The Derivation of Nutrient Criteria for the Adjacent Waters of Yellow River Estuary in China

Ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River basin are becoming part of the national strategy in recent years.The Yellow River Estuary has been seriously affected by human activities.Especially,it has been severely polluted by the nitrogen and phosphorus from land sources,which have caused serious eutrophication and harmful algal blooms.Nutrient criteria,however,was not developed for the Yellow River Estuary,which hindered nutrient management measures and eutrophication risk assessment in this key ecological function zone of China.Based on field data during 2004-2019,we adopted the frequency distribution method,correlation analysis,Linear Regression Model(LRM),Classification and Regression Tree(CART)and Nonparametric Changepoint Analysis(nCPA)methods to establish the nutrient criteria for the adjacent waters of Yellow River Estuary.The water quality criteria of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN)and soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP)are recommended as 244.0μg L^(−1) and 22.4μg L^(−1),respectively.It is hoped that the results will provide scientific basis for the formulation of nutrient standards in this important estuary of China.

Remote Sensing Retrieval of Surface Suspended Sediment Concentration in the Yellow River Estuary

Accurate assessment of surface suspended sediment concentration （SSSC） in estuary is essential to address several important issues： erosion, water pollution, human health risks, etc. In this study, an empirical cubic retrieval model was developed for the retrieval of SSSC from Yellow River Estuary. Based on sediments and seawater collected from the Yellow River and southeastern Laizhou Bay, SSSC conditions were reproduced in the laboratory at increasing concentrations within a range common to field observations. Continu- ous spectrum measurements of the various SSSCs ranging from 1 to 5700 mg/1 were carried out using an AvaField-3 spectrometer. The results indicated the good correlation between water SSSC and spectral reflectance （Rrs） was obtained in the spectral range of 726-900 nm. At SSSC greater than 2700 mg/L, the 740-900 nm spectral range was less susceptible to the effects of spectral reflectance saturation and more suitable for retrieval of high sediment concentrations. The best correlations were obtained for the reflectance ratio of 820 nm to 490 nm. Informed by the correlation between Rrs and SSSC, a retrieval model was developed （R2 = 0.992）. The novel cubic model, which used the ratio of a near-infrared （NIR） band （740-900 nm） to a visible band （400-600 nm） as factors, provided robust quantifica- tion of high SSSC water samples. Two high SSSC centers, with an order of 103 mg/1, were found in the inversion results around the abandoned Diaokou River mouth, the present Yellow River mouth to the abandoned Qingshuigou River mouth. There was little sedi- ment exchange between the two high SSSC centers due to the directions of the residual currents and vertical mixing.

Effect of water-sediment regulation and its impact on coastline and suspended sediment concentration in Yellow River Estuary

Implementation of the water-sediment regulation(WSR) scheme, mainly focused on solving the sedimentation problems of reservoirs and the lower reaches of the Yellow River, has inevitably influenced the sediment distribution and coastal morphology of the Yellow River Estuary.Using coastline delineation and suspended sediment concentration(SSC) retrieval methods, this study investigated water and sediment changes,identified detailed inter-annual and intra-annual variations of the coastline and SSC in the normal period(NP: 1986-2001, before and after the flood season) and WSR period(WSRP: 2002-2013, before and after WSR). The results indicate that(1) the sedimentation in the low reaches of the Yellow River turned into erosion from 2002 onward;(2) the inter-annual coastline changes could be divided into an accretion stage(1986-1996), a slow erosion stage(1996-2002), and a slow accretion stage(2002-2013);(3) an intra-annual coastline extension occurred in the river mouth in most years of the WSRP; and(4) the mean intra-annual accretion area was 0.789 km^2 in the NP and 4.73 km2 in the WSRP,and the mean SSC increased from 238 mg/L to 293 mg/L in the NP and from 192 mg/L to 264 mg/L in the WSRP.

Investigation on Water Pollution of Four Rivers in Coastal Wetland of Yellow River Estuary

[Objective] The study aimed at analysing water pollution of four rivers in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary. [Method] Taking four seriously polluted rivers (Guangli River, Shenxian Ditch, Tiao River and Chao River) in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary as study objects, water samples were collected from the four rivers in May (dry period), August (wet period) and November (normal period) in 2009 and 2010 respectively, then pollution indices like nutritive salts, COD, chlorophyll-a, petroleum, etc. were measured. Afterwards, the status quo of water pollution was assessed based on Nemero index and comprehensive trophic level index (TLI), so as to find out the integral status quo of water quality of wetland rivers and damages to aquatic ecological environment. [Result] On the whole, water pollution of four rivers in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary was serious, in the eutrophication state, and the main pollutants were TN, TP, NH+4-N and petroleum. In addition, excessive N and P in the four rivers resulted in water eutrophication of Bohai Bay, so further leading to ride tide, which destroyed the coastal ecological environment of Bohai Sea. Moreover, compared with historical data, water pollution by nitrogen and phosphorus became more serious, while there was no obvious aggravation in the water pollution by petroleum. In a word, water pollution wasn’t optimistic on the whole. [Conclusion] The research could provide theoretical bases for the protection and utilization of river water in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary and its coastal sea area.

Response of the distributary channel of the Huanghe River estuary to water and sediment discharge regulation in 2007

The water and sediment discharge regulation （WSDR） project, which has been performed since 2002 before flood season every year, is of great significance to the river management in China. Until 2007, six experiments have been fulfilled to evaluate the effect of the project on the natural environment. To fill the gap of investigations, a study on flood and suspended sediment transportation and channel changing along the distributary channel of the Huanghe （Yellow） River was conducted during the WSDR project period in 2007. The lower channel was scoured rapidly and the channel became unobstructed gradually several days after the flood peak water was discharged from the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. Within four days after the flood peak at 3 000 m3/s entered the distributary, the channel in the river mouth area was eroded quickly. Both the mean values of area and depth of the main channel were tripled, and the maximum flood carrying capacity increased to 5 500 m3/s or more. Then, the river channel was silted anew in a very short time after completion of the WSDR. Favored by the WSDR project, the fiver status in April 2008 became better than that of the year before. The adjustment ranges of main channel parameters were about 30%, 10%, and 10% at sections C2, Q4, and Q7, respectively. The process of rapid erosion-deposition was more active 15 km away in the channel from the fiver mouth due to the marine influence. It is reasonable for discharging sediment at concentration peak from Xiaolangdi Reservoir at the end of the flood peak. As a result, the sediment peak reached the river mouth about two days later than that of the water current. In addition, the WSDR project has improved the development of the estuarine wetland. Wetland vegetation planted along the river banks restrained the water flow as a strainer and improved the main channel stability. It is suggested to draw water at mean rate of 150 m3/s from the Huanghe River during flood periods, because at the rate the water in the wetland would be stored and replenished in balance. Moreover, we believe that cropland on the river shoal of the lower Huanghe River should be replaced by wetland. These activities should achieve the Huanghe River management strategy of ＂To concentrate flow to scour sediment, stabilize the main channel, and regulate water and sediment＂.

Three-Dimensional Water Quality Model Based on FVCOM for Total Load Control Management in Guan River Estuary,Northern Jiangsu Province

Guan River Estuary and adjacent coastal area(GREC) suffer from serious pollution and eutrophicational problems over the recent years.Thus,reducing the land-based load through the national pollutant total load control program and developing hydrodynamic and water quality models that can simulate the complex circulation and water quality kinetics within the system,including longitudinal and lateral variations in nutrient and COD concentrations,is a matter of urgency.In this study,a three-dimensional,hydrodynamic,water quality model was developed in GREC,Northern Jiangsu Province.The complex three-dimensional hydrodynamics of GREC were modeled using the unstructured-grid,finite-volume,free-surface,primitive equation coastal ocean circulation model(FVCOM).The water quality model was adapted from the mesocosm nutrients dynamic model in the south Yellow Sea and considers eight compartments:dissolved inorganic nitrogen,soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP),phytoplankton,zooplankton,detritus,dissolved organic nitrogen(DON),dissolved organic phosphorus(DOP),and chemical oxygen demand.The hydrodynamic and water quality models were calibrated and confirmed for 2012 and 2013.A comparison of the model simulations with extensive dataset shows that the models accurately simulate the longitudinal distribution of the hydrodynamics and water quality.The model can be used for total load control management to improve water quality in this area.

Optimization of Shanghai Marine Environmental Monitoring Sites in the Identification of Boundaries of Different Water Quality Grades

Water quality is critical to ensure that marine resources and the environment are utilized in a sustainable manner. The objective of this study is therefore to investigate the optimum placement of marine environmental monitoring sites to monitor water quality in Shanghai, China. To improve the mapping or estimation accuracy of the areas with different water quality grades, the monitoring sites were fixed in transition bands between areas of different grades rather than in other positions. Following bidirectional optimization method, first, 18 candidate sites were selected by filtering out specific site categories. Second, three of these were, in turn, eliminated because of the rule defined by the changes in the areas of water quality grades and by the standard deviation of the interpolation errors of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) and phosphate(PO_4-P). Furthermore, indicator kriging was employed to depict the transition bands between different water quality grades whenever new sampling sites were added. The four optimization projects of the newly added sites reveal that, all optimized sites were distributed in the transition bands of different water grades, and at the same time in the areas where the historical sites were sparsely distributed. New sites were also found in the overlap region of different transition bands. Additional sites were especially required in these regions to discriminate the boundaries of different water quality grades. Using the bidirectional optimization method of the monitoring sites, the boundaries of different water quality grades could be determined with a higher precision. As a result, the interpolation errors of DIN and PO_4-P could theoretically decrease.

黄河入海口水污染多元主体协同治理法律规制研究

黄河入海口水污染多元主体协同治理法律规制既是推动流域和海域水污染一体化治理的法治选择,也是建设美丽港湾、实现黄河入海口生态文明的关键环节。当前,多元主体视角下黄河入海口水污染协同治理还存在市场主体参与法律规定落实缺位、公众参与法律规制与客观现实疏离、黄河流域管理机构法律关系与功能定位受限等问题。为适应国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的战略需求,亟须落实市场主体参与的法律法规路径、拓宽公众参与法律规制范畴、明确黄河流域管理机构法律地位,为黄河渤海交汇带的经济建设、社会发展和环境治理的协同方略提供法治思路。

基于空间插值的长江口邻近海域春季悬浮物和叶绿素a空间分布分析

针对目前利用实测数据对长江口邻近海域水质状况进行分析研究相对偏少的情况,基于“淞航”号2018年春季航次对该海域的综合观测,利用实验室水样分析数据对船载温盐深仪(CTD)的测量数据进行校正,并对该区域2018年春季时节悬浮物(TSM)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度的空间插值结果进行分析。研究结果表明:CTD观测数据与水样分析数据呈较强线性相关关系。反距离权重插值对TSM和Chl-a浓度空间分布具有整体最优的效果。TSM浓度在近岸和近海底较高,在观测区域内出现两个高值中心;Chl-a浓度在近岸海域较高,有较明显的片状高值结构,垂向上表层较高。TSM与Chl-a浓度分布在长江口南北表现出不同的特征,且两者具有一定的负相关性。长江径流、外海洋流、潮汐混合等水动力过程是影响该区域TSM和Chl-a浓度分布的主要因素。

水库调控下黄河口沉积有机碳的分布、来源与输运特征

黄河是全球输沙量最大的河流之一,陆源颗粒有机碳通量高。然而,近年来流域水库调控对黄河下游水文格局和颗粒有机碳输送产生了重要影响,小浪底水库调水调沙时期成为黄河水沙和有机碳入海的关键时段。为揭示水库调控对河口水动力和有机碳分布的影响机制,基于2020年7月调水期和调沙期黄河口的水动力观测结果,结合沉积物有机碳测试结果,研究了水库调控不同阶段下河口沉积物粒度参数和表层沉积物有机碳的时空分布。研究结果表明,水库不同阶段下悬浮颗粒物的物源和主要扩散、沉积区域的变化,使得黄河口表层沉积物的粒度组成特征发生明显变化;在高径流量的调水期期间,粗颗粒泥沙携带颗粒有机碳在河口距离口门12 km范围内大量埋藏,河口区域表层沉积物的有机碳含量相较于调沙期明显偏低。调水期黄河口陆源有机碳主要来自下游河床冲刷,颗粒较粗,调沙期则转变为水库释放的细颗粒有机碳和流域C3维管植物碎屑。水库调控的不同阶段使得黄河下游河流水动力格局和泥沙运输机制改变,从而引起黄河口沉积有机碳来源和分布的显著变化。因此,人类活动对调节有机碳向海洋的输送及其在近岸海域的分布具有主导性作用。

1976—2020年黄河入海口滩区水体演变过程及淹没风险识别

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展已成为国家战略,对黄河入海口滩区水体范围进行动态监测研究,避免水体演变所衍生出的潜在淹没风险具有重要意义。通过获取长时序丰水期Landsat系列遥感卫星影像数据集,采用基于决策树的多指数陆表水体提取方法,获取黄河入海口滩区1976—2020年10个研究时点的最大水体范围,并通过叠加分析计算各个区域历史淹没频次,进而识别城镇村庄居民点和采矿用地淹没风险。研究结果表明,10个研究时点中被淹没5次以上的区域为463.7 km 2,以2015年共631个城镇村庄居民点和采矿用地为例,低淹没风险413个,中淹没风险52个,高淹没风险20个。黄河入海口滩区城镇村庄居民点等建设用地应明确迁建需求,科学迁建选址,完善基础设施。

黄河调水调沙对河口及邻近海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落结构的影响

为了解调水调沙(Water-Sediment Regulation Scheme,WSRS)对黄河口海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼的群落结构和时空分布格局的影响,分别于2017年(非调水调沙年)和2018年(调水调沙年)的6—7月在黄河口海域利用水平拖网开展了6个航次的鱼卵、仔稚鱼调查。运用聚类分析和冗余分析(RDA)等方法对该海域非调水调沙年和调水调沙年的鱼卵、仔稚鱼丰度和群落结构的空间分布及环境因子状况等进行了综合的分析比较,结果表明:6个航次调查共采获鱼卵6212粒,仔稚鱼431尾,隶属于8目12科14属,其中,河口定居性鱼类短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyeri)为控制黄河口及邻近海域夏季鱼类浮游生物群落演替格局的主要种类;鱼卵受环流和调水调沙的共同影响,其空间分布在各调查阶段有所不同,仔稚鱼则趋向于在河口近岸海域分布;河口东北部及东南部靠近莱州湾区域是黄河口及邻近海域鱼类浮游生物群落的主要聚集区;调水调沙年鱼卵、仔稚鱼的采获总量以及底层鱼类鱼卵的采获数量均明显高于非调水调沙年,调水调沙带来的丰富径流和泥沙有利于黄河口海域渔业资源的补充;冗余分析结果表明,海洋鱼类的群落结构与环境因子关系密切,研究区域鱼卵、仔稚鱼的群落结构与盐度、水温、水深及浮游生物密度等因素息息相关,环境条件影响着鱼类对栖息地的选择。黄河调水调沙输送的丰富入海淡水和泥沙与其邻近海域的海洋生态环境及海洋生物资源构成了密切的响应关系,随着我们对调水调沙实践经验的不断积累,建议应在今后的工作中进一步加强对调水调沙的目标、时间和频次优化等问题的关注。

基于主成分分析法的黄河口及其邻近水域水质评价

于2013年6、7、10月在黄河口及邻近水域进行了3个航次的环境调查,获取了盐度、营养盐、COD及重金属等指标数据,利用主成分分析法(PCA)研究该海域的水质状况,并分析影响该海域水质的主要驱动因子.结果表明:应用主成分分析将14项调查指标转换提取为4种主成分,共解释了67.31%的结果.相关分析表明,影响该水域水质的主要驱动因子为氮营养盐、盐度、Si O32--Si和砷.主成分综合得分分析表明,黄河口及邻近水域2013年10月、7月、6月水质污染状况依次降低;空间上总体呈现出以黄河入海口为中心,向邻近海域递减,河口附近及南部水域污染较严重的格局.黄河径流污染物是主要污染源,应加强黄河口及其上游的水环境保护,从而改善黄河口及邻近水域水质状况.

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄河河口段水中全氟化合物的初步研究

以近年来备受关注的持久性有机污染物———全氟化合物为研究目标物,黄河河口段为目标研究区域,应用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄河河口段河水、自来水和浅层地下水中的19种全氟化合物含量,描述研究该区域水体中全氟化合物的污染水平和分布规律,并探讨水体中全氟化合物的来源。结果表明,全氟丁酸和全氟辛酸是黄河河口段水体中最主要的全氟化合物,黄河水中的全氟丁酸和全氟辛酸浓度分别为1.61～4.20ng/L和2.04～3.36 ng/L。浅层地下水中各待测物检出率都很低;自来水中全氟丁酸和全氟辛酸的浓度分别为1.62～3.24 ng/L和4.66～9.34 ng/L;自来水与黄河水中全氟化合物的组成特征明显不同。东营地区黄河水中全氟辛烷磺酸的浓度与国内其他北方城市相比浓度相当,明显低于长江水和珠三角地表水;全氟辛酸的浓度与呼和浩特市周边河水以及北京官厅水库中浓度相当,相比国内其他地区处于较低水平。

黄河2009年调水调沙期间河口水动力及悬沙输移变化特征

根据2009年7月黄河第九次调水调沙期间和结束后在黄河口两个站位观测的水文泥沙资料,对调水调沙期间和结束后河口的水动力和悬沙分布特征进行了对比分析,并对潮周期内悬沙输移过程进行了探讨。结果表明:调水调沙期间相比于结束后,落潮动力加强,涨潮动力有所减弱,尤其在水体表层表现明显,河口切变锋类型不同,其出现时间长度亦不同;调水调沙期间含沙量较大,垂向分布较复杂,而结束后含沙量低,垂向梯度变化较小;此外,调水调沙期间河口悬沙在输移过程中以沉降作用为主,并在涨急和落急时刻伴随着底沙的再悬浮,而结束后悬沙浓度降低幅度较大,泥沙再悬浮作用较强。

黄河口滨海湿地水质污染物现状研究

于2009年5月(枯水期)、8月(丰水期)和11月(平水期)在黄河入海口滨海湿地典型水域选取14个调查站点采集水样,测定水体营养盐、重金属、石油类等22项污染指标,采用内梅罗指数和综合营养状态指数评价法对水质污染现状进行研究和评价.结果表明,滨海湿地整体水质属于轻度富营养化水平,并呈现逐年加剧趋势.湿地湖泊、黄河故道、国家自然保护区、养殖池塘等静态水域污染较轻,以广利河、挑河、神仙沟、小岛河、孤东油田排涝沟为代表的支流水体污染较重,明显超过黄河主干河道.调查发现滨海湿地水体主要污染物为TN、TP、石油烃、Hg、NH4+-N、UIA和Chl-a等.与历史数据对比,湿地水体氮磷污染明显加剧,石油烃和Hg污染未见显著增长,其他重金属含量均未超标,整体水质污染形势不容乐观.

黄河河口生态需水研究进展与展望

黄河河口生态需水包括河流生态需水、湿地生态需水和近海生态需水。系统梳理了近20年来黄河河口生态需水目标、需水类别和需水量计算结果;结合黄河河口演变特点,提出生态需水研究的重点和主要方向。河流生态需水以满足重要渔业物种生境为主,重点研究指示物种对天然径流量节律的响应特征,量化水文-生态响应关系,在某种程度上恢复自然水文情势的生态功能。湿地生态需水应深入研究植被、土壤、水体的水盐平衡和蒸散发规律,从植被和鸟类生态位的合理设计以及生物多样性维持出发构建生态系统结构,确定湿地合理规模。近海生态需水应研究入海冲淡水对渔业物种低盐产卵育幼场的塑造和维持机制,以及重要渔业物种习性、适宜营养盐水平与磷酸盐输送扩散机制。小浪底水库运用以来,利津断面径流量满足已有生态需水径流量各项研究成果要求的年份比例为37%~58%,春季经流过程经常缺乏流量脉冲。初步分析以湿地、河道鱼类和近海鱼类为主要目标的全年生态需水量为86亿m^3,径流过程需要阶段性场次洪水。建议对小浪底水库调度方案进行多年优化调整,兼顾春季流量脉冲的塑造,在更大程度上满足河口生态需求。

黄河河口区域有机污染物的特征分析

对2004年采集于黄河河口区域的水样进行了检测分析．共鉴定出有机污染物8类192种，包括VOCs33种、SVOCs159种；其中属美国列出的129种优先控制污染物的有62种，属我国列出的58种优先控制污染物的有33种，属GB3838—2002控制的有31种．定量出的VOCs有19种，主要包括卤代烃类和单环芳香族类，其质量浓度平均值分别为0．683和0．609μg／L；定量出的SVOCs有69种，主要包括多环芳烃类、酯类、单环芳香族类、卤代烃类、酚类和农药类，其质量浓度平均值分别为0．458，1．011，0．367，0．121，0．220和0．045μg／L，其中多环芳烃类、酯类和单环芳香族类的污染程度相对较高，分别超标2．857，0．288和0．001—1．543倍．

闽江口及附近海域棘头梅童鱼的生物学特征

利用2006年至2007年4个季度月的底拖网调查数据,初步分析了闽江口及附近海域底拖网渔获物中棘头梅童鱼的生物学特性.结果表明：1）棘头梅童鱼体长与体重的关系式为：W=1.2284×10-5L3.1023（R2=0.9730,n=736）;体长、体重生长方程分别为：Lt=183.75[1-e-0.60（t＋0.27）],Wt=125.90[1-e-0.60（t＋0.27）]3.1023.2）优势体长组为100～120mm;优势体重组有两个,分别为0～5g和25～30g,体重生长拐点为1.62龄.3）性腺分化和性成熟时间在冬季、春季,摄食强度在春季、夏季较强.