣铭中的“内国”及戎生钟铭中的“外土”构成了一对在内涵上密切相关的疆域概念。这两个概念有特定内涵,“内国”意为“内域”,在铭文中指以郑洛地区为中心的中原腹地,这一地区自夏代至两周一直是早期王朝的核心疆域。“外土”为周王朝领土的外层区域,其地存在着大量的土著族群。不过作为周王朝能够有效管辖的区域,该区仍属周王朝之疆域。“内国”与“外土”作为一对疆域概念,反映了周王朝疆域形态及疆域治理均具有多层次性的特征。“内国”是王朝疆域的内层,由王廷所任命的内服职官加以治理。“外土”则是王朝疆域的外层,周王朝于此广设侯、伯贵族以治理土著族群并威慑在其之外的敌对势力。至于“外土”之外的区域,亦可能受到周人的军事打击,但周王朝已无法对其进行有效控制,其地已非周之疆域。

说古书中“夷”的一种特殊用法

古书中“夷”的用法很多,大多数都比较明确,较为复杂的是所谓“发声”的“夷”(郑玄说)或“语助”的“夷”(王引之说)。近年清华简等材料中也出现了少数难以理解的“夷”,有的学者就沿用“发声”或“语助”的成说来说明其用法。对此加以重新检讨,并结合于鬯《香草续校书》对相关用例的理解,补充上博简相关通假用例,可知这些所谓“发声”或“语助”用法的“夷”都应当读为“逮”,表示“及”的意思。这样,《周礼》《孟子》以及清华简当中相关用例都能够得到很好的解释。

西周时期南阳地区的封国和方国

西周时期,今南阳地区内分布有不同类别和不同规模的国家。然而,迄今尚未见有对此进行探讨的专文。将文献记载同考古发现结合起来并相互参验,对西周时期今南阳境内众多的国家进行系统研究,可以发现西周时期南阳地区的封国和方国有楚国、申国、谢国、吕国、蓼国、唐国、鄀国、鄂国、养国等。

文通字顺的西周康王之诰命——大盂鼎铭文新释

大盂鼎铭是西周早期唯一接近三百字的完整长篇铭文,内容丰富,堪比《尚书》中的一篇周诰。周诰佶屈聱牙,向来难读。大盂鼎的文字释读问题基本上解决,铭文虽然大致可通,但其中有多处依旧不顺,学者多有争议。本文着眼全篇,从用字、构词、句法、仪节等不同角度对一些关键问题的已有观点进行审视取舍,提出己见,疏通全篇。文中区分了铭文中“在”与“才”古今用字的不同,补证“在”读为“载”与“士”;与小盂鼎仪节互证,确定了“妹辰有大服”的含义;从全篇着眼,读“二三正”为“二三政”,等等。重新释读的大盂鼎铭文文通字顺,略无佶屈聱牙之弊。传世周诰比西周金文难读的主要原因是传抄讹误,随着出土文献材料的增多,彼此相证,有望让西周文献逐渐回归文通字顺。

考古所见枣滕地区周代邦国及相关问题

考古发掘资料、铜器铭文和文献记录表明,枣滕地区在周代存在着10多个邦国:有来自西部周文王子错叔绣所建的姬姓滕国,有商末就迁来此地的望族史氏、因与周王室通婚姻亲而受封的妊姓薛国,有因与周王室的姻亲和先圣王后裔妊姓邳国、姒姓鄫(缯)国,有祝融集团曹姓东夷小邾(郳)国、滥国及妘姓偪阳国,还有嬴姓粊(鄪)国、[女白]姓虎佁、灵父及媿姓昆等当地东夷邦国。这里是东方地区发现周代邦国数量最多、姓氏及族属最为复杂的区域,也是商系文化、姬周文化、东夷文化等交融地区。

商周时期图腾崇拜文化变迁与鸟禽类意象群的演化

商周时期的诗人们将远古时代神鸟图腾物中的祖先神之象、物候之象、司马之象、礼仪之象、凶猛之象、阳刚之象、慈祥之象、怪鸟之象、益鸟之象等意象原型,逐渐转换成为现实社会生活中的婚恋之象、贤者之象、政治生态环境之象、社会生活现象之象;同时,他们以“鸒”自由求食之象来象征太子宜臼被废嫡而失位,以捕“雉”之象来象征小人得志而君子罹祸。这些鸟禽类意象以图腾崇拜为前提,原始象征意义变得隐蔽,习惯性联想形式成为显性因素,从而显示出由图腾对象到占卜形式,再到民俗物候乃至审美意义动态变化的发展链条。由于鸟禽意象中融入了作者对自然观察的感受,展现了人们的日常生活场景与政治生态环境,使原始兴象所体现的习惯性联想与象征之间具有更多的相似点。诗人们以此来建立意义与兴象之间的多种关联,自然表现出多种象征意蕴,让读者产生一种感官愉悦之美、心灵愉悦之美与时空意识之美。

Characterization and origin of charcoalified foxtail millet(Setaria italica) from the Chenyuan Site of the Western Zhou Dynasty in Shangluo, SE Shaanxi, China

In this paper, we discuss charcoalified foxtail millet grains dated to the middle to late Western Zhou Dynasty and collected from the Chenyuan archeological site in Shangluo, in China's southeastern Shaanxi Province. We assigned these specimens to the species Setaria italica based on the following characteristics: an obtuse chalazal apex with missing stigmatic remains; an undulant seed surface composed of rectangular cells with undulate anticlinal walls; an elongated and deeply depressed embryo extending to almost the full seed length; and spherical starch grains. We suggest that the spread of foxtail millet from its original northern distribution center to the southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains could be attributed to: its prominence across Zhou crop systems; the latter area's arid or subarid climate; and the migration south of Zhou people fleeing severe conflict between their nation and northern nomads.

论西周宗法制度中的限度与调适

宗法制度是西周时期重要的制度,它在很多方面形塑着西周社会,既有积极的影响,同时也有消极的影响。宗法制虽然在西周社会的稳定和发展中发挥重要作用,但其核心嫡长子继承制却有着与生俱来的限度,即该制度排斥后天人力、个人情感、选贤任能,完全按照先天自然来决定继承者。正因为宗法制的限度,西周现实生活中对宗法制调适的现象屡见不鲜。具体体现于三个方面:一是有意或无奈地主动调适;二是蓄意地违背制度和武力破坏;三是遵守宗法制前提下小宗对大宗的超越。从社会流动的角度来说,西周宗法制度的阻碍力远远大于促进力,但当时人的调适行为也为社会流动留下了空间。

由义尊与义方彝等周初铜器论及西周早期年代

近年新见义尊、义方彝是一组商人大族■族贵族义受武王赏赐后所作的青铜器,同组还有一件圆鼎和两件方鼎。西周初年的义器铭文中的闰月历日可为武王克商年的判定提供参考。何尊与新见的贝毳尊卣、德方鼎等器均述成王迁宅于成周之事,迁宅至迟于成王五祀三月已完成。铭文中有“新邑”一词的青铜器,年代均应早于何尊所铭成王五祀。新出青铜器使得西周早期诸王年代的考订已突破夏商周断代工程所定年限,武王克商年有必要再重新考虑。以周初诸王在位王年,向前可推拟武王克商之年。以成王在位三十二年计,武王克商应为公元前1076年。以成王在位三十七年计,则武王克商年是公元前1081年。

周必大对南宋国家治理的建言对策

南宋名臣周必大积极入世,官至丞相,其针对南宋国家存在的问题提出诸多建言对策。在人才问题上,他提倡不拘资序,平时做好人才储备,有需要时适才而用;在制度问题上,周必大针对科举发解试中的积弊和档案管理中的漏洞提出了改进建议和措施;周必大主张官员推行久任制度,同时革除荐举之弊;在国防问题上,周必大针对四川马政和两淮民兵提出了改进建议;在社会治理方面,周必大提出了疏与堵结合的对策,既要加强防范又要缓和矛盾。他对南宋国家治理的建言对策多能切中时弊。

早期中国嫡庶之分与宗法制度形成--基于王国维《殷周制度论》的哲学反思

王国维《殷周制度论》指出,立子立嫡之制是周人对殷商“兄终弟及”王位继承制度的突破和创新。天子在众多公子中选拔接班人,难免任意性、随机性,容易导致祸乱事变。周政的特点是让政治道德化,让道德政治化,使血亲社会化,使社会宗法化。血缘关系是生来如此而并非后天人力所为。把血缘关系上升到一种天定法则的高度予以确认,等于在为“亲亲”之制建构可靠根基。以嫡系长房、长孙为大宗,血缘正统可靠,是“百世不迁之宗”,秉承先祖恩德最隆最多;而以庶子系统、旁支所出为小宗,是先祖余泽播撒。“五世而迁之宗”要求小宗超过五世则剔出丧服范围。“大宗维翰”而具有核心地位,“宗子维城”则能够起到拱卫、守护作用。对别子小宗和别子大宗强调尊过去的祖,无疑是变相要求他们尊现在的王。依据亲亲尊尊法则所建构出的宗法社会,以一种向内挖掘亲和力而不是向外诉诸神力的形上方式,来实现一种具有儒家鲜明特色的王道普遍性。

年轻学者勿轻言中国无奴隶社会——读《臣、小臣与商周社会》的一点意见

《臣、小臣与商周社会》一书认为:中国古代没有经历过奴隶社会;“臣”不是奴隶,而是“长”,其身份不低。这种看法是不准确的,也是很不全面的。实际上,先秦时期存在着众多奴隶,奴隶除可称为“臣”外,还有其他不少称呼。这一点从西周金文资料清楚可见。此外,奴隶社会还有不少其他标识。郭沫若等老一辈学术大师认为中国经历过奴隶社会。我们的年轻学者不应轻言中国古代没有奴隶社会。

从隐含读者看商周历史散文中“实录”的演变

“实录”是古代历史散文优劣的重要评价标准,也是我国史官崇高的精神追求。目前,学界对其多追溯至春秋时期,以晋国史官董狐等人为代表。事实上,中国史官文化源远流长,春秋史官的实录应是史官书写体系演变的结果。从甲骨卜辞看,殷商时期巫祝就已有如实记录的意识。隐含读者是作者写作时的预设读者,以隐含读者的视角探究史官的“实录”有利于从写作动机的角度更准确、系统地还原“实录”书写的演变,揭示中国史官“实录”传统的发展脉络。

商周春秋语言演变探略

语言演变与社会发展密切相关,春秋时“礼坏乐崩”,官府之学走向民间导致了春秋雅言取代商周古文的汉语语体第一次变革。《今文尚书》中不少词语是商周古文,春秋后罕用,反映了商周时期的语言面貌,具有上承商周下启秦汉的过渡性,从中或多或少可见商周与春秋后汉语的演变。

“琱生三器”与西周土地协议

西周礼仪制度是判断“琱生三器”人物身份和礼器性质的主要依据。从人物关系看,“君氏”应为内宫之主,是召伯虎和琱生之祖母,而“妇氏”则为“君氏”所派内官;据《周礼》记载周代有依据佩玉质地、形状区分贵族爵位等级的礼俗,铭文所记人物互赠圭玉的区别反映了事件所涉人物的地位。铭文中出现的“狱”“讯”“有司”等和诉讼有关的周代诉讼惯用语,说明这是一起家族内部因土地划分引发的矛盾纠纷。