A Study on the“Social Behavior”of Zen Poetry Culture:A Case Study of the Sui and Tang Dynasties

During the Sui and Tang dynasties,Buddhism and Zen poetry underwent great development.Zen poetry is diverse in form,strong in personality,and high in achievement.Among the types of Zen poetry are poems,lyrics,and prose,some of which have social attributes closely related to the development of Chinese Buddhism.An analysis reveals that the viewpoints and information conveyed in these poems,lyrics,and prose are positively correlated with the attitudes of the emperors towards Buddhism.When the attitude of the emperor towards Buddhism reached its peak of positivity during the Tang dynasty,there was a change towards a negative correlation with the viewpoints expressed in poetry.

The Evolution Characteristics of Spatial Layout of Ancient Chinese Capitals: A Case Study of Sui,Tang and Northern Song Dynasties With Important Changes in the Historical Development of Feudal Society

Imperial city and outer city are the most important differentiation of the spatial structure of ancient Chinese capitals.The relationship between city and Guo changed from the original spatial structure mode of "respecting the west" and "sitting in the west and facing the east" to the spatial structure mode of "sitting in the north and facing the south" and the three outer cities in the east,south and west surrounding the imperial city after the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties,and gradually changed from the original "multi palace" system to the "single palace" system.Finally,a "heavy city" capital spatial structure with the outer city around the imperial city and the imperial city around the palace city,and the central axis of the chessboard format was formed.During the Tang and Song Dynasties,it was a period of great change in the history of feudal society in China.Through the investigation of the evolution characteristics of the spatial form of capital cities in the Tang and Song Dynasties,the track of the transformation of social ideology,political system,economic structure and many other fields in the Tang and Song Dynasties was made clear.

Relationship between the temporal-spatial distribution of archaeological sites and natural environment from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area

The temporal-spatial distribution features including time distribution,horizontal and vertical spatial distribution of archaeological sites from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area are analyzed based on GIS spatial analysis.The successive pollen record of deposited peat stratum since the Paleolithic Age in the Dajiuhu Basin of Shennongjia is used in combination with the research of the historical environmental evolution to reconstruct the Paleoenvironment in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area.Through the comparison of the temporal-spatial distribution of the archaeological sites and the natural environment,the relation between the distribution of the archaeological sites and the natural environment evolution and disaster changes from the Neolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties has been discussed.Study shows that 677 archaeological sites from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area increase gradually from west to east and from high land to low land.Most of the sites are distributed along the river and aggregated at the confluence.Obviously,the altitudes of archaeological sites in the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age are much higher than those of historical sites.The analysis suggests:(1)the human beings of every times would like to choose the first or the second river terrace as living sites which are nearer to the water source and are easier to with- stand flood.The pre-historical sites of earlier ages are often located at the higher altitude place because of the tectonic uplift and downcutting of rivers since Holocene.(2)Due to the rugged terrain in Chongqing area,most of the sites are located along the river sides,for example,the wide river valley and terrace,which could provide wider living space caused by the lateral erosion and deposition of the river course.(3)The early residents mainly relied on fishing,hunting and agriculture,and the rugged terrain of the mountainous area restricted the development of farming.However,in the confluence region,the fertilized plain provided an ideal location for farming and fishing.(4)The temporal-spatial distribution of archeological sites in this area is significantly affected by the climate condition.

The Influence of Thesis Writing of Imperial Examinations on Prose in Tang and Song Dynasty

The imperial examination system not only has profound influence on prose development in Tang and Song Dynasty, but also has an important influence on the whole Tang and Song Dynasty and even the later literature and cultural development. In the feudal autocratic rule, any system implemented by the state will have an important influence on all aspects of the whole society~ especially it is related with the imperial examination system of education and talents. Once it becomes a ＂basic national policy＂ , the role in social development is incalculable. This paper takes the relationship between imperial examination system and Tang and Song prose development as the breakthrough point, analyzing the influence of thesis writing of imperial examination on the prose in Tang and Song Dynasty and ＂Eight great men in Tang and Song Dynasty＂ .

隋及唐初敦煌艺术对外来影响的吸收与创新

敦煌隋代彩塑受到印度笈多艺术风格的影响,及至唐代,彩塑已形成了中国式的表现手法与风格,既保持了雕塑的写实性,又体现出气韵生动的精神。壁画也同样,隋至唐初的人物造型中,常常出现典型的印度风格晕染法,比起北朝壁画更接近印度绘画的特点,表明当时确有一部分画家擅长画外来风格。但随着唐前期艺术的发展,画家们对外来晕染法不断改造,使之与传统的线描进行了完美的结合。从壁画的装饰图案中,我们也可看到对外来艺术的改造,如隋至唐初流行的联珠纹、石榴纹、葡萄纹等纹样在不断地被吸收改造,最后都融入了形态更为丰富的卷草纹中。

Bianjing Spectacle: Soundscapes of Bianjing and Identities in Song Dynasty Literature

By closely examining the literary works of the Song Dynasty,such as prose,poetry,rhyme-prose,lyrics,notes,and miscellaneous theses,this paper combines historical and literary evidence to rediscover the 13 types of soundscapes and their corresponding spaces in the Bianjing City,the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty,and it reveals the causes and historical-cultural significance of these soundscapes.Focusing on the key issues of soundscapes,this paper analyzes the sound spaces,identities,discourses,and literary achievements depicted in the writings about Bianjing.It argues that the“Bianjing Spectacle”of vendors’cries described by the Southern Song people can be used as a summary of the soundscape characteristics of Bianjing.Furthermore,it interprets the special silence,crying,and the absence of the sounds of production from an aesthetic perspective.By rediscovering,analyzing,and interpreting the soundscapes of Bianjing,this paper reveals significant differences between the Tang and Song dynasties at the sound level and differentiates various“auditory communities.”It thereby demonstrates the portrayal of Bianjing in Song literature,addresses theoretical hot topics in literature and geography,and builds on Marx’s arguments to propose that a thorough understanding of history,the world,and ourselves requires an in depth study of the soundscapes in literature.

收入分配视角下唐宋之际两税法的制度变迁及启示

两税法改革开启了“以资产为宗”的新格局,其税制层面的公平性较“以人丁为本”的租庸调制有了明显改进,但政策实践中的赋税不均问题却依然突出。与此同时,“田制不立”和“不抑兼并”成为新的政策取向:一方面,土地交易更加活跃,土地占有趋于集中,富民阶层崛起;另一方面,租佃关系愈加发达,人身依附关系松弛,农民获得更多自由,在一定程度上促进了社会生产力的提高和农商经济的繁荣。当然,富民阶层存在着逃避赋税的强烈动机,而获得更多自由的农民在生产生活上也面临更大的风险。所以,国家需要采取土地清丈和建立以贫民下户为重点的因灾减免救济制度等措施来解决赋税不均问题。历史经验表明,在一定条件下,完备的产权保护制度与税收发挥调节收入分配作用是可以相兼容的,关键在于保护民众发展生产和创造财富的积极性的同时,采取有力措施来维护和落实税收公平原则。

唐代歌录考辨

唐人作有不少歌录,两《唐书》未录唐人歌录的原因是缘于其追求雅正的修史标准,这从其对唐代燕射歌录和燕射歌辞的有意舍弃就已清晰反映。而这样的收录原则也直接影响到了后世歌录的编撰,如郭茂倩在编撰《乐府诗集》时就在燕射歌辞一类中对唐代燕射歌辞一首未录,而将其大量归入专收隋唐以来杂曲的近代曲辞。唐代歌录的留存样态较为复杂,唐人有时会把歌录叫作乐录,而有些收录歌辞的诗集却又不以歌录命名,有些名为乐府的典籍虽然也载录了一些唐人乐府诗,但又不一定是唐代歌录。

西夏与唐宋盗窃法比较研究——兼谈西夏对中华法系的继承与发展

“盗窃”是中国最古老的犯罪之一,历代皆有严格法律予以规制,以期维护社会稳定。文章对比研究了《天盛改旧新定律令》《亥年新法》《唐律疏议》《宋刑统》及《庆元条法事类》中关于盗窃罪的条文,发现这些法典均设置了亲属内外有别、宽宥弱者、严惩官盗僧窃以及团伙共谋作案等主体处置措施,涵盖了牲畜、人员、佛神祀物以及官府文书等盗窃对象,量刑上均依据慎刑恤刑、告赏、邻里互助以及重盗重罚等原则。同时,西夏法典融入了大量具有党项民族特色的法律元素,完善了群盗、重盗等制度。概言之,西夏法典在充分吸收中原王朝立法精髓的同时,结合本民族社会经济状况以及司法实践的需要进行了创制和发展,在中华法制史上极具特殊地位。

论唐宋之际的贡奉

唐代中期出现具有赋税性质的进奉,贡奉之弊由此而生,这一现象反映了唐宋之际君臣关系及中央与地方关系。五代承唐末藩镇割据之余绪,尽管朝廷致力于藩镇州县化,但实际上地方与中央财政关系仍然遗留藩镇特征。以后梁时期“四镇”、魏博、镇、定来看五代财政中央集权路径:朱温据有“四镇”,易代后直接州县化,属易代型;魏博依附朱温,通过集权和武力手段州县化,为依附型;镇、定是以武力征服州县化的,属贡献型。以上州县化路径不同,大体反映出五代财政中央集权的基本情形。而五代藩镇州县化形成了上供和贡奉互济的中央财政模式,加强了中央集权,但同时也遗留下不同程度的藩镇性,这表明五代并没有解决唐末遗留的历史问题。宋初成功地革除贡奉之弊,走出唐末五代历史的“逆向”,重建中央集权,开辟了一个新的王朝时代。

唐宋城市转型进程中城乡“围城效应”的文学书写

唐宋城市转型进程中城乡政治、经济、文化多层面分化促使生活于两大空间的人们在生存发展的价值判断、取舍基础上,出现了城乡“围城效应”,促成了城乡空间双向奔赴的文学书写。由乡向城奔赴的文学书写包括学而优入城的政治性和文化性流动、富而入城与入城而富的商业性流动、村民入城的生活性空间位移,由城向乡奔赴的文学书写包括文人归田梦的精神性奔赴、衣锦还乡的炫耀性奔赴、归园田居的生活性和精神性双重奔赴。唐宋城市转型释放了城市发展的活力,使得城市在物质经济、社会文化等方面相对于乡村的优越性渐趋加强。城乡关系逐渐失衡也带来城乡“围城效应”的失衡,文学书写中相应地隐含了对城乡文化差异的认同。所以,城乡“围城效应”不仅是物理空间上的双向奔赴,更是城乡在政治地位、经济方式、文化功能等深层次博弈的反映。

魏晋南北朝至隋唐时期亡佚字书研究综述

魏晋南北朝至隋唐时期的字书,大部分已亡佚,但其佚文材料十分宝贵,一些学者对此展开研究且成果丰厚。所指亡佚字书为有辑本的古佚字书(以龙璋《小学搜逸》为基础),对其研究成果进行搜集整理,从辑佚类与研究类两方面展开论述:辑佚类主要包括清人辑本、今人辑本和域外辑本三类;研究类主要以20世纪80年代以来的期刊、硕博论文为研究对象,将研究成果分为字书专书研究、古文献引字书研究以及字书对比研究三类。在此基础上分析当前亡佚字书研究现状的不足,并对今后的研究进行展望。

唐宋时期古词语在山西阳城方言中的遗存

山西阳城历史悠久,方言中保留了一些唐宋时期的古词语。其中,有不少词语完全继承下来,没有发生变化;但也有一些词语词形、义位或语法义出现了一些变化。新词形的出现体现了汉语单音词发展为双音词的变化规律以及当地的民俗文化,义位的变化有义位增加以及词义的扩大、缩小、转移等现象,通常是词义引申的结果。

隋唐河东地方家族变迁略探——以襄垣浩喆家族为例

根据近年考古发现及石刻文献探讨北朝至隋唐潞州襄垣浩喆家族的兴衰变迁史,发现目前出土的五方浩喆家族墓志中书写的其先祖及本人官职真伪参半,其中一些较为显赫的官职多为其家族成员为炫耀家族政治地位而编造,他们实际上主要在潞州襄垣本地任职,以州、县僚佐为主,同时也有一些没有实职的版授官。这类官职虽然在中央官僚体系中微不足道,却为其家族在地方上积累了一定的政治资源,使他们成为襄垣地方较有势力的家族。然而其家族在文化方面的素养不高,在九品中正制取消之后,他们无法通过参加科举获得更高的政治地位,其势力范围只能局限于潞州襄垣本地,难有向上发展的机会,导致其家族历史随墓志记载至唐中宗时期戛然而止,在一定程度上说明其家族入唐以后在政治上并未取得突破性发展。虽然有证据表明唐宋时期潞州地区仍有不少浩氏聚居于此,但似乎再未有类似于浩喆家族的地方家族出现。以浩喆家族作为考察对象,从不同视角探讨隋唐废止乡长对地方家族及地方社会的影响,研究结论认为隋唐乡里制度的改变导致地方家族难以有上升空间,地方社会也因此在政治方面表现得更具限制性、封闭性,这是造成中晚唐藩镇割据局面出现的根源之一。

唐宋时期五台山文殊道场中的龙神信仰——兼论唐宋中印文化交流

唐宋时期,作为文殊道场的五台山,龙神信仰十分兴盛。山中有大量有关龙的灵迹,龙的形象较为丰满,职能也较为强大。五台山文殊菩萨与龙神的关系既表现为镇压与被镇压之对抗性,又表现为代表与被代表之可调和性。二者之间的关系集中反映了唐宋时期印度文化与中国文化之间的交融与互动。异质文化间的双向交流,最终形成独具特色的五台山区域文化。

中原黄河漕路与秦汉隋唐帝国

中原黄河漕路是以现在郑州桃花峪以西至三门峡灵宝段的黄河河道为主干的漕粮运输通道,由灵宝至三门峡段、三门峡至孟津段、孟津至郑州桃花峪段等数段构成,敖仓、荥阳故城等地是中原黄河漕路上的关键节点。作为关中与关东之间唯一有效的运输渠道,其畅通与否和秦汉隋唐帝国的国运兴衰息息相关。在秦、汉、隋大一统的过程中,中原黄河漕路有着重要的战略地位。桃花峪以西的中原黄河漕路转输军粮物资之便,帮助秦人在兼并统一战争中占得先机;而关中以东中原黄河漕路的畅通及其对敖仓之粟的控制,几乎成为刘邦战胜项羽的决定性因素。汉代时,经由中原黄河漕路转输的漕粮数额一直呈现攀升之势,最高在元封年间达六百万石,约为当今的18万吨。隋帝国借助中原黄河漕路控制了当时东亚大陆上最富庶的区域,更是以郑州桃花峪西至三门峡灵宝段黄河漕路为主轴,西引渭水,东连黄河下游与后来的隋唐大运河通济、永济两渠,构建了南至淮水、北达海河流域的水上交通运输系统。唐代关中长安对中原黄河漕路的依赖则超过了汉、隋,经由中原黄河漕路西输至关中长安的漕粮数量与规模随着唐帝国国运盛衰而不断起伏变化,可以说中原黄河漕路畅通、漕运制度不断完善,唐帝国蒸蒸日上;中原黄河漕路断绝,唐王朝政权亦随之衰亡。因此,中原黄河漕路足以称为秦汉隋唐帝国的生命线。

从引《诗》看唐宋《诗》学的转型——以两《唐书》与《宋史》为例

作为唐宋儒学转型的重要一环,唐宋《诗》学转型之内在理路与真实面貌可由正史引《诗》得以彰显。在文本层面上,两《唐书》与《宋史》引《诗》对汉代以来的引《诗》规范进行了不同程度的打破与理论批判,彰显了经学式微背景下经典权威性的动摇。在取义层面上,两《唐书》引《诗》与新《春秋》学相结合,在日常运用与学术研究两个向度上体现了唐代《诗》学对春秋《诗》学的复归,并与“诗史”观念的产生相联系,显示了唐代《诗》学从注重礼乐教化的外学逐步转向探索儒家精义的内学。在此基础上,宋人进一步从理论上提取“圣人之意”作为统贯群经之本源,并在具体的《诗》学方法层面将春秋用《诗》之法与孔、孟《诗》学相结合,昭示了宋代《诗》学子学化承传与确立的轨迹。

威灵与恶力:唐宋精怪世界中红赤系色彩的文化意象考论

红赤系色彩是唐宋志怪文学中刻画精怪形象的重要手段。文化象征源于火焰的红赤系色彩与鲜血的文化意象相叠加,衍生出两元文化象征:一方面红赤色成为唐宋精怪世界中位高而权重、辟邪与降福的威灵象征;另一方面红赤色在唐宋精怪世界中也具有灾异与不祥、邪祟与厄运的恶力象征。这种两元文化象征属性,使红赤色精怪成为唐宋志怪文学中的重要主体。

英法藏唐宋敦煌遗画地藏菩萨袈裟纹样研究

地藏信仰在汉地兴起后,其造像形式逐渐脱离印度佛教原典,并在唐宋时期进一步中原化。在该时期敦煌藏经洞出土的遗画中,绘有大量地藏菩萨图像,其所穿着的袈裟纹样丰富,色彩绮丽,极具研究价值。本文针对目前刊录的英法藏唐宋时期敦煌遗画,以穿着绘有袈裟纹样的地藏菩萨为研究对象,对其内层袈裟、外层袈裟所绘袈裟纹样进行梳理,分为两类:袈裟沿用的常见纹样,如贴金菱形纹、同心圆联珠纹、团花纹;袈裟专属纹样,如云水纹与线迹纹。同时,对比同时期敦煌石窟中佛陀、弟子及地藏像所穿着袈裟的纹样,结合传世袈裟实物与出土的唐宋时期纺织品,从纹样内容、布局、工艺、色彩等方面进行分析,总结纹样分布及变化规律,可以一窥唐宋时期地藏信仰流变对其袈裟纹样的影响,并形成互证。