An Analysis of Specific Categories of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities for Children of Participants of the Air Force Health Study

Background: The Air Force Health Study collected reproductive outcomes for live-born children of male Air Force veterans of the Vietnam War. Methods: Dioxin values for participants were obtained from blood samples. Analyses were conducted of occurrence of 16 specific categories of birth defects and developmental disabilities. Children were categorized as conceived before and after the start of participants’ Vietnam War service. Children conceived before the start of Vietnam War service were treated as being conceived when their fathers had unquantifiable dioxin values. Children conceived after the start of Vietnam War service for participants with missing dioxin values were excluded from primary analyses, but were used to assess the impact of their exclusion on conclusions. Correlation between values for specific categories for multiple children fathered by the same participant was accounted for. The dose-response relationship was treated as a step function increasing for dioxin values larger than adaptively identified individual thresholds changing with the specific category. Results: For 15 of 16 specific categories, the probability of occurrence increased substantially for a sufficiently high dioxin level above identified thresholds. Exclusion of children due to missing dioxin likely did not affect these results. Conclusions: Results supported the conclusion of substantial adverse effects on a wide variety of specific categories of birth defects and developmental disabilities due to sufficiently high exposures to dioxin, a toxic contaminant of Agent Orange used for herbicide spraying in the Vietnam War. Results may hold more generally, but might also have been affected by a variety of limitations.

隐世高手：AIR ALPHA FORCE Ⅱ

1989年，关于鞋我们还记得什么？是横扫天下的AIR JORDANⅢ？还是影响后世多年的AIRFLIGHT897在我的记忆里，还有“查尔斯爵士”和他脚上的AIR ALPHA FORCEⅡ。

Numerical Analysis of Magnetic Force of Dry-Type Air-Core Reactor

This paper presents a coupled magnetic-circuit method for computing the magnetic force of air-core reactor under short-time current. The current and the magnetic flux density are computed first and then the magnetic force is obtained. Thus, the dynamic stability performance of air-core reactor can be analyzed at the design stage to reduce experimental cost and shorten the lead-time of product development.

AIR FORCE1不完全手册VOL.1

恰逢AIR FORCE1 25周年之际，鞋帮带您回顾25年间AIR FORCE1的点点滴滴。在这里，汇集了数百双25年来的经典鞋款，在今后的三期里，我们将会为您悉数呈现。

DJ之爱SERATO AIR FORCE 1 PACK

NIKE AIR FORCE 1是NIKE各种鞋类中拥有最大专营模式的系列。从纽约到北京，AIR FORCE 1都是在街头巷尾最热门的鞋款。AIR FORCE 1是以篮球鞋来体现街头HIP HOP精神的典范。在这25年中，有超过1700双不同版本的AIR FORCE 1被制造出来．而AF1的大型庆祝活动将贯穿2007年的春夏秋冬。就在2007年逐步走到年底的时候．NIKE再次重拳出击。推出了SERATO AIR FORCE 1PACK。

Forced Compressed Air Cooling System for a 300 MW Steam Turbine in Waigaoqiao Power Plant

The 300 MW steam turbine installed in Waigaoqiao Power Plant with combined HPIP cylinders of double casing structure is a product of the Shanghai Turbine Works utilizing licensed technology. It has a large heat storage capacity and good thermal insulation, so the metal temperature of first stage of HP cylinder (FSMTI) may reach 400-450℃ after shut down and it takes 7-8 days to cool to 150℃ by natural cooling, Now with a forced cooling system the cooling time may be reduced to 40 hours, so that the turbine may be opened for repair work in about 5-6 days. The cooling system for #2 unit and test procedure are briefly described below.

雪域图腾Air Force 1“獒”

世界之巅珠穆朗玛峰所在的喜马拉雅山脉, 是世界上最后几片不为人知的神秘地带,在一片雪域之中,隐藏着这样与那样令人好奇的事物。在喜马拉雅山脚,便隐藏着一种神奇的动物: 藏獒。藏獒之大之雄伟,或许只能够用“野兽”这两个字来形容。藏獒从出生开始也就是它们战斗的开始,一窝小藏獒最终存活的只能是那只最强的。也正是因为这种伴随藏獒一辈子的战斗精神,

查尔斯爵士的最高荣誉——AIR FORCE 1 CB系列全线出击

颠覆了篮球界的清规戒律，造就了自己独一无二的风格，可谓是“前无古人，后无来者”，这就是查尔斯·巴克利（CHARLES BARKLEY）——FORCE产品的头号代言人。从阿拉巴马州利兹高中一名篮球小卒的不俗表现开始，到他在费城和休斯顿等地的职业篮球生涯，直至他荣升为一名奥运会篮球赛美国梦之队选手，这名独特的球星改写了他的体育运动篇章，为篮球运动带来了空前的繁荣。

Adhesion forces for water/oil droplet and bubble on coking coal surfaces with different roughness

Surface roughness plays a significant role in floatability of coal.In the present paper,coking coal surface was polished by three different sandpapers and the surface properties were characterized by contact angle and roughness measurements.The effect of surface roughness on floatability was investigated by adhesion force measurement system for measuring interaction forces between droplets/bubbles and coking coal surfaces with different roughness.The results showed that the contact angle decreased with increasing roughness yet the adhesion force between the water droplet and coal surface increased owing to the increased contact line and the appearance of line pinning.Maximum adhesion forces between water and surfaces were 111.70,125.48,and 136.42μN when the roughness was 0.23,0.98,and 2.79 μm,respectively.In contrast,under a liquid environment,the adhesion forces between air bubble/oil droplet and coal surfaces were decreased with increasing roughness because of the restriction by water.Maximum adhesion forces of increasing roughness were 97.14,42.76,and 17.86 μN measured at interfaces between air bubble and coal surfaces and 169.48,145.84,and 121.02 lN between oil droplet and surfaces,respectively.Decreasing roughness could be beneficial to the spreading of oil droplets and the adhesion of bubbles which is conducive to flotation separation.

Assessment of aerosol effective radiative forcing and surface air temperature response over eastern China in CMIP5 models

The effective radiative forcing （ERF） and associated surface air temperature change over eastern China are estimated using multi-model results from CMIP5 （Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5）. The model results show that, relative to 1850, the multi-model and annual mean aerosol ERF for the year 2005 is -4.14 W m^-2 at the top of the atmosphere over eastern China （20°-45°N, 105°-122.5°E）. As a result of this ERF, the multi-model and annual mean surface air temperature change in eastern China during 1850-2005 is -1.05℃, leading to a climate sensitivity of 0.24℃/ （Wm^-2） in this region.

Expiratory Flow Limitation and Its Relation to Dyspnea and Lung Hyperinflation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Analysis Using the Forced Expiratory Flow-Volume Curve and Critique

Background: Tidal expiratory flow limitation (tEFL) is defined as absence of increase in air flow during forced expiration compared to tidal breathing and is related to dyspnea at rest and minimal exertion in patients with chronic airflow limitation (CAL). Tidal EFL has not been expressed as a continuous variable (0% - 100%) in previous analyses. Objective: To relate the magnitude of tEFL to spirometric values and Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) score and Asthma Control Test (ACT). Methods: Tidal EFL was computed as percent of the tidal volume (0% - 100%) spanned (intersected) by the forced expiratory-volume curve. Results: Of 353 patients screened, 192 (114 M, 78 F) patients (136 with COPD, 56 with asthma) had CAL. Overall characteristics: (mean ± SD) age 59 ± 11 years, BMI 28 ± 7, FVC (% pred) 85 ± 20, FEV1 (% pred) 66 ± 21, FEV1/FVC 55% ± 10%, RV (% pred) 147 ± 42. Tidal EFL in patients with tEFL was 53% ± 39%. Using univariate analysis, strongest correlations were between tEFL and FVC and between tEFL and RV in patients with BMI < 30 kg/m2. In patients with nonreversible CAL, tEFL was positively associated with increasing MMRC, negatively with spirometric measurements, and positively with RV/TLC. In asthmatics, ACT scores were higher in patients with mean BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 (p < 0.00014) and RV/TLC values > 40% (p < 0.03). Conclusions: Dyspnea is strongly associated with tEFL and lung function, particularly in patients with nonreversible CAL. Air trapping and BMI contribute to tEFL.

不同果径苹果差压预冷性能模拟与分析

目的:分析相同包装箱下不同果径苹果对差压预冷的影响。方法:基于球形类比模型和传热理论,使用CFD非稳态SST k-ω湍流模型,对不同送风风速、温度、包装箱开孔大小、果径苹果的差压预冷情况进行数值模拟,选取3种不同工况条件进行准确性验证。结果:送风温度越低、风速越快、苹果果径越小,冷却速度越快;送风温度越高、风速越快、开孔越大预冷均匀性越好。综合正交试验结果对比来看,果径大小对差压预冷的影响显著。结论:苹果果径对预冷的冷却速率和均匀度影响程度最大,需要针对不同果径苹果采取合理的包装方式和码放方式。

机车充风能力对重载列车缓解性能及车钩力影响研究

机车充气与排气性能是列车制动系统重要指标,目前机车制动系统验收指标仅对排气性能有明确要求,对充气性能无要求。机车供风能力不仅影响重载列车缓解特性和车钩力,而且严重制约重载列车在循环制动中的操纵方法。了解机车充气能力对缓解特性和车钩力的影响规律,以及重载列车安全运行和制动系统设计具有重要意义。通过建立列车空气制动系统仿真模型,分析机车充风能力对重载列车缓解特性和车钩力的影响。分析发现,机车充风能力对列车再充风时间、缓解波传播和车钩力都有明显影响;充风能力越弱,则缓解波传递越慢,车钩力越大。在本文研究范围内,合适的充气能力将比弱充风能力首尾车缓解时间差缩短3 s,最大车钩力降低16.2%。建议机车验收时增加机车充风能力检测,并给出了建议检测标准。针对重载列车充风能力,建议多部门联合系统性开展实验与仿真研究,制订重载列车制动系统检测标准与方法。

气隙静偏心故障对永磁风力发电机定子绕组振动的影响

端部绕组振动是导致绝缘磨损和退化的关键因素之一,综合分析永磁风力发电机气隙静偏心故障前后定子端部绕组的振动特性。首先,推导正常情况和气隙静偏心故障下的气隙磁通密度,得到端部绕组的电磁力表达式;然后,基于电磁-结构耦合模型,得出绕组电磁力、应力应变等力学响应特性;最后,实测3 kW故障模拟发电机在正常和气隙静偏心故障情况下的定子绕组振动响应。实验结果与理论分析、有限元计算结果基本吻合。结果表明:气隙磁通密度随偏心程度的增加而增大(气隙减小处),随偏心故障加剧端部绕组电磁力/振动增大,绕组电磁力/振动以偶倍频为主。另外,直线段绕组和端部绕组的连接处为振动磨损危险位置。

轮毂电机电动汽车空气悬架阻尼GA-LQR控制研究

针对轮毂电机驱动电动汽车因电机内部不平衡电磁力引起的负面振动加剧等问题,提出一种基于遗传算法的线性二次型调节器(GA-LQR)的空气悬架阻尼控制方法。建立包含轮毂电机和空气悬架系统的轮毂电机驱动电动汽车8自由度半车动力学模型,并进行实车试验验证模型;仿真分析路面激励和不平衡电磁力两者对电动汽车垂向振动的影响;根据最优控制理论提出LQR控制策略,并通过遗传算法对LQR控制中的加权矩阵Q和R进行全局搜索优化,构建了GA-LQR阻尼控制器。仿真结果表明:相较于被动悬架和LQR控制的空气悬架,基于GA-LQR控制的空气悬架对电动汽车各评价指标的改善效果明显,可有效抑制轮毂电机因偏心引起的不良振动,极大地提高车辆的乘坐舒适性。

气浮空气循环机密封轴向气动力研究

针对传统空气循环机双侧高速转子端的轴向力理论经验公式精度偏低,数值计算耗时长的问题,建立包含双侧高速转子的窄缝间隙计算域几何模型,并通过试验校核了模型的准确性。对含双侧高速转子的窄缝间隙内部流场进行数值计算,探讨窄缝间隙对轴向气动力的作用规律,并对传统机械轴向气动力的计算公式进行修正,提出适用于气浮ACM轴向气动力计算公式。结果表明:提出的公式在压气机端的最小误差由原来的59%降低到13%,最大误差由原来的261%降低到75%,在涡轮端最小误差由原来的63%降低到2%,最大误差由原来的98%降低到8%,表明修正后轴向气动力公式减小了轴向力的计算误差,因此提出的公式更加适用于气浮空气循环机的轴向气动力计算。

表贴式高速永磁同步电机失磁故障及磁体选区渗重稀土研究

针对表贴式高速永磁同步电机永磁体在受到高温、强退磁磁场等因素影响易产生局部不可逆失磁故障问题,本文基于有限元分析方法,分别建立了一台24 kW表贴式高速永磁同步电机的二维和三维仿真计算模型,在计及该电机在各类不同的退磁因素作用下,确定了电机磁体发生局部不可逆失磁故障的位置,并预测了磁体的进一步失磁扩散趋势。对比了电机在有无失磁故障情况下的空载气隙磁密和反电动势,并研究磁体不可逆失磁故障对电机运行的影响。由于永磁体易在部分区域发生不可逆失磁,故本文将磁体材料更换为较低牌号,并运用选区渗重稀土技术改善易失磁区域材料特性来提升磁体整体抗失磁能力。在此基础上,探究了更为合理的重稀土渗入区域及渗入梯度,从而保证在不失电机性能的前提下,实现了重稀土元素的极限应用,为表贴式永磁电机磁体选区渗重稀土技术提供了参考。

压缩空气储能地下储气库热力学改进模型研究

【目的】明晰地下储气库的热力学过程是压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage,CAES)电站安全设计与运行调度的重要基础。【方法】现有地下储气库热力学模型在计算热量交换时,存在高压储气阶段热损失偏大和低压储气库阶段补热过多的不足。本文在全面分析地下储气库热力学模型理论基础合理性的前提下,先分析储气库热量计算偏差的形成根源;再提出改进模型。【结果】研究结果表明:现有的热力学计算解析模型忽略了CAES地下储气库在运行过程中温度分布的不均匀性,这种温度分布的不均匀导致储气室洞壁与压缩空气之间的对流换热模型失真,导致温度计算结果偏差大。考虑混合对流换热的改进模型二可以较好地解决储气阶段温度计算结果与真实结果之间偏差过大的问题。算例分析证明了改进模型二的合理性。【结论】本文的改进模型二可为CAES地下储气库容积优化设计与效率分析提供计算依据。

风冷干式变压器的热仿真分析及优化

对绕组温升和热点温度的有效预测与分析,是确保干式变压器安全、稳定运行的重要前提。模拟了一台8000 kVA干式变压器在强迫风冷条件下的温度场分布情况,并通过风冷温升试验验证了仿真结果的准确性及可靠性。在此基础上,讨论了模型简化方法和结构优化设计对温升模拟结果的影响规律并进行了误差分析。结果表明,所采用的数值仿真方法能够有效地预测变压器的温度分布规律,可为此类变压器的设计、优化和评估提供参考依据。

采后不同时间压差预冷对水蜜桃货架品质和香气成分的影响

为研究在冷链流通条件下,采后不同时间压差预冷对水蜜桃常温货架品质的影响,以‘早生’水蜜桃为试材,分别将2组水蜜桃在采后3 h和6 h进行压差预冷,然后经5℃运输12 h和5℃配送12 h后,置于25℃下模拟货架贮藏5 d。观察货架期间水蜜桃的品质变化并进行感官评定,测定并分析水蜜桃的失重率、腐烂率、色差值、硬度、脆性、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、抗坏血酸(VC)、总酚含量和香气成分的变化。结果表明:采后6 h预冷对水蜜桃货架品质的影响并不明显,而采后3 h预冷可维持水蜜桃较高的外观品质,显著降低了水蜜桃的腐烂率,抑制了L^(*)值的下降,a^(*)值的升高(P<0.05),维持较高的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、VC和总酚的含量,减缓了果实清香型香气成分含量的下降及花香型和果香型香味成分含量的升高,进而延缓水蜜桃的后熟衰老。因此,在水蜜桃生产中采后宜在3 h内快速进行预冷,可提高水蜜桃的品质,有效延长货架期。