Strategic Layout and Typical Practice of Social Administration and Public Service Standardization in China

Promoting social administration and public service standardization vigorously is an important and effective measure to strengthen social administration and public service functions by Chinese government. This article studies the status of social administration and public service standardization in China from national, industrial and provincial (local) levels. And then, this article analyzes the development trend of social administration and public service standardization in China.

Business Process Analysis and Simulation: The Contact Center of a Public Health and Social Information Office

This article proposes a framework, called BP-M* which includes: 1) a methodology to analyze, engineer, restructure and implement business processes, and 2) a process model that extends the process diagram with the specification of resources that execute the process activities, allocation policies, schedules, times of activities, management of queues in input to the activities and workloads so that the same model can be simulated by a discrete event simulator. The BP-M* framework has been applied to a real case study, a public Contact Center which provides different typologies of answers to users’ requests. The simulation allows to study different system operating scenarios (“What-If” analysis) providing useful information for analysts to evaluate restructuring actions.

The AHP-Based Assessment of Public Services With Respect to Different Groups of Customers of Polish Local Government

The situation of the contemporary economic systems is based on their ability to ensure optimal response to the customer needs. There are several important groups of clients, who may determine development processes and who are recipients of public services. They include： residents, entrepreneurs, tourists, and State Treasury. Local governments are equipped with a range of legal instruments to provide public services addressed to the selected clients. The objective of this paper is to present the application of the AHP method to assess the significance of the selected categories of public services for different groups of clients in Poland. The results allow setting priorities for future policy and adjust the tasks to the specific expectations of each group of clients. The model of assessment of public services was built using the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）. Since the 1970＇s, this multicriteria decision-support method has been used by researchers and practitioners in many areas of socioeconomic life. The case study presented in this paper involved 14 experts--public administration workers in one of the districts in Southern Poland. The survey consisted of two stages. First, they assessed--using the AHP--the influence of each group of customers on local development processes. The most important was ＂business＂ （priority 38.7%）, followed by ＂tourists＂ （29.7%）, ＂citizens＂ （26.1%）, and ＂central administration＂ （5.5%）. Second, they evaluated at the five-point Liken scale the influence of over 20 different public services with respect to different groups of clients. The results were aggregated using arithmetic mean and multiplied by the priorities of the clients. The synthesized final score indicated the most significant public activities overall, which were ＂roads＂ （4.16）, ＂transport＂ （3.93）, and ＂tourism＂ （3.84）.

Cyber Development of Government Service Platform in Social Public Administration

The cyber development of government service platform is just to integrate all the superiorities of the government to strengthen its roles such as service,performance and function to drive the social development actively.Hence,the social public administration will take this opportunity to optimize the cyber information service platform to make the civic administration oriented to the social development to maximize its functions of organization,coordination and service to protrude the ascendancy of the web era so as to lay a solid foundation for the leap development of the public administration.

Analysis of Differences between Requirements of Public Meteorological Services from a New Perspective

Based on the survey data of public meteorological services,differences between users' needs for public meteorological services were analyzed by using Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the principle of information availability in behavioral economics. The results show that users' needs for meteorological services follow certain laws,and the public's needs for meteorological information are driven by physiological needs firstly and then by safety needs,while they are driven by upper needs finally. Meanwhile,users' needs for meteorological services have particularity.Under special backgrounds,there are certain differences between users' needs and laws of basic needs,and users' needs are inconsistent with the " ideal needs" of meteorological departments. Studying the laws and particularity of differences between users' needs for meteorological services in detail is conducive to a survey of the public's needs for meteorological services and improvement of meteorological service quality.

Research on Environmental Public Interest Litigation in Taiwan

As germination and rise of public environmental awareness in Taiwan, large-scale air pollution, water pollution, noise, land subsidence and other public hazards harming human health and living environment caused by various production or consumption activities are generated. Facing the situation of environment increasingly aggravates, environmental public interest litigation system is constructed. First, Article 9 of Administrative Procedure Law stipulates public interest litigation;then ,Article 34 of Environmental Basic Law cleady stipulates important elements of public interest litigation. In the research, taking the first environmental public interest litigation in Taiwan as the example, collusion process between government and developer, and private environmental protection groups finally obtaining victory through the continuous effort and litigation are illustrated, thereby uncovering so-called ＂legal＂ saying by government and developer. Environmental maintenance and improvement is the duty of every citizen should do, but not only the duty of govemment, which is mentality of environmental public interest litigation development should have and road must take.

Institutional Options for the Settlement of Administrative Disputes in China:From the Perspective of Public Demand

On the basis of data obtained from a comprehensive social survey across twenty- eight provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in 2005 （CGSS2005）, we have conducted quantitative empirical research on the distribution of administrative disputes and Chinese citizens’ purposive institutional choices in dealing with such disputes. Our study found that where administrative disputes are concerned, today’s Chinese citizens are by no means apathetic about the law. However, practical constraints mean that some of them resort to other means of dispute resolution than judicial or quasi-judicial procedures. In actuality, a two-track system exists in Chinese citizens’ resolution of administrative disputes; that is, they have the same level of demand for （quasi-） judicial channels and for Party/government channels in the resolution of disputes of this kind. In addition, different social groups show a great variety of preferences in terms of choice of channels for dealing with such disputes. On the basis of empirical research we argue for further reflection on the theory and methodology of this kind of research today and call on theoretical research and institution building to show a genuine understanding of and respect for citizens’ wishes.

Value Goals and Institutional Framework for the Establishment of Administrative Public Prosecution in China

中国正处于社会转型期,社会矛盾和利益纠纷呈高发态势,通过厉行法治,保证行政权正确行使,是预防、减少和妥善应对社会风险的良策。由于行政诉讼在制度架构方面的缺陷,其制度功能发挥并不充分。设置行政公诉制度,应当成为完善行政诉讼制度的一个重要选择。它具有监督和促进依法行政、引导市民社会生成、化解社会矛盾等多方面的价值,也是完善中国特色检察制度的应有之义。建立行政公诉,应当从理念和制度建构等不同层面予以设计。

The historical contributions of the Public Library Law of the People’s Republic of China

The main historical contribution of the Public Library Law is reflected in the following aspects:it clearly defines the notion of the public library,which not only reflects the internationally accepted law but also endows with Chinese characteristics;it guides the development of public librarianship in China;it meets the needs of the historical requirement proposed by the transformation of social principal contradiction in this new era;it clearly defines the legal responsibilities of the government in establishing public libraries and in ensuring their daily management;it innovates public libraries’governing structure;it promotes the integration of public library services with modern technologies;it establishes fundamental guidelines for encouraging public participation in public library development;and it clearly defines the nature and functions of the National Library and perfects publications deposit system.

论公共卫生治理的政府责任

多元共治时代,公共卫生治理中政府责任要打破基于行政任务进行责任配置的传统逻辑,将政府责任的厘定置于“公共任务公私合作”和“行政任务公私合作”的双重视域。公共卫生治理中行政机关作为公共任务公私合作的主导者和行政任务公私合作的责任方,在承担领导与促进责任、组织与动员责任、履行或担保责任、监督与救济责任之时,其内部构造差异明显。新时代公共卫生治理体系建构必须着眼于中国式社会治理共同体这一整体性视角,科学厘定公共卫生治理中政府责任的内部法律构造,统筹推动公共卫生治理法治化进程。

公共托育服务政策体系的系统性重塑:挑战与路径

公共托育服务政策关乎民生福祉,是破解托育难题,纾解群众带娃之忧的重大举措。从制度变迁的视角讨论我国公共托育服务政策演变的逻辑理路,分析我国公共托育服务政策存在的现实困境很有必要。研究表明,政策定位不清晰、协同机制不科学、政策体系不完善、配套措施不健全是我国公共托育服务政策体系面临的主要困境。在政策重塑过程中,要坚持以普惠优先为价值遵循、以政府主导为根本保障、以多元主体为发展方向、以制度创新为关键动力的基本原则。要明确托育服务的基本属性,优化管理体制机制;应探索多元模式,加大政策扶持;同时,落实监管责任,强化托育服务人才支撑。

政府购买公共体育服务治理法治化:立法空间、价值取向与路径选择

法政策学分析显示,政府购买公共体育服务目前仍存在立法空间。为提高其治理法治化水平,应基于权利、平等与均等并重的立法价值取向,从治理体系和治理能力法治化两个方面进行建设。首先,建立国家、地方、部门多层次法律制度体系,从政府购买公共体育服务政策的制定应当广泛征询社会意见并通过法制部门审查、政策转化为法律应当达到稳定的条件、加强法与政策之间的协调性等方面建立法与政策的良性互动机制。其次,建立包括主体、内容、程序、监督在内的一整套行为机制,逐渐推进政府购买公共体育服务治理能力法治化。

“法工交融”背景下司法鉴定专门人才培养路径研究——以政法院校侦查学、刑事科学技术专业发展为视角

司法鉴定等现代公共法律服务体系的建设,离不开专门人才的培养和支撑。司法部《法医类物证类声像资料司法鉴定机构登记评审细则》将侦查学、刑事科学技术列入司法鉴定准入的相关专业,为政法院校前述专业的转型发展和人才培养优化注入了新的活力。鉴于司法鉴定兼具法学和自然科学技术的交叉属性,其在成为侦查学、刑事科学技术专业职业导航新增长点的同时,需要处理好前述专业发展过程中的“法”“工”交叉融合,探寻契合司法鉴定行业所需的“法工交融”专门人才培养路径的构建。

论行政区划变更的正当程序

正当程序包括避免偏私规则和公平听证规则,目前其适用的范围不断拓宽,广泛适用于立法、执法和司法过程中。参与的强度不断提升。作为最起码的程序要求,正当程序既适用于英美法系,也为大陆法系所认可,并以宪法或者法律的形式表现出来。我国行政区划法律规范中正当程序存在缺失或者不足,从而导致行政区划调整或者变更存在违法运行、国家机关功能紊乱、社会不稳定因素增加、不利于地方经济文化发展等诸多问题。为此,我们应当确立行政区划多重价值统一的理念,通过宪法确定、法律设定正当程序,通过行政区划主体完善、在具体程序中运用正当程序,通过建立行政区划行政公益诉讼制度和行政区划程序责任等措施落实我国行政区划变更中的正当程序。

论“环境执法非诉执行类”检察行政公益诉讼的反思与优化

负有环境资源监督管理职责的主管部门对其生效的行政决定怠于向人民法院申请强制执行,检察机关在诉前程序无果的情形下向人民法院提起的检察行政公益诉讼虽“于法有据”,但司法实践案例中呈现出的“诉讼的耗时性与环境公益保护的紧迫性存在冲突”“检察机关的胜诉对生效行政决定的执行仅有间接影响”以及“挤占虚耗司法资源”等问题却一再表明,对“怠于申请非诉执行的行为”不加区分地提起检察行政公益诉讼欠缺合理性。“环境执法非诉执行类”检察行政公益诉讼的泛化适用,既是对检察机关“全链条式”监督理念的误用,也是对检察行政公益诉讼“有限监督原则”的违背,还与行政诉讼之“诉的利益理论”存在冲突,建议将“环境执法非诉执行类”检察行政公益诉讼区分为履行职责类诉讼与确认违法类诉讼,对于前者国家可通过立法直接赋予检察机关强制执行申请权的方式予以“赋权替代”,对于后者检察机关可通过提起确认违法类诉讼对生态环境和资源保护主管部门怠于履职行为的违法性予以“宣示”,实现“环境执法非诉执行类”检察行政公益诉讼的区分构造。

基于人口自由迁移流动的基本公共服务均等化研究

基本公共服务均等化是实现全民共同富裕的前提,也是中国式现代化的基础目标之一。人口的自由迁徙不仅是中国式现代化中人全面发展的显著标志,也是实现中国式现代化基本公共服务均等化以及共同富裕的重要途径。基本公共服务与人口迁移流动的空间差异都具有阶层性特征。基本公共服务的空间差异主要表现为不同等级地域基本公共服务的区域性和阶层性差异。人口迁移流动对推动不同等级地域基本公共服务均等化具有直接和间接的双重作用。推动不同等级地域基本公共服务均等化,不仅要加快城市化进程,更要提高农村基本公共服务水平。要推进城乡融合发展,优化市场体制机制,畅通人口迁移流动渠道,促进人口自由迁移流动,使人口迁移流动在推动基本公共服务均等化过程中发挥更大作用。

行政公益诉讼中行政机关履职标准判断——以安全生产领域案件为考察对象

安全生产事故引发社会各界对检察院在安全生产领域提起公益诉讼的重点关注。对安全生产领域公益诉讼行政机关履职审查基准进行专门研究具有必要性,如何判断行政机关是否依法履职是当前检察公益诉讼实践公认的难题,当前多以“行为标准”“结果标准”和“复合标准”进行讨论。鉴于安全生产事故的严重危害性,在判断行政机关是否履行职责时,应重点从其客观上是否阻碍危害结果发生或是否遏制潜在危害源的视角出发,从其是否调尽行政资源方面进行审查,以此构建修正“行为-结果”判断标准,结合安全生产领域公益诉讼法律本质、宗旨及功能,不断改进完善行政机关整体履行职责的判断基准。

民行交叉视域下居住权与抵押权的权利冲突与协调

为尽可能避免居住权对抵押权实现的不利影响,部分不动产登记机构、住房公积金管理中心等通过行政规范性文件规定居住权的设立前置条件及其消极法律后果。这类规则既缺乏上位法依据,亦难与既有民法体系兼容,甚至已僭越了行政权合理介入物权的权力半径,不具备增设限制性条款的可行性。考虑到抵押权人及行政机关的风险防范与特殊利益,居住权与抵押权的权利冲突与协调应回归民法的私益对抗范畴,排除与民法规范相悖的绝对限制性规则,允许当事人在相对限制的界限内自主分配各自所应承担的风险并在一定条件下赋予抵押权人防御性救济权,减少抵押权人对居住权的抵触心理。为了发挥当事人之约定应有的对抗性效力,需辅之以不动产登记中心的特殊约定记载义务与风险提示义务,完善住房公积金管理中心、银行等机构的事前风险预警机制,从根本上消解居住权与抵押权的权利冲突状态。

城市共享电动单车治理中的理论问题

共享电动单车在我国城市的快速发展,在给人民群众带来便利的同时也产生很多问题。治理这些问题必须依据一定理论。首先明确共享电动单车的准公共物品属性,进而明确政府对其负有监管职责;其次现代公共管理讲求善治,在当代中国就是要“以人民为中心”,共享电动单车治理必须围绕这个中心不断改进;再次必须实现共享电动单车治理的法治化,不仅要尽快地立法还要实现“良法善治”,即围绕“以人民为中心”进行立法并执行。从这些理论及其他相关理论出发制定相应对策,才能解决前述问题。

反思与重构:行政自动化决策场域中的算法解释权——以《个人信息保护法》第24条第3款为旨

在Web2.0时代,因自动化决策嵌入公权力所引发的算法权力异化的风险指数级上升。为了规制人工智能时代的自动化决策,《个人信息保护法》第24条第3款构建了中国语境下的算法解释权。然而,作为新兴权利的算法解释权具有高度的抽象性和不确定性,存在行权时间(事前解释与事后解释)和解释程度(一般解释与具体解释)层面的解释分歧以及权力限度的适用困境。因此,有必要在对算法解释权进行公私场景类型化划分的基础上,以权力结构的对称性为标准,引入比例原则对算法解释权在行政自动化决策场域下的适用进行教义学阐释。同时,以比例原则为主、法益均衡原则为辅来构建算法解释的方式选择模型。在此基础上,《个人信息保护法》第24条第3款设定的算法解释权在公法领域应为一种事后的、具体的解释,与私法领域事前的、一般的解释相区别。