Preliminary Study on Forest Fire Prevention and Extinguishing in Townships in the Southern Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province:A Case Study of Lishui

Forest fires seriously threaten forestry resources and the life and property safety of people in mountainous areas of Lishui City. In this paper, a fire prevention concept with refined forecast and early warning of forest fire danger weather ratings in townships as the starting point, satellite real-time observation of fire spots, monitoring of the Internet of Things and other high-tech products as an implementation means, and strengthening forest fire prevention equipment and personnel in townships as a guarantee was established. The command system for rapid emergency response by cities, counties and townships should be improved. During the forest fire prevention period, fire sources should be strictly controlled, and the basic principles of forest fire fighting in townships should be implemented into the actual fire prevention and fire fighting work to eliminate forest fires in time at the initial stage and before the disaster.

Study on the Countermeasures of Eco-environment Conservation in the Mountainous Areas of Southern Ningxia under New Situation

Under the implementation of principal functional zoning,further promotion of western development,regional migration,new countryside construction,global warming and so on,the spatial adjustment of regional industry and its structure must be enforced.The spatial adjustment and arrangement of population and economy in the mountainous areas of southern Ningxia could create tremendous opportunity for its eco-environment conservation.Based on analysis on the opportunity and challenge of eco-environment conservation in the mountainous areas of southern Ningxia,some countermeasures of eco-environment conservation were discussed in the paper,so as to provide some theoretical references for the eco-environment conservation in the mountainous areas of southern Ningxia.

Response of Artificial Grassland Carbon Stock to Management in Mountain Region of Southern Ningxia, China

Grassland is a major carbon sink in the terrestrial ecosystem. The dynamics of grassland carbon stock profoundly influence the global carbon cycle. In the published literatures so far, however, there are limited studies on the long-term dynamics and influential factors of grassland carbon stock, including soil organic carbon. In this study, spatial-temporal substitution method was applied to explore the characteristics of Medicago sativa L. （alfalfa） grassland biomass carbon and soil organic carbon density （SOCD） in a loess hilly region with different growing years and management patterns. The results demonstrated that alfalfa was the mono-dominant community during the cutting period （viz. 0-10 year）. Community succession began after the abandonment of alfalfa grassland and then the important value of alfalfa in the community declined. The artificial alfalfa community abandoned for 30 years was replaced by the S. bungeana community. Accordingly, the biomass carbon density of the clipped alfalfa showed a significant increase over the time during 0-10 year. During 0-30 year, the SOCD from 0-100 cm of the soil layer of all 5 management patterns increased over time with a range between 5.300 ± 0.981 kg/m2 and 12.578 ± 0.863 kg/m2. The sloping croplands had the lowest SOCD at 5.300 ± 0.981 kg/m2 which was quite different from the abandoned grasslands growing for 30 years which exhibited the highest SOCD with 12.578 ± 0.863 kg/m2. The ecosystem carbon density of the grassland clipped for 2 years increased 0.1 kg/m2 compared with the sloping cropland, while that of the grassland clipped for 10 years substantially increased to 10.30 ± 1.26 kg/m2. Moreover, the ecosystem carbon density for abandoned grassland became 12.62± 0.50 kg/m2 at 30 years. The carbon density of the grassland undisturbed for l0 years was similar to that of the sloping cropland and the grassland clipped for 2 years. Different management patterns imposed great different effects on the accumulation of biomass carbon on artificial grasslands, whereas the ecosystem carbon density of the grassland showed a slight increase from the clipping to abandonment of grassland in general.

Analysis on the Climatic Characteristics of Hail in the South Mountain Area of Ningxia

[Objective] The research aimed to study the climatic characteristics of hail in the southern mountain area of Ningxia in recent 50 years. [Method] Based on the hail observation data of 5 surface meteorological stations (Guyuan, Xiji, Jingyuan, Longde, Liupanshan) in the south of Ningxia during 1960-2009, the spatial distribution rule, the interannual and monthly climatic characteristics and variation trends of hail in the south mountain area of Ningxia were analyzed by using the statistical method. Moreover, the hail disaster prevention and reduction measures in Guyuan were put forward. [Result] The hail in the south mountain area of Ningxia in recent 50 years had the obvious annual, seasonal, monthly and daily variation characteristics. The hail might occur from March to October and mainly concentrated during May-August which occupied 72% in the whole year. The occurrence probability of hail in June was the biggest and occupied 21.7% in the whole year. It was the typical multi-hail zone in summer. The interannual variation of hail occurrence in Guyuan was big and had 3-year periodicity. The secondary-order time trend of hail in Guyuan was the anti-parabolic type, and the hail occurrence times during the 1960s-1980s presented the increase trend. It was the hail multi-occurrence period in the 1970s and 1980s. After the 1990s, the hail presented the decrease trend. In recent 20 years, the hail significantly decreased. The hail in Guyuan mainly concentrated during 12:00-21:00, and the hail occurrence times occupied 85% of total times. The hail distribution in Guyuan area had the obvious regional characteristics. The hail in the mountain area, hilly area was more and in the stream valley, north Pingchuan area was less. The hail cloud mainly derived from the mountain areas, such as Liupanshan, Nanhua Mountain, Yueliang Mountain, Xifeng Mountain and Yunwu Mountain, etc. The move direction of hail cloud was mainly from northwest to southeast or from north to south. Part of hail cloud disappeared in the original place. According to the regional distribution of hail, the hail risk in Guyuan City was divided into the high, moderate and low occurrence zones by combining with the hail disaster data. [Conclusion] The research provided the scientific basis for the forecast, early-warning of hail weather and the artificial hail suppression.

The Models for the Development of Specialty Agriculture in the Hilly Areas of Southern Ningxia: Are They Truly Effective?

The development of specialty agriculture is of great significance to western China's agricultural structure adjustment,and it's an essential way for the construction of ecological agriculture in Southern Ningxia mountainous area.This paper makes a summary about the development status of specialty agriculture in Southern Ningxia Mountainous Area and put forward the basic benefit goal and problems needing attention.On this basis,the paper studies the development pattern of specialty agriculture in Southern Ningxia Mountainous Area from the aspects of production factors and industry.This paper suggests that the development pattern of specialty agriculture in Southern Ningxia Mountainous Area should combine the regional agricultural pattern and innovative organization structure pattern,demonstration agriculture and market-directing pattern,engineering agricultural pattern and enterprise-driven pattern.The development of specialty agriculture in Southern Ningxia Mountainous Area should promote the three patterns,in order to achieve the construction of ecological agriculture and agricultural structure adjustment.

宁南山区不同植被类型土壤水分变化特征

以宁夏南部山区山杏林、沙棘林、山杏×沙棘混交林3种典型植被为试材,采用野外定位监测法,对3种植被0~100 cm不同深度土壤水分进行连续1年定位观测,研究了不同植被类型土壤水分时间变化和垂直变化规律,以期了解宁南山区主要植被类型的土壤水分状况及耗水特性。结果表明:不同植被类型土壤储水量在年内变化趋势整体呈“M”型,土壤储水量按照从大到小的排序为山杏林(158.35 mm)>山杏×沙棘混交林(139.72 mm)>沙棘林(123.24 mm)。不同植被类型日平均土壤含水量的变化动态相似,其变化趋势与降雨量密切相关,9月山杏林、沙棘林、山杏×沙棘混交林地的土壤含水量分别是8月的1.56、1.41、1.49倍;3种植被类型平均土壤含水量最大值均在10月,最小值均在8月。在垂直方向上,3种植被土壤水分的变化有一定的差异性,随着土层深度的增加,沙棘林土壤含水量呈先增加后降低的趋势,山杏林、山杏×沙棘混交林土壤含水量呈波形变化趋势;3种植被类型土壤水分的变异系数总体呈下降趋势,沙棘林各土层变异系数的均值最大,为39.36%。综上,山杏林土壤水分状况最好,其次是山杏×沙棘林,为该区域植被恢复与可持续管理提供重要参考依据。

微生物菌剂对连作芹菜根际土壤真菌群落多样性与结构的影响

以宁南旱区连作4年芹菜根际土壤为研究对象,采用田间定位试验结合高通量测序技术,以常规施肥(CK)为对照,研究常规施肥+枯草·哈茨复合菌剂(MF),常规施肥+枯草芽孢杆菌(BS),常规施肥+哈茨木霉菌(TH)3个处理对芹菜连作根际土壤真菌多样性及群落组成的影响。结果表明:施用枯草·哈茨复合菌显著提高了土壤有效磷、速效钾含量,增幅分别为34.29%和9.98%。施用微生物菌剂增加了土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性,平均增幅分别为43.16%和12.98%,并显著改变了土壤真菌的β-多样性。被孢霉属(Mortierella)、织球壳属(Plectosphaerella)、赤霉菌属(Gibberella)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)是各处理优势菌属,施用枯草·哈茨复合菌显著降低了赤霉菌属、链格孢属、镰刀霉属等真菌性病原菌的相对丰度,降幅分别为59.88%、51.63%、36.13%。冗余分析表明土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性、pH值和全磷是影响真菌群落结构组成的主要驱动因子。综合而言,枯草·哈茨复合菌剂的施用不仅降低了连作芹菜根际土壤镰刀菌属、链格孢属、赤霉菌属等病原菌的富集,还通过改变有效磷、速效钾等土壤理化性质,进一步重塑土壤真菌群落结构。

供钾水平对宁南山区花椰菜产量及钾素平衡的影响

【目的】为宁夏冷凉花椰菜生产中钾肥合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】以宁夏冷凉主导花椰菜为试验材料,设置0(K_(0))、10(K_(10))、20(K_(20))、30(K_(30))、40 kg/667m^(2)(K_(40))5个施钾水平,通过田间试验,研究供钾对露地花椰菜产量、钾素吸收分配利用及土壤根层钾素质量与平衡的影响。【结果】供钾显著增加花椰菜产量,增产率在5.32%~16.24%,供钾水平与花球产量呈极显著的二次抛物曲线关系,最高产量为3 529.43 kg/667 m^(2),最佳供钾水平为24.28 kg/667 m^(2)。在苗期和莲座期茎叶是花椰菜钾元素的累积中心,不同处理茎叶分配比例在49.67%~90.49%,进入成熟期花球是花椰菜钾元素的累积中心,不同处理花球累积分配比例在42.25%~53.73%,整株花椰菜钾素累积量苗期以K_(30)处理最高,莲座期和成熟期均以K_(20)处理最高,较对照分别显著提高69.40%、79.38%。钾肥利用效率为21.77%~40.31%,以K20处理的钾肥利用率、贡献率及农学效率均最高,分别为45.28%,21.31%、38.670 kg/kg。供钾水平低于20 kg/667 m^(2)时,土壤钾素平衡表现为亏缺,供钾水平超过30 kg/667 m^(2)钾素盈余由负转正,再继续投入钾肥,钾素盈余。【结论】综合考虑花椰菜钾素吸收利用分配与产量和土壤钾素有效性与菜田钾素收支平衡等因素,建议宁夏南部山区花椰菜适宜的供钾水平为21.82~29.24 kg/667 m^(2)。

苜蓿蓟马空间动态与作物布局关系研究

【目的】明确宁夏南部山区苜蓿蓟马空间种群动态与作物环境布局之间的关系。【方法】利用高空遥感无人机获取宁夏南部山区4个研究区域的遥感图片,经处理后计算其景观格局指数,明确景观与蓟马种群动态之间的关系。【结果】离散核心区数量(NDCA)、总边界长(TE)、总面积比(CA/TA)、核心区面积均值(Core_MN)、斑块丰度密度(PRD)与蓟马发生量相关,相关系数为-0.99~0.97。【结论】南部山区在梯田、台塬上种植苜蓿,对于蓟马控制具有地形优势;蓟马在跨越高低起伏的地形上,必须依靠一定的气象条件才能顺利转移;但生境破碎化,容易造成蓟马爆发成灾。

济南南部山区土地利用/覆被变化对碳储量的影响研究

以黄河下游生态脆弱区-济南南部山区为研究对象,基于区域1980~2020年6期土地利用/覆被数据,结合InVEST模型(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs model),分析区域土地利用/覆被和碳储量的时空分布特征和动态变化规律,研究土地利用/覆被变化对陆地生态系统碳储量的影响.结果表明,土地利用/覆被变化对碳储量的影响较为显著,1980~2005年土地利用变化较小,人类活动影响较小,由于林草地碳储量的累积,碳储量增长速度明显高于其他时期;2005~2010年城市扩张速度最快,城乡建设用地大量侵占耕地、林地和草地,使区域固碳能力明显下降;2010~2020年,由于城市化扩张限制以及植树造林等生态保护措施的实施,区域碳储量逐渐呈增长趋势;1980~2020年济南南部山区的总碳储量呈“增长-下降-增长”的趋势;并且林地是济南南部山区碳储量的主要供给者,区域碳储量值随着远离城乡居民生活中心的距离增大而增大,说明人类活动对区域碳储量有重要的影响.另外,土地利用类型的转移引起地类碳密度的变化,是区域碳储量变化的主要影响因素,土地利用类型的碳储量变化与各地类的面积变化有一定的关系.该成果可为生态脆弱区塑造良好的陆地碳汇格局提供理论依据.

近40年济南南部山区土地利用/覆被的变化特征及影响因素研究

基于济南南部山区1980、1995、2005、2010、2015、2020年6期土地利用/覆被数据,结合土地利用/覆被变化的转移矩阵、单一动态度和综合动态度等指标,研究近40年济南南部山区土地利用/覆被的时空演变特征,采用主成分分析法,探究了研究区土地利用变化的影响因素。结果表明:南部山区的主要土地利用类型为耕地、林地和草地,其占比为90%左右,林地、草地主要分布在上游河源区及海拔较大的中部地区,城乡用地及耕地主要分布在河流两岸及下游地区;1980—2010年,由于经济社会发展以及城市扩张,耕地逐渐减少,林地、草地、水域有略微的减少,且基本转化为城乡用地,城乡用地逐渐从下游向上游河源地区扩展,其中,2005—2010年各土地利用类型变化最为剧烈,其综合动态度为0.49%;2010年以来,南部山区禁止一切与水源保护、生态保护无关的建设活动。2010—2015年,只有水域面积存在明显变化。2015—2020年各土地利用类型基本保持稳定,城市扩张速度得到了减缓。经济社会发展是引起城市快速扩张的重要原因,积极的保护政策有利于南部山区生态格局的优化和生态环境改善。

高质量发展视角下黄河流域国土空间分区规划策略与实践——以济南市南部山区为例

从高质量发展视角切入,分析国土空间分区规划的发展历程及目标定位,针对国土空间要素多元化、空间协同化等特征,提出系统集成的规划理念,以及生态保护、文化复兴、产业提质、城乡友好“四位一体”的规划策略和切实可行的规划实施路径。以济南市南部山区国土空间分区规划为例,分析高质量发展背景下区域面临的瓶颈,指出编制南部山区国土空间分区规划的迫切性,并紧扣地域资源特征与存在问题,探索建立要素集成、融合高质量发展的规划策略,旨在对同类地区的规划工作有所启示。

皖南山区不同类型森林土壤阳离子交换性能差异

为了解皖南山区不同类型森林土壤阳离子交换性能差异,为该区合理营林提供参考,选取皖南山区6种不同类型森林土壤(杉木林、马尾松林、栓皮栎林、外松林、天然阔叶林和杉木-栓皮栎混交林)为研究对象,比较森林土壤阳离子交换性能的差异。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤呈强酸性,土壤有机质含量为33.84~91.50 g·kg^(-1),总氮含量为0.94~3.37 g·kg^(-1),碱解氮含量为131.58~203.62 mg·kg^(-1),总磷含量为0.22~0.77 g·kg^(-1),有效磷含量为0.17~0.32 mg·kg^(-1);土壤主要缺乏速效磷养分。(2)阳离子交换量在8.09~12.57 cmol·kg^(-1)之间,排序为:天然阔叶林>外松林>马尾松林>混交林>杉木林>栓皮栎林,不同森林土壤间阳离子交换量的差异主要由其土壤有机质的差异引起。(3)交换性盐基总量在1.74~2.72 cmol·kg^(-1)g之间,排序为:马尾松林>外松林>杉木林>栓皮栎林>混交林>天然阔叶林,Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+)是主要的盐基离子,是成土过程中Ca、Mg优先固持形成的。(4)盐基饱和度在13.97%~28.98%之间,排序为:马尾松林>杉木林>栓皮栎林>外松林>混交林>天然阔叶林,该差异是由淋溶作用和树木对盐基离子的吸收共同作用形成的差异。综上,研究区土壤保肥和缓冲性能较低且供肥能力较差,尤其是土壤速效磷供应能力差。其中松林的供肥保肥能力及缓冲性能明显优于其他树种森林,混交林的速效养分含量更高,故可通过营造松类混交林以及施肥来提高森林土壤供肥保肥能力和缓冲性能。

皖南山区洞栖性蝙蝠的本底资源现状调查

2022年6—8月,基于竖琴网、雾网、抄网等工具,对安徽省皖南山区洞栖型翼手目(Chiroptera)多样性进行了调查。调查中共发现翼手目动物4科4属17种,其中,菊头蝠科(Rhinolophidae)1属8种,占比47.05%;蹄蝠科(Hipposideridae)1属2种,占比11.76%;蝙蝠科(Vespertilionidae)1属6种占比35.29%;长翼蝠科(Miniopteridae)1属1种,占比5.88%。从动物区系来看,东洋型共有12种,占比70.59%,南中国型(1种)和季风型(4种)较少。结果显示皖南山区在安徽省洞栖蝙蝠物种丰富度方面,具有较高的多样性水平。此外,在调查的基础上,对皖南山区洞穴型蝙蝠的濒危等级、保护现状、区系特点进行了概述。本次调查能够为安徽省后期开展的翼手目动物资源调查与监测工作提供科学依据。

基于生态水文变异特征的济南南部山区河流生态需水研究

[目的]开展基于生态水文变异特征的山东省济南市南部山区河流生态需水研究,为区域水资源综合管理和生态保护,加强黄河流域生态保护,促进黄河流域可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法]收集1979—2021年黄河下游济南南部山区的崮山站(北大沙河)和卧虎山站(玉符河)的径流量数据,采用累积距平法,Mann-Kendall(M-K)检验法,滑动T检验法,双累积曲线法多种统计分析方法,分析径流突变点;结合IHA-RVA法,研究济南南部山区河流径流变异特征和生态需水;通过分析河流生态需水满足度,研究区域生态水文和生态需水变异的主要影响因素,提出济南南部山区生态需水的保障措施。[结果]北大沙河和玉符河的径流量突变点为1996年,整体水文改变度分别为72.75%和69.42%,均属高度改变;北大沙河和玉符河的年生态需水分别为1.47×10^(6),1.81×10^(6) m^(3)。总体上,北大沙河月生态需水满足度平均为32.35%,玉符河月生态需水满足度平均为60.42%。[结论]济南南部山区在突变前后水文变异较大,总体的生态需水满足度整体偏低,可从河流生态调度和提高水资源利用效率方面加强河流生态需水保障。

浙南山地血缘型传统村落空间形态表征研究--以温州泰顺四村为例

快速城镇化背景下浙南山地血缘型传统村落的空间形态遭到持续性破坏。以浙江省温州市泰顺县库村、百福岩村、溪东村、桥西村为研究对象,立足自然环境要素和社会关系要素,定性和定量相结合研究方法,解读村落二维空间、亲水空间、交往空间和宗族空间的形态特征。

宁夏南部山区植被覆盖度变化及其地形因子相关性分析

以宁夏南部山区为研究区,基于Landsat影像,运用改进的像元二分模型估算1996、2008和2018年3个时相的植被覆盖度,用数字高程模型提取坡度、坡向等地形因子,分析研究区植被覆盖度的变化以及与地形因子的相关性。结果表明:研究期间,研究区植被覆盖度呈现显著增加,尤以高植被覆盖度为甚。总体来看,高程在2400 m以下的植被覆盖度随高程增加呈现上升趋势;随坡度增加,植被覆盖度呈现上升趋势;1996和2018年2个年份的植被覆盖度在各坡向差异不大,但是2008年植被覆盖度有较明显的差异,变化趋势为阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡。

不同土壤菌配置对赣南山区土壤酶活性及微生物数量的影响

随着我国经济建设的不断发展,工程施工后期的迹地恢复是保护环境、维护生态平衡的重要环节。为解决这一问题,采用土壤菌配置加客土喷播技术进行迹地恢复,将不同的土壤菌配置(DL1+DL2、DL1+DL3、DL2+DL3、DL1+DL2+DL3)加入喷播基质中并通过喷播的方式铺设到赣南山区边坡。针对赣南山区边坡后期迹地恢复问题,提出最优的土壤菌配置模式。结果表明,土壤菌的施用,促进土壤微生物活动,加速土壤中的生化反应,加入土壤菌能显著提高赣南山区边坡土壤的过氧化氢酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、中性磷酸酶活性和纤维素酶活性,能显著提高土壤中真菌、细菌、放线菌以及微生物的总数量,其中土壤菌DL1+DL2配置模式下对提高赣南山区土壤酶活性以及微生物数量效果最明显。

武威南部浅山区马铃薯新品种比较试验初报

马铃薯生产中存在品种多、乱、杂的问题,是目前制约武威地区马铃薯产业发展的主要原因。为筛选出适宜武威南部马铃薯主产区种植的优质高产抗病马铃薯品种,解决武威地区马铃薯品种退化、抗病性减弱、产量低等问题,对引进的11个马铃薯新品种在武威南部浅山区进行了品种比较试验。结果表明,中晚熟马铃薯品种青薯9号和中熟马铃薯品种希森6号具有良好的适应性、丰产性和较好的抗病性,折合产量分别为61239.0、55861.5 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种陇薯10号分别增产21.91%、11.20%,可以作为当地主栽品种陇薯10号的替代品种在武威市南部浅山区马铃薯主产区推广。

南方山区公路路面病害治理研究

国省道是打通山区地区发展脉络实现我国高质量发展战略的重要部分。文章通过查阅国内外文献,了解当前国省道养护管理现状及问题,对南方山区国省道公路的类型和常见病害进行了梳理,并基于此提出了提高国省道养护管理质量的对策。