Late Holocene Moisture Changes in the Core Area of Arid Central Asia Reflected by Rock Magnetic Records of Glacier Lake Kalakuli Sediments in the Westernmost Tibetan Plateau and their Influences on the Evolution of Ancient Silk Road

The evolution of Ancient Silk Road(ASR) was deeply influenced by late Holocene moisture changes in Arid Central Asia(ACA). Nevertheless, controversies in Holocene moisture change pattern of ACA and poorly–constrained age models of related studies have made the discussion about late Holocene moisture changes in ACA and their influences on the evolution of ASR difficult. Recently, a high–resolution age model during the late Holocene was established for Kalakuli Lake, a small glacier lake located in the core area of ACA. A thorough rock magnetic investigation was carried out on Kalakuli Lake sediments based on this age model. The magnetic mineral assemblage of Kalakuli Lake sediments is still dominated by primary magnetite despite minor diagenetic effects. Comparisons of rock magnetic records to parameters previously used as indicator of glacier fluctuations suggest that clastic input to Kalakuli Lake was high(low) and magnetic grain size is relatively larger(smaller), when glaciers on Muztagh Ata advanced(retreated). The ARM/SIRM ratio, a magnetic grain size proxy, is directly related to lake hydrodynamics, which are ultimately controlled by glacier fluctuations on Muztagh Ata as the result of regional moisture changes. Late Holocene moisture changes indicated by the ARM/SIRM ratio are consistent with cool/wet and warm/dry oscillations indicated by the unweighted average of biomarker hydrogen isotopic data of the C26 and C28 n–alkanoic acids in a previous study about Kalakuli Lake, most moisture change records of the core area of ACA and winter insolation of the Northern Hemisphere, but opposite to Asian monsoon evolution. Given Asian monsoon and the westerlies are mutually inhibited, we propose that late Holocene moisture changes in the core area of ACA were controlled by the intensity of Asian monsoon versus the westerlies under the governance of solar insolation. Generally increased moisture since the late Holocene indicated by the ARM/SIRM ratio favored cultural exchange and integration between the western and the eastern Eurasia, which paved the way for the formation of ASR. Coincidence between significant increase in moisture at ~200 BC suggested by the ARM/SIRM ratio and the formation of ASR indicates moisture as an important factor that facilitated the formation of ASR. The onsets of three prosperity periods of ASR in the history generally correspond to periods when moisture was relatively high, nevertheless, stagnant periods of ASR do not coincide with periods when moisture was relatively low in the core area of ACA. Disorganized correlations between stagnant periods of ASR and moisture changes in the core area of ACA suggest that moisture is not the decisive factor influencing the evolution of ASR.

Strategy of Xinjiang-Central Asia Energy Cooperation in Silk Road Economic Belt

The Silk Road Economic Belt is the updated version of regional economy and trade cooperation. It focuses on cooperation and development in energy, providing broad connotation and denotation and space for XinjiangCentral Asia to cooperate with each other in energy. Although it has bright prospect, the energy cooperation will still be restricted by the complex environment of Central Asia and the internal factors of Xinjiang, such as its unique economic model and industrial structure. Thus, in order to realize mutually beneficial cooperation, which is the common target of Silk Road Economic Belt, Xinjiang and Central Asia need to strengthen energy dialogue and expand the energy diplomacy, promote the construction process of Xinjiang energy strategy base, establish and perfect the information platform of Central Asia energy cooperation.

Chinese Economy at the Era of Globalization

Two centuries ago,Asia delivered over 60 percent of world production;in the middle of the 20th century it was less than 20 percent.Currently,it is twice as large and this share is still increasing,above all but not only,because of China whose production is still growing at a rate twice as fast as the world average.China is trying to maintain high economic dynamics,inter alia,through investment external expansion.This aim is to be served,among others,by the infrastructure project,drawn up with enormous verve,known as the New Silk Road,which the Middle Kingdom addresses to 65 countries on three continents.While some hope for accelerating their own economic growth,others warn against the risk of becoming dependent on China.The article analyzes these challenges,pointing to the desired directions of irreversible evolution globalization by giving it a more inclusive character,which is also strongly emphasized by the Chinese authorities in their official enunciations.

推动构建东北亚安全合作机制的中国探索——以安全共同体为视角

东北亚地区是中国周边外交重点,对中国和平发展具有重要战略意义。随着东北亚安全局势逐渐复杂,构建东北亚安全合作机制的必要性和重要性日益凸显。当前东北亚地区大国博弈加剧,安全风险多元化、集聚化,域外力量介入加强等问题愈发凸出。中国可以安全共同体理念为指导,通过多角度发力,推动构建东北亚安全合作机制。一是做好顶层设计和规划,持续加强政治往来,深化国家间关系,创造性打造利益共同体;二是借助共建“一带一路”倡议,夯实域内国家间经济合作基础,进一步加强发展合作;三是积极提供地区公共安全产品,努力维护区域稳定与发展。

Connection between the Silk Road Pattern in July and the Following January Temperature over East Asia

This study investigates a cross-seasonal influence of the Silk Road Pattern（SRP）in July and discusses the related mechanism.Both the reanalysis and observational datasets indicate that the July SRP is closely related to the following January temperature over East Asia during 1958/59–2001/02.Linear regression results reveal that,following a higher-than-normal SRP index in July,the Siberian high,Aleutian low,Urals high,East Asian trough,and meridional shear of the East Asian jet intensify significantly in January.Such atmospheric circulation anomalies are favorable for northerly wind anomalies over East Asia,leading to more southward advection of cold air and causing a decrease in temperature.Further analysis indicates that the North Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies（SSTAs）might play a critical role in storing the anomalous signal of the July SRP.The significant SSTAs related to the July SRP weaken in October and November,re-emerge in December,and strengthen in the following January.Such an SSTA pattern in January can induce a surface anomalous cyclone over North Pacific and lead to dominant convergence anomalies over northwestern Pacific.Correspondingly,significant divergence anomalies appear,collocated in the upper-level troposphere in situ.Due to the advection of vorticity by divergent wind,which can be regarded as a wave source,a stationary Rossby wave originates from North Pacific and propagates eastward to East Asia,leading to temperature anomalies through its influence on the large-scale atmospheric circulation.

The Rise of China in Central Asia： The New Silk Road Diplomacy

China＇s relationship with Central Asia has grown manifold since the foundation of Shanghai Five in 1996, which in June 2001 became the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. The impetus to the relationship has further been accen- tuated when China-Russia friendship treaty was signed in July 2001. The US-led war in Afghanistan against Taliban and A1-Qaeda has yet again cemented Chinese position in Central Asia, and the recently concluded Belt and Road Initiative （BRI） has undeniably dramatically underscored the strategic value of Central Asia to the west and has opened up possibilities for Chinese security, political and economic interests. Geostrategically enmeshed with Central Asia, China will remain an integral and increasingly influential player in Central Asia. This research paper contextualises China＇s emergence and interests in Central Asia discarding the much talked about great game thesis and asserts by analysing the rise of China in the region as an unmatched and unchallenged power which has been testified once again with the recent BRI of Beijing.

“一带一路”框架下大连与东北亚地区经贸合作关系:基于引力模型的研究

分析了大连与东北亚主要经济体间经贸合作发展现状。通过构建引力模型对大连与东北亚国家的经贸合作进行实证分析,结果表明,大连和东北亚国家的进出口额与大连市GDP和东北亚各国的GDP成正相关,与大连和东北亚国家的距离呈负相关;大连吸引外商直接投资对大连对东北亚国家的出口具有显著的正效应;如果该东北亚国家同时也是RCEP成员国,那么对大连从该国进口具有显著的促进作用。在此基础上提出了相应对策建议。

问题与走向:基于丝路物证考鉴的东北亚丝绸之路研究审视

东北亚丝绸之路衍生于“丝绸之路”,中国东北地区古代历史上出土的许多重要的丝绸制品,都是东北亚丝绸之路客观存在的重要依据。并且,以往对东北历史的朝贡道、古代交通、廊道文化、流域文明、民族筑城、稻作传播、海上丝绸之路、辽代鹰路、金代站铺、《燕行录》研究、水达达路、海西东水陆城站、清代的噶栅、驿道驿站、黄金之路、黑貂之路的研究,也能够依托东北亚丝绸之路的平台不断充实“丝路”的研究内容。文章基于对东北地区丝绸之路出土的古代丝织品的考鉴,审视东北亚丝绸之路研究中的问题,以期通过反思问题,能够进一步完善研究方法和理论框架,发现并填补研究中的空白,促进国际文化交流与合作,从而更好地利用丝绸之路的历史经验和文化资源,促进区域经济和社会的发展。

新国家主义视角下东南亚国家数字经济产业政策比较研究——以新加坡、马来西亚和菲律宾为例

由于可观的市场潜力,东南亚的数字经济产业受到各界广泛关注。然而,当前对东南亚国家数字经济的研究无法解释各国产业政策的差异及其背后的政治经济逻辑。“是否具有技术先进性”和“是否遵循比较优势”两个维度可以对东南亚国家的数字经济产业政策进行较为妥当的分类。这一分类方式可结合产业相对成熟度的概念和新国家主义理论对特定产业政策选择背后的动因进行分析。案例比较分析表明,新加坡、马来西亚和菲律宾在战略选择上的差异源于产业相对成熟度和国家自主性的差异,而这些差异又根植于各国内部迥异的政治、经济和社会因素。较高的产业相对成熟度和国家自主性使得新加坡得以做出探索技术前沿的选择;较高的国家自主性使得马来西亚在较低产业相对成熟度的约束下,为发展数字经济提供政策支持。较低产业相对成熟度和国家自主性限制了菲律宾的选择,无法超越现有的比较优势,难以为数字经济提供强大的产业政策支持。

“一带一路”倡议下东北地区边境口岸建设与区域经济一体化研究

“一带一路”倡议提出至今已有十余年,陆地口岸是我国对外开放的重要窗口,东北边境地区的口岸历史悠久,其建设以经济全球化、区域经济一体化、次区域合作为理论支持,满足东北亚各国现实发展需求与国际形势变化。边境口岸的建设有力推动了区域内各国经贸合作、经济往来、政治互通,但口岸建设仍存在资金来源单一、基础设施落后、功能定位不明确等问题,对此各地区应扩大财政制度、拟定区域规划、建立政府间协作机制,推动“一带一路”倡议的顺利进行,为沿线地区经济发展贡献力量。

“一带一路”背景下山西“丝路电商”建设研究

本文重在研究山西在中亚地区的“丝路电商”合作前景。首先,本文从线上、线下和物流三个角度分别分析山西和中亚电子商务的发展现状,线上从跨境电商和直播电商的角度探讨了山西和中亚电子商务发展的特点;其次,运用文献研究法从自然资源、旅游资源、农产资源和面食文化四个方面整合了山西“一带一路”背景下发展“丝路电商”的线下资源;最后,结合中亚电子商务发展的趋势,探索山西-中亚电子商务合作的机遇,并提出山西发展“丝路电商”的可行性建议,助力山西尽快融入“一带一路”倡议,更好的建设“数字丝路”。

Second International Workshop on Tethyan Orogenesis and Metallogeny in Asia (IWTOMA) and Silk Road Higher Education Cooperation Forum

The Second International Workshop on Tethyan Orogenesis and Metallogeny in Asia （IWTOMA） and Silk Road Higher Education Cooperation Forum will be held from October 16 to 18, 2015, in Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China, following a very successful workshop in 2014. The conference is hosted by China University of Geoseiences （CUG）, co-sponsored with he National Natural Science Foundation of China, the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources （Wuhan）, and the State Key Laboratory of Continental Tectonics and Dynamics （Beijing）.

中国与东北亚国家北极事务合作可行性探究

中、日、韩、俄四国同为《斯匹次卑尔根群岛条约》以及《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,且同属“北极利益攸关国”以及北极理事会观察成员国。俄罗斯虽为北极国家,但自乌克兰危机的“外溢”使得俄罗斯与西方国家之间战略互信度大幅降低后,俄罗斯的北极开发迫切需要合作伙伴。中、日、韩、俄四国在北极航道开通、资源开采、科研探索、环境保护上具有广泛的合作空间与共同利益。但受地缘政治的影响,以及中美竞争持续的升温,中国与东北亚国家在北极事务上的合作受到限制和挤压。基于此,中国与东北亚国家在北极事务上的合作路径应予优化:一是以低政治领域为首要合作方向。以环境保护、科学考察等低政治领域为抓手,推动四国迅速打破双边合作壁垒,从双边合作向多边合作转型。二是以“冰上丝绸之路”为主要合作载体。“冰上丝绸之路”中北极航道以及北极资源勘探开发等内容与日韩两国北极政策相契合,属于四国共同国家利益交汇处。三是以优势互补化解同质化竞争。中、日、韩要发挥各自在资金、技术、制造、运输等方面的优势,以预防船舶碰撞以及油污泄漏为三国总体合作目标,携手通过“冰上丝绸之路”构建中国与东北亚国家北极能源与运输命运共同体。

“一带一路”十周年:中国与南亚东南亚国家教育合作的成就与展望

“一带一路”倡议提出以来,中国与南亚东南亚国家在全方位教育合作政策引领下,双方在教育互联互通方面呈现新格局、丝路人才培养上取得新成效、教育合作机制建设上实现新突破。与此同时,中国与南亚东南亚国家的教育合作仍面临一系列困难和挑战,具体表现为多重内外力量交织,深度合作困难重重;教育水平参差不齐,合作机制运行不畅;教育合作规模较小,合作内生动力不足等,这影响了双方深度合作的质量提高。展望未来,双方合作应深化互利互惠的区域教育合作意识、完善互联互通的多边教育合作机制、打造互学互鉴的跨境教育合作典范,积极推进“一带一路”教育共同体的国际合作与交流,以教育共同体助力人类命运共同体的建设。

东北亚丝绸之路下的虾夷锦及其文化现象综述

采用文献调查的方法,通过整理中日学者关于东北亚丝绸之路下虾夷锦的研究,对明清时期东北亚丝绸之路以及虾夷锦的研究现状、趋势进行分析。研究认为,虾夷锦是东北亚丝绸之路发展历史的有力实证,也是对明清时期服饰文化创新和中日两国服饰文化传播交流案例的有力补充,对其研究有助于填补因研究视角及历史资料局限导致的虾夷锦艺术特征、文化内涵以及传播应用等方面的研究空白。

中亚共建丝路经济带十年盘点与经略方向

近十年来,中国与中亚国家在丝绸之路经济带框架下的合作在经济贸易、交通运输、能源资源、产能建设等领域取得了一系列显著成果。然而,由于历史上形成的固化认知和现实社会中不同利益群体的本位意识,以及大国中亚博弈产生的地缘政治影响等因素,中亚地区共建丝绸之路经济带仍存在一些尚需认识和解决的问题。未来,要继续遵循共商、共建、共享原则,认真总结十年经验,重视各方利益关切,不断提升与中亚各国的政治互信水平,继续加强交通运输基础设施建设,注重合作开发和发展新经济形态,扩大和加深人文领域的交流与合作,不断弥补短板,助力在中亚地区继续推进“一带一路”建设走向更高阶段。

SR型与EAP型遥相关“结合模态”对2020年江淮入梅初期强降水的影响

利用ERA5逐日再分析资料和中国气象局提供的逐日站点降水资料,分析了丝绸之路型(Silk-Road,SR)与东亚—太平洋型(East Asia–Pacific,EAP)遥相关的“结合模态”对2020年江淮梅雨入梅的影响,结果表明“结合模态”可以触发江淮流域的持续性降水。2020年6月初,负SR型(Silk-Road)和正EAP型(East Asia–Pacific)同时出现,并且位相差达到6月份最大值,二者协同作用下导致2020年入梅时间异常偏早。主要表现为:(1)负SR型引起西风急流加速,促使急流入口区南侧的江淮流域上空出现强的高层辐散。(2)负SR型有利于南亚高压东移,正EAP型有利于西太平洋副热带高压西移,二者相向而行。负SR型和正EAP型于6月9日位相差达最大,此时南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压重叠于120°E左右,有利于江淮流域持续性降水。(3)低层东亚中、低纬度有一对与正EAP型相关的异常“气旋—反气旋”环流,使低空(20°~35°N,100°~125°E)盛行强西南气流,中纬度的偏北气流有利于干冷空气向南输送,与西南暖湿气流汇合于江淮流域上空,带来强烈的水汽辐合,也使得大气的局地上升运动更为强烈。

关于创建中国东北方向陆海丝绸之路经济带的战略推进构想

面向世界和未来,推动共建“一带一路”高质量发展,就要统筹当今世界百年未有之大变局与中华民族伟大复兴战略全局,以渤海海峡跨海通道立体开发为杠力,以大连创建中国北方国际海洋中心城市为引擎,以东北全面振兴全方位振兴为依托,以强化东北亚区域合作关系为基盘,通过加强与俄罗斯的全面合作、与中东欧国家的务实合作、与欧盟国家的互利合作,携手打造亚欧利益共同体、亚欧安全共同体和亚欧命运共同体,努力实现全球新一轮真正意义上的战略平衡,为乘势而上开启全面建设中国特色社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军创造有利的外部环境。为此,必须充分论证创建中国东北方向陆海丝绸之路经济带的重要节点、综合优势与战略价值,进而正确地谋划创建中国东北方向陆海丝绸之路经济带的进取方略:加大基础设施建设力度,拉动区域经济的一体化进程;合理调整沿线经济布局,大力加快优势产业集群发展;坚持市场化社会化大方向,努力提高现代服务业水平;注重人与自然和谐发展,优化沿线旅游生态经济景观;跟进时代潮流运作智库,支撑从陆域到海域经略大业;站在建设海洋强国高度,力挺陆海统筹上升为大战略;全面规划中俄海洋合作,开拓东北方向海上新“丝路”;力挺国家优惠政策投放,建成东北亚区域合作升级版;创建世界海洋城市联盟,整合全球经济资源重振雄风。只有这样努力下去,才能进一步提升“一带一路”的国际公共品牌的影响力。

A review on the spread of prehistoric agriculture from southern China to mainland Southeast Asia

The origins and spread of agriculture was one of the milestones in human history.When and how prehistoric agriculture spread to mainland Southeast Asia is highly concerned,which contributed to the formation of modern Austroasiatic in this region.Previous studies mainly focused on the time and route of rice agriculture’s introduction into Southeast Asia while millet agriculture was not paid proper attention.Here we analyze 31214C dating data yielded from charred seeds of rice(Oryza sativa),foxtail millet(Setaria italica)and broomcorn millet(Panicum miliaceum)from 128 archaeological sites in China and mainland Southeast Asia.The result shows that millet farming was introduced to mainland Southeast Asia in the late third millennium BC and rice farming was in the late second millennium BC.The agriculture of mainland Southeast Asia might originate from three areas,Southwest China,Guangxi-West Guangdong and coastal Fujian.The spread route of ancient agriculture in Southwest China is close to the“Southwest Silk Road”recorded in literature,which implies there was possibly a channel of cultural exchanges on the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau already in the late Neolithic period,laying the foundation for the Southwest Silk Road later.

Megadrought and cultural exchange along the proto-silk road

Arid Central Asia(ACA), with its diverse landscapes of high mountains, oases, and deserts, hosted the central routes of the Silk Roads that linked trade centers from East Asia to the eastern Mediterranean.Ecological pockets and ecoclines in ACA are largely determined by local precipitation. However, little research has gone into the effects of hydroclimatic changes on trans-Eurasian cultural exchange. Here,we reconstruct precipitation changes in ACA, covering the mid-late Holocene with a U-Th dated, ~3 a resolution, multi-proxy time series of replicated stalagmites from the southeastern Fergana Valley,Kyrgyzstan. Our data reveal a 640-a megadrought between 5820 and 5180 a BP, which likely impacted cultural development in ACA and impeded the expansion of cultural traits along oasis routes. Instead,it may have diverted the earliest transcontinental exchange along the Eurasian steppe during the 5 th millennium BP. With gradually increasing precipitation after the megadrought, settlement of peoples in the oases and river valleys may have facilitated the opening of the oasis routes, ‘‘prehistoric Silk Roads", of trans-Eurasian exchange. By the 4 th millennium BP, this process may have reshaped cultures across the two continents, laying the foundation for the organized Silk Roads.