Analytical computation of magnetic field in coil-dominated superconducting quadrupole magnets based on racetrack coils

Currently,three types of superconducting quadrupole magnets are used in particle accelerators:cos 2θ,CCT,and serpentine.However,all three coil configurations have complex spatial geometries,which make magnet manufacturing and strain-sensitive superconductor applications difficult.Compared with the three existing quadrupole coils,the racetrack quadrupole coil has a simple shape and manufacturing process,but there have been few theoretical studies.In this paper,the two-dimensional and three-dimensional analytical expressions for the magnetic field in coil-dominated racetrack superconducting quadrupole magnets are presented.The analytical expressions of the field harmonics and gradient are fully resolved and depend only on the geometric parameters of the coil and current density.Then,a genetic algorithm is applied to obtain a solution for the coil geometry parameters with field harmonics on the order of 10^(-4).Finally,considering the practical engineering needs of the accelerator interaction region,electromagnetic design examples of racetrack quadrupole magnets with high gradients,large apertures,and small apertures are described,and the application prospects of racetrack quadrupole coils are analyzed.

Design of new resonant magnetic perturbation coils on the J-TEXT tokamak

The resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP)system is a powerful auxiliary system on tokamaks.On the J-TEXT tokamak,a set of new in-vessel coils is designed to enhance the amplitude of the RMP.The new coils are designed to be two-turn saddle coils.These two-turn saddle coils have been optimized in terms of their structure,support,and protection components to overcome the limitations of the narrow in-vessel space,resulting in a compact coil module that can be accommodated in the vessel.To verify the feasibility of this design,an electromagnetic simulation is performed to investigate the electrical parameters and the generated field of the coils.A multi-field coupled simulation is performed to investigate the capacity of heat dissipation.As a result of these efforts,the new RMP coils have been successfully installed on the J-TEXT tokamak.It has significantly enhanced the RMP amplitude and been widely applied in experiments.

Gradient coil design with enhanced shielding constraint for a cryogen-free superconducting MRI system

The relatively fragile low-temperature stability of cryogen-free superconducting magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)magnets requires the careful management of exogenous heat sources.A strongly shielded gradient magnetic field is important for the optimal operation of cryogen-free MRI systems.In this study,we present an enhanced shielding method incorporating a regionalized stray field constraining strategy.By optimizing the constraint parameters,we could develop engineering-feasible gradient coil schemes without increasing system complexity but with the stray field intensity reduced by half.In real measurement in an integrated MRI system,the developed gradient assembly demonstrated good performance and supported to output images of excellent quality.Our findings suggested that the proposed method could potentially form a useful design paradigm for cryogen-free MRI magnets.

Effect of coil and chamber structure on plasma radial uniformity in radio frequency inductively coupled plasma

Enhancing plasma uniformity can be achieved by modifying coil and chamber structures in radio frequency inductively coupled plasma(ICP)to meet the demand for large-area and uniformly distributed plasma in industrial manufacturing.This study utilized a two-dimensional self-consistent fluid model to investigate how different coil configurations and chamber aspect ratios affect the radial uniformity of plasma in radio frequency ICP.The findings indicate that optimizing the radial spacing of the coil enhances plasma uniformity but with a reduction in electron density.Furthermore,optimizing the coil within the ICP reactor,using the interior point method in the Interior Point Optimizer significantly enhances plasma uniformity,elevating it from 56%to 96%within the range of the model sizes.Additionally,when the chamber aspect ratio k changes from 2.8 to 4.7,the plasma distribution changes from a center-high to a saddleshaped distribution.Moreover,the plasma uniformity becomes worse.Finally,adjusting process parameters,such as increasing source power and gas pressure,can enhance plasma uniformity.These findings contribute to optimizing the etching process by improving plasma radial uniformity.

Fuzzy Proportional Integral Derivative control of a voice coil actuator system for adaptive deformable mirrors

Research on adaptive deformable mirror technology for voice coil actuators(VCAs)is an important trend in the development of large ground-based telescopes.A voice coil adaptive deformable mirror contains a large number of actuators,and there are problems with structural coupling and large temperature increases in their internal coils.Additionally,parameters of the traditional proportional integral derivative(PID)control cannot be adjusted in real-time to adapt to system changes.These problems can be addressed by introducing fuzzy control methods.A table lookup method is adopted to replace real-time calculations of the regular fuzzy controller during the control process,and a prototype platform has been established to verify the effectiveness and robustness of this process.Experimental tests compare the control performance of traditional and fuzzy proportional integral derivative(Fuzzy-PID)controllers,showing that,in system step response tests,the fuzzy control system reduces rise time by 20.25%,decreases overshoot by 78.24%,and shortens settling time by 67.59%.In disturbance rejection experiments,fuzzy control achieves a 46.09%reduction in the maximum deviation,indicating stronger robustness.The Fuzzy-PID controller,based on table lookup,outperforms the standard controller significantly,showing excellent potential for enhancing the dynamic performance and disturbance rejection capability of the voice coil motor actuator system.

Mathematical Modelling and Design of Helical Coil Heat Exchanger for Production of Hot Air for Fluidized Bed Dryer

In global industrialization, efforts have been made to increase the rate of heat transfer in heat exchanger, minimizing the size of heat exchanger to reduce cost as well as increasing the effectiveness. Helical coil heat exchanger (HCHE) has been proven to be effective in improving heat transfer due to its large surface area. In this study, HCHE was designed to provide hot air needed for fluidized bed drying processes. The HCHE design model was fabricated and evaluated to study the efficiency of the hot air output for a laboratory fluidized bed dryer. The mathematical model for estimation of the final (output) temperature of air, Taf, passing through the HCHE was developed and validated experimentally. The drying of bitter kola particulates was carried out with a drying temperature of 50C 3C and a bed height-to-bed diameter ratio (H/D) of 1.5. The time taken to dry bitter kola particulates to 0.4% moisture content was 1 hour 45 minutes. Hence, HCHE is recommended for use in the production of hot for laboratory-scale fluidized bed dryers.

CoilScan连续油管在线检测仪在页岩气开发中的应用

CoilScan连续油管在线检测仪是目前最先进的便携式实时电磁检测设备,可有效地识别油管外径、椭圆度、壁厚、内外壁缺陷,是一种十分有效的连续油管检测系统。阐述了CoilScan连续油管在线检测仪的组成以及CoilScan连续油管在线检测原理,以涪陵页岩气田服务(通井作业)的一盘2in连续油管为例,探讨了CoilScan连续油管在线检测仪在页岩气开发中的应用,并制定了相应的连续油管在线检测标准:收到新的连续油管即进行检测;连续油管使用中应进行常规检测;井况比较苛刻、异常等非常规情形,建议作业完成后,再作业前进行一次检测;发现异常情况时需及时进行检测;其他情况如连续油管闲置待命超过6个月的,使用前需进行检测;连续油管使用满1年的,建议至少需要进行1次检测;连续油管必须建立独立档案进行统一管理。

PED+Coils与单纯PED治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤术后并发症的护理

目的探讨PED+Coils与单纯PED治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤并发症的护理。方法回顾性分析本中心连续使用PED治疗35例患者的临床资料,根据2组患者围术期并发症情况,有针对性地采取相应的护理方案,包括脑缺血的护理、脑出血的护理、神经功能障碍的护理、心理护理、专业的出院指导及延续性护理在随访中的应用等。结果 35例患者中,PED+Coils组15例,单纯PED组21例。手术成功率100%。共使用PED 40枚,支架开放不良5例,其中PED+Coils组4例,单纯PED组1例。缺血性并发症4例(11.4%),其中PED+Coils组1例(6.7%),单纯PED组3例(14.2%),均为轻微脑梗死。PED+Coils组出血性并发症1例,为导丝操作相关性,右侧肌力0级。经相关护理和康复指导,除1例永久致残性并发症患者外,其余患者无遗留神经功能缺失。1例永久致残性并发症患者给予专业的康复训练,出院时左侧上肢肌力3级,左下肢肌力4^-级。结论专业的护理是保证患者并发症预后的关键。

Dynamic Performance of High Speed Solenoid Valve with Parallel Coils

The methods of improving the dynamic performance of high speed on/off solenoid valve include increasing the magnetic force of armature and the slew rate of coil current, decreasing the mass and stroke of moving parts. The increase of magnetic force usually leads to the decrease of current slew rate, which could increase the delay time of the dynamic response of solenoid valve. Using a high voltage to drive coil can solve this contradiction, but a high driving voltage can also lead to more cost and a decrease of safety and reliability. In this paper, a new scheme of parallel coils is investigated, in which the single coil of solenoid is replaced by parallel coils with same ampere turns. Based on the mathematic model of high speed solenoid valve, the theoretical formula for the delay time of solenoid valve is deduced. Both the theoretical analysis and the dynamic simulation show that the effect of dividing a single coil into N parallel sub-coils is close to that of driving the single coil with N times of the original driving voltage as far as the delay time of solenoid valve is concerned. A specific test bench is designed to measure the dynamic performance of high speed on/off solenoid valve. The experimental results also prove that both the delay time and switching time of the solenoid valves can be decreased greatly by adopting the parallel coil scheme. This research presents a simple and practical method to improve the dynamic performance of high speed on/off solenoid valve.

Designing shielded radio-frequency phased-array coils for magnetic resonance imaging

In this paper, an approach to the design of shielded radio-frequency （RF） phased-array coils for magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） is proposed. The target field method is used to find current densities distributed on primary and shield coils. The stream function technique is used to discretize current densities and to obtain the winding patterns of the coils. The corresponding highly ill-conditioned integral equation is solved by the Tikhonov regularization with a penalty function related to the minimum curvature. To balance the simplicity and smoothness with the homogeneity of the magnetic field of the coll＇s winding pattern, the selection of a penalty factor is discussed in detail.

A novel approach to designing cylindrical-surface shim coils for a superconducting magnet of magnetic resonance imaging

For a superconducting magnet of magnetic resonance imaging （MRI）, the novel approach presented in this paper allows the design of cylindrical gradient and shim coils of finite length. The method is based on identification of the weighting of harmonic components in the current distribution that will generate a magnetic field whose z-component follows a chosen spherical harmonic function. Mathematical expressions which relate the harmonic terms in the cylin- drical current distribution to spherical harmonic terms in the field expansion are established. Thus a simple matrix inversion approach can be used to design a shim coil of any order pure harmonic. The expressions providing a spherical harmonic decomposition of the field components produced by a particular cylindrical current distribution are novel. A stream function was applied to obtain the discrete wire distribution on the cylindrical-surface. This method does not require the setting of the target-field points. The discussion referring to matrix equations in terms of condition numbers proves that this novel approach has no ill-conditioned problems. The results also indicate that it can be used to design cylindrical-surface shim coils of finite length that will generate a field variation which follows a particular spherical harmonic over a reasonably large-sized volume.

Analytical solutions of transient pulsed eddy current problem due to elliptical electromagnetic concentrative coils

The electromagnetic concentrative coils are indispensable in the functional magnetic stimulation and have potential applications in nondestructive testing. In this paper, we propose a figure-8-shaped coil being composed of two arbitrary oblique elliptical coils, which can change the electromagnetic concentrative region and the magnitude of eddy current density by changing the elliptical shape and/or spread angle between two elliptical coils. Pulsed current is usually the excitation source in the functional magnetic stimulation, so in this paper we derive the analytical solutions of transient pulsed eddy current field in the time domain due to the elliptical concentrative coil placed in an arbitrary position over a half-infinite plane conductor by making use of the scale-transformation, the Laplace transform and the Fourier transform are used in our derivation. Calculation results of field distributions produced by the figure-8-shaped elliptical coil show some behaviours as follows： 1） the eddy currents are focused on the conductor under the geometric symmetric centre of figure-8-shaped coil; 2） the greater the scale factor of ellipse is, the higher the eddy current density is and the wider the concentrative area of eddy current along y axis is; 3） the maximum magnitude of eddy current density increases with the increase of spread angle. When spread angle is 180°, there are two additional reverse concentrative areas on both sides of x axis.

Rapid Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis and Design Optimization of ITER Upper ELM Coils

ITER edge localized mode （ELM） coils are important components of the in-vessel coils （IVCs） and they are designed for mitigating or suppressing ELMs. The coils located on the vacuum vessel （VV） and behind the blanket are subjected to high temperature due to the nuclear heat from the plasma, the Ohmic heat induced by the working current and the thermal radiation from the environment. The water serves as coolant to remove the heat deposited into the coils. Based on the results of nuclear analysis, the thermal-hydraulic analysis is performed for the preliminary design of upper ELM coils using a rapid evaluation method based on 1D treatment. The thermal-hydraulic design and operating parameters including the water flow velocity are optimized. It is found that the rapid evaluation method based on 1D treatment is feasible and reliable. According to the rapid analysis method, the thermal hydraulic parameters of two water flow schemes are computed and proved similar to each other, providing an effective basis for the coil design. Finally, considering jointly the pressure drop requirement and the cooling capacity, the flow velocity is optimized to 5 m/s.

Analytical model of tilted driver–pickup coils for eddy current nondestructive evaluation

A driver-pickup probe possesses better sensitivity and flexibility due to individual optimization of a coil. It is fre- quently observed in an eddy current （EC） array probe. In this work, a tilted non-coaxial driver-pickup probe above a multilayered conducting plate is analytically modeled with spatial transformation for eddy current nondestructive evalua- tion. Basically, the core of the formulation is to obtain the projection of magnetic vector potential （MVP） from the driver coil onto the vector along the tilted pickup coil, which is divided into two key steps. The first step is to make a projection of MVP along the pickup coil onto a horizontal plane, and the second one is to build the relationship between the pr, ojected MVP and the MVP along the driver coil. Afterwards, an analytical model for the case of a layered plate is established with the reflection and transmission theory of electromagnetic fields. The calculated values from the resulting model indicate good agreement with those from the finite element model （FEM） and experiments, which validates the developed analytical model.

An efficient calibration method for SQUID measurement system using three orthogonal Helmholtz coils

For a practical superconducting quantum interference device（SQUID） based measurement system,the Tesla/volt coefficient must be accurately calibrated.In this paper,we propose a highly efficient method of calibrating a SQUID magnetometer system using three orthogonal Helmholtz coils.The Tesla/volt coefficient is regarded as the magnitude of a vector pointing to the normal direction of the pickup coil.By applying magnetic fields through a three-dimensional Helmholtz coil,the Tesla/volt coefficient can be directly calculated from magnetometer responses to the three orthogonally applied magnetic fields.Calibration with alternating current（AC） field is normally used for better signal-to-noise ratio in noisy urban environments and the results are compared with the direct current（DC） calibration to avoid possible effects due to eddy current.In our experiment,a calibration relative error of about 6.89 × 10-4is obtained,and the error is mainly caused by the non-orthogonality of three axes of the Helmholtz coils.The method does not need precise alignment of the magnetometer inside the Helmholtz coil.It can be used for the multichannel magnetometer system calibration effectively and accurately.

In vitro effect of biologically active coating on endothelialisation of Nitinol coils designed for the closure of intracardiac shunt

Objective:To evaluate in vitro the effect of biologically active coating on endothelialisation of Nitinol coils designed for the closure of intracardiac shunt. Methods:Covalently binding procedure was performed with chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Heparin(200 IU/ml),r-hirudin(21 nmol/ml),or fibronectin(15 μg/ml),respectively, were bound to the basic coating(poly(amino-p-xylylene-co-p-xylylen)). In vitro tests were performed on five different coating groups(n=2 each):uncoated Nitinol, basic coating,heparin-,r-hirudin-,and fibronectin-coating. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) were cultured in the presence of tested coils for 48 and 72 h. Adhesion of HUVECs were evaluated with light microscopy,and with confocal laser scanning microscopy after double-staining of vinculin,phalloidin, Ki67 and fibronectin. Results: After 48 and 72 h of incubation,except HUVECs around the basic coating showing abnormal morphology, HUVECs were able to grow next to all kinds of coils. By CLSM adhering cells were typically confined to maximal three secondary coil windings. HUVECs adhered best to the fibronectin coated coils,followed by the uncoated Nitinol. HUVECs barely adhered to the basic coating. The adhesion to heparin coating or r-hirudin coating was observed with various cell densities. Heparin coating seemed to support cell adhesion better than r-hirudin coating did. The HUVECs assembled fibronectin matrix on the fibronectin coating and uncoated Nitinol coil. Vinculin was expressed on both fibronectin coating and uncoated Nitinol as well, mostly diffused,but occasionally also in focal contacts. Ki67 expression was mainly noticed on the uncoated Nitinol coil and fibronectin coated coil,only occasionally on other materials. The densities and morphology of HUVECs, adhered to the correspohding well surfaces,were similar for all wells. The only exception was the well with the basic coating coil after three days of incubation. In this case, the cell density was diminished,and the cells became more elongated. The cells grown on the well surfaces exhibited a more profound matrix assembly and more pronounced focal adhesions than the cells adhered to the coil surfaces did. Conclusion:Except for basic coating,biologically active substance coated or uncoated coils show no acute cytotoxicity on HUVECs. Due to better cell proliferation,cell matrix assembling,and focal adhesion,only fibronectin coating improves the endothelialisation of Nitinol coils.

Electric-magnetic-force characteristics of rare earth barium copper oxide superconductor high-field coils based on screening effect and strain sensitivity

Rare earth barium copper oxide(REBCO)is the most researched and commercialized second-generation high-temperature superconducting material.Due to the anisotropic structure,strong deformation sensitivity,and central field errors caused by screening current effects,it is still a challenge for commercialization applications.In this study,the transversely isotropic constitutive relationship is selected as the mechanical model based on the structural characteristics of REBCO tapes,and suitable microelements are selected to equate the elastic constants using their average stress-strain relationships.Then,a two-dimensional axisymmetric model for coils wound by single-layer tapes is constructed to analyze the dependence of the electric-magnetic-force distribution in the tape on the strain.Finally,the anisotropic approximation of the homogenized bulk method is used to equate large-turn high-field coils,and the electric-magnetic-force distribution characteristics of the coils with/without screening effects and mechanical strain conditions are investigated,respectively.The results reveal that the mechanical strain has a weakening effect on the electromagnetic field distribution of superconducting tapes,but causes a significant enhancement in the force field distribution.In the presence of 0.5% mechanical strain,the maximum weakening of the peak value of the current density and the critical current density inside the high-field coil can reach about 8% and 13%,respectively,with a nearly 5 times increase in the peak stress.The screening current makes the current field distribution inside the coil improve by about 10 times.The screening current induced magnetic field can reach up to 0.8 T,making the relative error of the high-field coil center up to 7.8%.

Quench characteristics and mechanical responses during quench propagation in rare earth barium copper oxide pancake coils

Quench and mechanical behaviors are critical issues in high temperature superconducting(HTS)coils.In this paper,the quench characteristics in the rare earth barium copper oxide(REBCO)pancake coil at 4.2K are analyzed,and a two-dimensional(2D)axisymmetric electro-magneto-thermal model is presented.The effects of the constituent materials,background field,and coil size are analyzed.An elastoplastic mechanical model is used to study the corresponding mechanical responses during the quench propagation.The variations of the temperature and strain in superconducting layers are compared.The results indicate that the radial strain evolutions can reflect the transverse quench propagation and the tensile hoop and radial stresses in superconducting layers increase with the quench propagation.The possible damages are discussed with the consideration of the effects of the background field and coil size.It is concluded that the high background field significantly increases the maximum tensile hoop and radial stresses in quenching coils and local damage may be caused.

Finite Element Analyses and Instrumentation Layout for Single Coil Testing of TF Coils in HT-7U

The HT-7U tokamak is a magnetically-confined full superconducting fusion device, consisting of superconducting toroidal field (TF) coils and superconducting poloidal field (PF) coils. These coils are wound with cable-in-conductor (CICC) which is based on UNK NbTi wires made in Russian '. A single D-shaped toroidal field magnet coil will be tested for large and expensive magnets systems before assembling them in the toroidal configuration. This paper describes the layout of the instrumentation for a superconducting test facility based on the results of a finite element modeling of the single coil of toroidal magnetic field (TF) coils in HT-7U tokamak device. At the same time, the design of coil support structure in the test facility is particularly discussed in some detail.

General analytical method of designing shielded coils for arbitrary axial magnetic field

Magnetic coils for specific requirements are widely used in modern quantum physics. In this study, a general analytical method of designing the shielded coils for generating an arbitrary axial magnetic field is proposed. The theoretical formula for an axial magnetic field generated by a single shielded coil is obtained and used to construct specific coils. The structural parameters of these coils are determined by fitting the theoretical formula with their specific requirements. The feasibility of this method is proved by realizing four concrete kinds of coils: uniform magnetic field generating coils, gradient magnetic field generating coils, asymmetrical uniform magnetic field generating coils, and parabolic magnetic field generating coils. The correctness of these theoretical results is demonstrated by both the finite element simulations and the relevant experimental results. Furthermore, the application of this method is of great significance for developing the quantum physics and quantum devices in future.