The Actuality and Prospect of Meteorological Service Technology for Solar Greenhouse

The solar greenhouse's construction and its demand on meteorological service in the process of production management in China were analyzed,and the current situation of meteorological service on it was summarized.Combined with the trend of related technology,the future development of solar greenhouse meteorological service was prospected.

Actual evapotranspiration of subalpine meadows in the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China

As a main component in water balance,evapotranspiration(ET)is of great importance for water saving,especially in arid and semi-arid areas.In this study,the FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization)Penman-Monteith model was used to estimate the magnitude and temporal dynamics of reference evapotranspiration(ET0)in 2014 in subalpine meadows of the Qilian Mountains,Northwest China.Meanwhile,actual ET(ETc)was also investigated by the eddy covariance(EC)system.Results indicated that ETc estimated by the EC System was 583 mm,lower than ET0(923 mm)estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith model in 2014.Moreover,ET0 began to increase in March and reached the peak value in August and then declined in September,however,ETc began to increase from April and reached the peak value in July,and then declined in August.Total ETc and ET0 values during the growing season(from May to September)were 441 and 666 mm,respectively,which accounted for 75.73%of annual cumulative ETc and 72.34%of annual cumulative ET0,respectively.A crop coefficient(kc)was also estimated for calculating the ETc,and average value of kc during the growing season was 0.81(ranging from 0.45 to 1.16).Air temperature(Ta),wind speed(u),net radiation(Rn)and soil temperature(Ts)at the depth of 5 cm and aboveground biomass were critical factors for affecting kc,furthermore,a daily empirical kc equation including these main driving factors was developed.Our result demonstrated that the ETc value estimated by the data of kc and ET0 was validated and consistent with the growing season data in 2015 and 2016.

An Interactive Expert System Based Decision Making Model for the Management of Transit System Alternate Fuel Vehicle Assets

Traditionally, the process used by public transportation entities to determine the acquisition strategy for new vehicle asset is based upon a broad range of criteria. Vehicle cost has been cited as one of the more critical factors which decision makers consider. It is currently a common practice to consider other factors (life-cycle cost, fuel efficiency, vehicle reliability, environmental effects, etc.) that contribute to a more comprehensive approach. This study investigates the next generation of advancements in decision making tools in the area of the application of methods to quantify and manage uncertainty. In particular, the uncertainty comes from the public policy arena where future policy and regulations are not always based upon logical and predictable processes. The fleet decision making process in most governmental agencies is a very complex and interdependent activity. There are always competing forces and agendas within the view of the decision maker. Rarely is the decision maker a single person although, within the transit environment, there is often one person charged with the responsibility of fleet management. The focus of this research examines the decision making of the general transit agency community via the development of an expert systems prototype tool. A computer-based prototype system is developed which provide an expert knowledge-based recommendation, based upon variable user inputs. The results shown in this study show that a decision making tool for the management of transit system alternate fuel vehicle assets can be modeled and tested. The direct users of this research are the transit agency administrations. The results can be used by the management teams as a reliable input to inform their urban transit buses expansion decision making process.

Correcting the systematic error of the density functional theory calculation:the alternate combination approach of genetic algorithm and neural network

The alternate combinational approach of genetic algorithm and neural network （AGANN） has been presented to correct the systematic error of the density functional theory （DFT） calculation. It treats the DFT as a black box and models the error through external statistical information. As a demonstration, the ACANN method has been applied in the correction of the lattice energies from the DFT calculation for 72 metal halides and hydrides. Through the AGANN correction, the mean absolute value of the relative errors of the calculated lattice energies to the experimental values decreases from 4.93% to 1.20% in the testing set. For comparison, the neural network approach reduces the mean value to 2.56%. And for the common combinational approach of genetic algorithm and neural network, the value drops to 2.15%. The multiple linear regression method almost has no correction effect here.

Agronomic performance of drought-resistance rice cultivars grown under alternate wetting and drying irrigation management in southeast China

Compared to drought-susceptible rice cultivars(DSRs),drought-resistance rice cultivars(DRRs)could drastically reduce the amount of irrigation water input and simultaneously result in higher grain yield under water-saving irrigation conditions.However,the mechanisms underlying these properties are unclear.We investigated how improved agronomic traits contribute to higher yield and higher water use efficiency(WUE)in DRRs than in DSRs under alternate wetting and drying(AWD).Two DRRs and two DSRs were field-grown in 2015 and 2016 using two different irrigation regimes:continuous flooding(CF)and AWD.Under CF,no statistical differences in grain yield and WUE were observed between DRRs and DSRs.Irrigation water under the AWD regime was 275–349 mm,an amount 49.8%–56.2% of that(552–620 mm)applied under the CF regime.Compared to CF,AWD significantly decreased grain yield in both DRRs and DSRs,with a more significant reduction in DSRs,and WUE was increased in DRRs,but not in DSRs,by 9.9%–23.0% under AWD.Under AWD,DRRs showed a 20.2%–26.2% increase in grain yield and an 18.6%–24.5% increase in WUE compared to DSRs.Compared to DSRs,DRRs showed less redundant vegetative growth,greater sink capacity,higher grain filling efficiency,larger root biomass,and deeper root distribution under AWD.We conclude that these improved agronomic traits exert positive influences on WUE in DRRs under AWD.

Effect of alternate magnetic field on LY12 structure properties after thermal plastic forming

The powerful alternate magnetic field treatment is an effective not-heat treatment, which improves the coriaceous performance of the material. In order to reveal the effect rule of the powerful alternate magnetic field on the structure capability after thermal plastic forming, the experimental methods were adopted to compare the microcosmic structure of the LY12 aluminium alloy test pieces before and after the powerful alternate magnetic field treatment. The mechanism of the structure refining was analyzed theoretically. According to the effect rule of the alternate magnetic field on critical grain growth work and the magnetic vibration-constriction mechanism, the structure dynamics factors were analyzed. The results show that, after a certain powerful alternate magnetic field treatment, the mechanical capability of the LY12 aluminium alloy after thermal plastic forming can be reinforced, the structure intertwist deriving from the thermal plastic forming becomes even and the branch crystal is also smashed, consequently refines the structure. The powerful alternate magnetic field treatment can be regarded as an effective method to improve metal structure performance after heat plastic forming.

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND ITS RELATION WITH CLIMATE PARAMETERS IN THE PEARL RIVER BASIN,CHINA

Spatio-temporal variation of actual evapotranspiration(ETa) in the Pearl River basin from 1961 to 2010 are analyzed based on daily data from 60 national observed stations. ETa is calculated by the Advection-Aridity model(AA model) in the current study, and Mann-Kendall test(MK) and Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation method(IDW)were applied to detect the trends and spatial variation pattern. The relations of ETa with climate parameters and radiation/dynamic terms are analyzed by Person correlation method. Our findings are shown as follows: 1) Mean annual ETa in the Pearl River basin is about 665.6 mm/a. It has significantly decreased in 1961-2010 at a rate of-24.3mm/10 a. Seasonally, negative trends of summer and autumn ETa are higher than that of spring and winter. 2) The value of ETa is higher in the southeast coastal area than in the northwest region of the Pearl River basin, while the latter has shown the strongest negative trend. 3) Negative trends of ETa in the Pearl River basin are most probably due to decreasing radiation term and increasing dynamic term. The decrease of the radiation term is related with declining diurnal temperature range and sunshine duration, and rising atmospheric pressure as well. The contribution of dynamic term comes from increasing average temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures in the basin. Meanwhile, the decreasing average wind speed weakens dynamic term and finally, to a certain extent, it slows down the negative trend of the ETa.

Asymptotic dynamics of the alternate degrees of freedom for a two-mode system:An analytically solvable model

The composite systems can be non-uniquely decomposed into parts（subsystems）.Not all decompositions（structures） of a composite system are equally physically relevant.In this paper we answer on theoretical ground why it may be so.We consider a pair of mutually un-coupled modes in the phase space representation that are subjected to the independent quantum amplitude damping channels.By investigating asymptotic dynamics of the degrees of freedom,we find that the environment is responsible for the structures non-equivalence.Only one structure is distinguished by both locality of the environmental influence on its subsystems and a classical-like description.

Hybrid alternate projection algorithm and its application for practical conformal array pattern synthesis

Based on the fabricated 12-element cavity-backed microstrip sector cylinder array,a novel hybrid alternate projection algorithm（HAPA）,which combines analytical method with numerical techniques effectively,is proposed for synthesizing the pattern of practical conformal array.The algorithm applies the variable direction aperture projection method with mutual coupling correction techniques to provide the good initial excitations of elements to the enhanced alternate projection algorithm（EAPA）.In order to do further optimization,which improves the convergent speed of the algorithm significantly.Finally,the HAPA has been applied to the fabricated sector cylinder array with mutual coupling considered.The results of synthesized patterns,such as low sidelobe with null points formed pattern,beam scanning with low sidelobe pattern and the shaped beam pattern are presented.It demonstrates the validity of HAPA in practical conformal array synthesis.

Heavy Metals and the Alternate Bearing Effect in the Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i>)

The alternate bearing effect is when plants produce abundant crops of fruit in some years, but sparse yields in others. This review summarises recent studies that suggest a connection between the alternate bearing effect in the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, and the presence of certain chemical elements (mostly metals) in the tree tissues. So far, there is evidence that levels of Ag, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, N, Na, Se, Tl, and Zn in the dates and leaflets are affected by the alternate bearing phenomenon. The significance of this work, therefore, emphasises the prospect of using our experimental data to overcome sparse yields, due to the alternate bearing effect, and producing more prolific growth of fruits. The potential agricultural, economic, environmental and health implications of these findings are considered.

Rationale and Study Protocol of the J-SAVER Study: A Phase II Study of S-1 on Alternate Days Combined with Bevacizumab in Patients Aged ≥75 Years with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Fluoropyrimidine combined with bevacizumab is commonly used in elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer worldwide. However, the proportion of elderly patients who discontinued treatment due to toxicities was higher than that of younger patients. The aim of this study is to develop a less toxic schedule of S-1, while maintaining the anti-tumor effect. This phase II study is aimed to evaluate an alternate-day administration of S-1 combined with bevacizumab in untreated elderly patients (aged ≥75 years) with metastatic colorectal cancer. The primary endpoint is progression-free survival, and the secondary endpoints are safety, response rate, and overall survival. The expected median progression-free survival is 8.5 months, and the minimum efficacy threshold is 5.0 months. The total required sample size is calculated as 50 patients, with a 2-sided type I error of 0.10 and a power of more than 80%. This study is ongoing, and fifty-four patients were enrolled until October 2016. We hope that S-1 on alternate days combined with bevacizumab for elderly patients with colorectal cancer is well tolerated and can maintain effectiveness. Trial registration: UMIN clinical trials UMIN000010402.

On the Alternate Direction Implicit (ADI) Method for Solving Heat Transfer in Composite Stamping

Thermostamping of thermoplastic matrix composites is a process where a preheated blank is rapidly shaped in a cold matching mould. Predictive modelling of the main physical phenomena occurring in this process requires an accurate prediction of the temperature field. In this paper, a numerical method is proposed to simulate this heat transfer. The initial three-dimensional heat equation is handled using an additive decomposition, a thin shell assumption, and an operator splitting strategy. An adapted resolution algorithm is then presented. It results in an alternate direction implicit decomposition: the problem is solved successively as a 2D surface problem and several one-dimensional through thickness problems. The strategy was fully validated versus a 3D calculation on a simple test case and the proposed strategy is shown to enable a tremendous calculation speed up. The limits of applicability of this method are investigated with two parametric studies, one on the thickness to width ratio and the other one on the effect of curvature. These conditions are usually fulfilled in industrial cases. Finally, even though the method was developed under linear assumption (constant material properties), the strategy validity is extended to multiply, temperature dependant (nonlinear) case using an industrial test case. Because of the standard methods involved, the proposed ADI method can readily be implemented in existing software.

Improving the nutritional values of yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae as an animal feed ingredient: a review

Yellow mealworm larvae(YML;Tenebrio molitor) are considered as a valuable insect species for animal feed due to their high nutritional values and ability to grow under different substrates and rearing conditions. Advances in the understanding of entomophagy and animal nutrition over the past decades have propelled research areas toward testing multiple aspects of YML to exploit them better as animal feed sources. This review aims to summarize various approaches that could be exploited to maximize the nutritional values of YML as an animal feed ingredient. In addition, YML has the potential to be used as an antimicrobial or bioactive agent to improve animal health and immune function in production animals. The dynamics of the nutritional profile of YML can be influenced by multiple factors and should be taken into account when attempting to optimize the nutrient contents of YML as an animal feed ingredient. Specifically, the use of novel land-based and aquatic feeding resources, probiotics, and the exploitation of larval gut microbiomes as novel strategies can assist to maximize the nutritional potential of YML. Selection of relevant feed supplies, optimization of ambient conditions, the introduction of novel genetic selection procedures, and implementation of effective post-harvest processing may be required in the future to commercialize mealworm production. Furthermore, the use of appropriate agricultural practices and technological improvements within the mealworm production sector should be aimed at achieving both economic and environmental sustainability. The issues highlighted in this review could pave the way for future approaches to improve the nutritional value of YML.

The Actual versus Preferred Retirement Ages(Percentage distribution)

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Relation between the Actual and Estimated Maximum Ground Level Concentration of Air Pollutant and Its Downwind Locations

In this work we used the Gaussian plume model to calculate the actual maximum ground level concentration (MGLC) of air pollutant and its downwind location by using different systems of dispersion parameters and for different stack heights. An approximate formula for the prediction of downwind position that produces the MGLC of a pollutant based on the Gaussian formula was derived for different diffusion parameters. The derived formula was used to calculate the approximate MGLC. The actual and estimated values are presented in tables. The comparison between the actual and estimated values was investigated through the calculation of the relative errors. The values of the relative errors between the actual and estimated MGLC lie in the range from: 0 to 70.2 and 0 to 1.6 for Pasquill Gifford system and Klug system respectively. The errors between the actual and estimated location of the MGLC lies in the range from: 0.2 to 227 and 0.7 to 9.4 for Pasquill Gifford system and Klug system respectively.

The Potential of Subculture Helicoverpa armigera Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus as an Alternate Synthetic Insecticides to Control Insect Pests in Cabbages Plantation （Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.）

Subculture Helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus （HaNPV） is an entomopathogenic virus isolated from cadaver of Helicoverpa armigera larvae, and is successfully produced in Spodoptera litura larvae as an alternate host. These viral agents have been used to control the population of three species insect pests Spodoptera litura, Crocidolomia pavonana and Plutella xyllostella, which were infested in cabbages plantation. The concentration of virus of 4 × 10^7 polyhedra/mL was sprayed in cabbage leaves 24 h before infested of larva and every four days after. The research used randomized design which consisted of one factor （three species of second instar larvae, S. litura, C. pavonana, P. xyllostella） and eight replications. The result showed that the three species of larvae were sensitive against subculture HaNPV infection. The mortality of each larval species （S. litura, C. pavonana and P. xyllostella） was 100%, 97.5% and 98.7%, respectively. Subculture HaNPV can be utilized to control the population of three species of insect pests in cabbage plantation.

The feasibility of the actual combat application of the traditional martial arts techniques in modem combat challenge

The traditional Chinese martial arts are the pride of the Chinese national specialties, but with the development of the western modem combat, some traditional martial arts bias appeared, such as the argument of the real fight of the traditional martial arts. This paper starts from the traditional historical origin, and analyzes the actual combat possibility of traditional martial arts to study the feasibility of the actual combat application of the traditional martial arts techniques in modem combat challenge.

An Empirical Analysis on the Factors Influencing Actual Utilization of Foreign Capital in China

With the scale of actual utilization of foreign capital in our country appears to be increasing year by year with the increase of reform and opening up.Based on the data published by the National Bureau of Statistics from 1999 to 2018 on the actual use of foreign capital,we selected several reasonable indicators as the main influencing factors from an economic perspective,and constructed a econometric model.This paper examines and analyzes the factors affecting the actual use of foreign capital in China,and puts forward corresponding policy suggestions according to the empirical results.

Alternative splicing of the PECTINESTERASE gene encoding a cell wall-degrading enzyme affects postharvest softening in grape

The firmness of table grape berries is a crucial quality parameter. Despite extensive research on postharvest fruit softening, its precise molecular mechanisms remain elusive. To enhance our comprehension of the underlying molecular factors, we initially identified differentially expressed genes(DEGs) by comparing the transcriptomes of folic acid(FA)-treated and water-treated(CK) berries at different time points. We then analyzed the sequences to detect alternatively spliced(AS) genes associated with postharvest softening. A total of 2,559 DEGs were identified and categorized into four subclusters based on their expression patterns, with subcluster-4 genes exhibiting higher expression in the CK group compared with the FA treatment group. There were 1,045 AS-associated genes specific to FA-treated berries and 1,042 in the CK-treated berries, respectively. Gene Ontology(GO) annotation indicated that the AS-associated genes in CK-treated berries were predominantly enriched in cell wall metabolic processes,particularly cell wall degradation processes. Through a comparison between treatment-associated AS genes and subcluster-4 DEGs, we identified eight genes, including Pectinesterase 2(VvPE2, Vitvi15g00704), which encodes a cell wall-degrading enzyme and was predicted to undergo an A3SS event. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction further confirmed the presence of a truncated transcript variant of VvPE2 in the FA-treated berries.Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of AS events in postharvest grape berries using transcriptome sequencing and underscores the pivotal role of VvPE2 during the postharvest storage of grape berries.

Pareto Optimization as the Basic for Selecting Robotic Mechanic Assembly Technologies

The task of selecting robotic mechanic assembly technologies (RMAT) is considered as a multi-criteria optimization task, which in this formulation is solved on the set of previously obtained solutions regarding the selection of RMAT. The purpose of the paper is to increase the efficiency of technological preparation of robotic mechanical assembly production of machine and instrument engineering due to a new approach to the selection of RMAT using Pareto optimization and the peculiarities of the selection task formulation. The novelty consists in the further development of a science-based approach to solving multi-criteria selection task, based on the first proposed formalisms of the specified process, which reflect the peculiarities of the selection task formulation, its meaningful essence and the content of the Pareto optimization method. The practical value of the research lies in the proposed engineering-acceptable approach to solving applied multi-criteria selection tasks on the example of RMAT selection, which is invariant to the statement of the selection task, the dimension of the task, and its meaningful essence. The methods of discrete optimization, fuzzy multi-criteria selection of alternatives, and the Pareto optimization method were used for the research. The main results of this work consist of the development of formalisms and the demonstration of the efficiency of the proposed approach for the applied task of RMAT selection. The peculiarity of the developed approach is the combination of Pareto optimization, performed on a discrete set of local criteria. Directions for further research are presented.