Pharmacokinetics of Gelsemium elegans in female rats

Background:Gelsemium elegans Benth(G.elegans)is a poisonous perennial evergreen vine plant that has been applied in livestock production and veterinary clinical practice.Early studies found that the toxicity of G.elegans showed significant gender differences in rats,but the underlying reasons for this difference are still not well understood.Methods:In order to explore whether the gender differences in the toxicity of G.elegans are related to pharmacokinetic differences,based on the previous pharmacokinetic study of multiple components of G.elegans in male rats,this study used HPLC-MS/MS method established in the laboratory to conduct a pharmacokinetic study of multiple alkaloids in the plasma of female rats after a single gavage administration of G.elegans(dose of 0.1 g/kg).Results:Through detection,17 alkaloid components in the plasma of female rats were identified,and the pharmacokinetic parameters of 11 of these alkaloids were calculated.We find that in female rats.The T_(max)values were generally less than 0.5 h,and the T_(1/2)values exceeded 3 h,with the longest reaching up to 32.80 h half elimination time.Additionally,the C_(max)and AUC results indicated that female rats had generally higher absorption and exposure levels for most alkaloids.Conclusion:These results suggest that the reason for the differences in the toxicology of G.elegans may be related to the absorption and exposure of gelsemidine-type alkaloids in animals.

DNA hypermethylation of COL4A1 in ultraviolet-Binduced age-related cataract models in vitro and in vivo

AIM:To explore the DNA methylation of COL4A1 in ultraviolet-B(UVB)-induced age-related cataract(ARC)models in vitro and in vivo.METHODS:Human lens epithelium B3(HLEB3)cells and Sprague Dawley rats were exposure to UVB respectively.The MTT assay was utilized to evaluate cell proliferation.Flow cytometry was employed for analysis of cell apoptosis and cell cycle.COL4A1 expression in HLEB3 cells and anterior lens capsules were assessed using Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RTPCR).The localization of COL4A1 in HLEB3 cells was determined by immunofluorescence.The methylation status of CpG islands located in COL4A1 promoter was verified using bisulfite-sequencing PCR(BSP).DNMTs and TETs mRNA levels was examined by RT-PCR.RESULTS:UVB exposure decreased HLEB3 cells proliferation,while increased the apoptosis rate and cells were arrested in G0/G1 phase.COL4A1 expression was markedly inhibited in UVB treated cells compared to the controls.Hypermethylation status was detected in the CpG islands within COL4A1 promoter in HLEB3 cells subjected to UVB exposure.Expressions of DNMTs including DNMT1/2/3 were elevated in UVB treated HLEB3 cells compared to that in the controls,while expressions of TETs including TET1/2/3 showed the opposite trend.Results from the UVB treated rat model further confirmed the decreased expression of COL4A1,hypermethylation status of the CpG islands at promoter of COL4A1 and abnormal expression of DNMT1/2/3 and TET1/2/in UVB exposure group.CONCLUSION:DNA hypermethylation of COL4A1 promoter CpG islands is correlated with decreased COL4A1 expression in UVB induced HLEB3 cells and anterior lens capsules of rats.

Age-related Changes in Humanin Expression in the Ovarian Tissue of Rat

Objective This study examined humanin expression in rat ovarian tissue,its cellular localization,and its correlation with rat age under physiological conditions.Methods A total of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats of various ages(2,12,30,and 60 days old and 1 year old)were grouped by age.Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical techniques were used to observe humanin expression and cellular location in the ovarian tissues of rats from each age group.In addition,Western blotting and Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR(qRT-PCR)techniques were used to measure humanin expression level in the ovarian tissues of rats from each age group.Results The immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical results confirmed that humanin was expressed in rat ovarian tissues.In addition,cellular localization analysis showed that humanin was expressed in the cytoplasm of oocytes,interstitial cells,granulosa cells and theca cells in all levels of follicles after the primary follicles,and in the corpus luteum.The qRT-PCR results revealed that the level of humanin expression in the ovarian tissues of 12-day-old rats was non-significantly higher than that in the ovarian tissues of 2-day-old rats(P>0.05),whereas the levels of humanin expression in the ovarian tissues of 30-day-old,60-day-old,and 1-year-old rats were significantly lower than that in the ovarian tissues of 2-day-old rats(P<0.05).The Western blotting results demonstrated that the levels of humanin protein expression in the ovarian tissues of 60-day-old and 1-year-old rats were significantly lower than those of 2-day-old rats(P<0.01),whereas there was no significant difference in the level of humanin protein expression between the ovarian tissues of 12-day-old and 30-day-old rats.Conclusion This study confirmed that humanin is expressed in the cytoplasm of various cells in rat ovarian tissues.Moreover,the level of humanin expression was highest in the ovarian tissues of 12-day-old rats,and it subsequently decreased with age.The changes in the expression of humanin in the ovary of rats at different ages will lay the foundation for the role of humanin in ovarian aging.The effect of humanin on ovarian function is worthy of further study in the future.

Oxidized palm oil impairs reproductive functions and architectures in female rats

Objective:To evaluate the effects of three oxidized palm oil diets(OPD)on female rat reproductive function.Methods:Forty-four female Wistar rats presenting five consecutive and regular estrous cycles were divided into 4 groups.The rats were fed with:a standard diet,70%of standard diet+30%oxidized palm oil diet(OPD1),OPD1+5 g of boiled yolk egg(OPD2)and OPD1+10%sucrose(OPD3)for 125 days,respectively.During the feeding period,morphometric,estrous cycle,sexual behavior,gestation,biochemical and histomorphometric parameters were evaluated.Results:All OPDs significantly increased abdominal circumference,body mass index and Lee index coupled to an irregularity and lengthening of the estrous cycle.They significantly decreased appetite and consumption behaviours,quantic pregnancy index,fertility rate,implantation sites and index,serum progesterone and high-density lipoprotein levels,increased pre-implantation losses,anti-implantation activities,serum estradiol,triglycerides,total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels,and impaired brain and ovaries oxidative status.Histomorphometric examinations revealed increases in the number of atresic and primary follicles and decreases in secondary,tertiary,Degraaf,total and corpus luteum follicles in ovaries coupled to a neurodegeneration of hypothalamic anteroventral periventricular neurons in the OPD groups compared to the standard diet group.Conclusions:The three OPDs induce obesity and impair the female reproductive function,especially OPD2 and OPD3.These findings contribute to a better understanding of the adverse effects of palm oil bleaching on the reproductive function in female rats,which could be useful in the management of women with obesity-related sexual dysfunction.

The effects of methanol extract of cleistopholis patens on the reproductive system of female Wistar rats

Objective:In Port Harcourt and its environs,extracts of Cleistopholis patens are used by traditional medicine healers for the treatment of menstrual irregularities and other gynaecological disorders.The objective of this study was therefore to determine the effects of orally administered methanol extract of the stem bark of Cleistopholis patens on the reproductive organs of non-pregnant albino(Wistar) rats.Methods:3g/kg(low dose) and 6g/kg(high dose) of the extract were administered orally,daily to two different groups of animals,respectively, over a period of 28 days.A third(control) group of animals received distilled water only,orally over the same period.Five animals from each of the groups were sacrificed on day 8,15 and 29.Venous blood samples and reproductive organs respectively were taken from each group of sacrificed animals for hormonal and histopathological analysis.Results:Results of the hormonal assay revealed a general increase in the levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH),Luteinizing Hormone(LH),progesterone,and estrogen.The highest levels were noticed in the animals sacrificed on the 29th day(LH =5.48±0.04 IU/L;FSH =3.80±0.00 IU/ L;Progesterone =7.14±0.15 nmol/L;Estrogen = 0.168±0.002 nmol/L).These increases were statistically significant compared to those of the control animals(LH =2.90±0.00 IU /L;FSH = 1.28±0.02 IU/L; Progesterone = 3.80±0.00 nmol/L;Estrogen = 0.130±0.002 nmol/L;P【0.05),and were also dose dependent. Results of the histopathological studies showed presence of chronic inflammatory cells in the tissues of the fallopian tubes and uterus on the 29th day.However,no changes were observed in the ovaries.Conclusion: The administration of the extract produced a dose and time-dependent increase in FSH,LH,progesterone and estrogen levels.We postulate that these observed effects may have been induced by the phytoestrogens (known to have 1/1 000 th of the efficacy of natural oestrogens) in the extract.The hormonal and histopathological changes may explain the effects described by patients following ingestion of extracts of this plant in traditional medical practice.However,it remains to be determined if these effects are harmful or beneficial in disease conditions.

Visfatin Gene Responses to 8 Weeks of Treadmill Running with or without <i>Pistachio atlantica</i>Liquid Extraction in Female Rat Tissues

Visfatin, a novel adipokine, was revealed to be associated with obesity and to have insulin mimetic effect that is highly expressed in visceral adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the liver and kidney visfatin relative gene expression. Twenty wistar rats (6-8 weeks old and 125-135 g weight) were used. Animals were randomly assigned into saline-control (SC), saline-training (ST), and Baneh-control (BC), and Baneh-training (BT). Training groups was given exercise on a motor-driven treadmill at 25 m/min (0% grade) for 60 min/day and 5 days/week for eight weeks. Subjects were fed oral, with Baneh extraction and saline for four weeks. Visfatin relative gene expression was detected by Real-time PCR method. Also plasma was collected for glucose measurements. Results demonstrated that Baneh extraction significantly increase visfatin relative gene expression in liver (P < 0.002) and increase not significantly in kidney tissue. Exercise training significantly reduce visfatin relative gene expression in liver (P < 0.042), and reduce not significantly in kidney tissue. Plasma and liver glucose level increases by Baneh. Exercise training decreses visfatin relative gene expression and Baneh increases visfatin relative gene expression in liver and kidney. Also Baneh can increases plasma glucose and liver glucose and glycogen concentration probably due to high fatty acid and component.

Conversion of L-Tryptophan into Melatonin Is the Possible Action Pathway Involved in the Effect of L-Tryptophan on Antidepressant-Related Behavior in Female Rats: Analysis of the Influence of Treatment Duration

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pharmacological doses of melatonin (MEL) and L-tryptophan (L-TRP) on depression-like behavior in female rats submitted to the forced swimming test (FST) after 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks of treatment. This will allow exploring the different mechanisms of L-TRP actions particularly that due to its conversion into MEL. For this purpose, four groups of 24 rats each were constituted;(Group 1: Control): received saline solution NaCl (0.9%), (Group 2: MEL4): received 4 mg/Kg of MEL, (Group 3: L-TRP4): received 4 mg/Kg of L-TRP and (Group 4: L-TRP20): received 20 mg/Kg of L-TRP. Animals of each group were distributed on 4 subgroups of 6 rats submitted to different time treatments. The duration of immobility (TIM) and struggling period (TST) of rats in FST were measured after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of drug treatment and the effects of MEL and L-TRP were compared. Chronical administration of different doses of MEL or L-TRP failed to induce any anti-depressant activity in rats subjected to FST after 2 weeks of treatment. However, after 4 weeks, daily administration of MEL at 4 mg/Kg significantly reduced the immobility period and enhanced struggling time. After 6 weeks, MEL at 4 mg/Kg and L-TRP at 20 mg/Kg were both effective in reducing immobility and increasing struggling movement, their effects being statistically comparable. All treatments were able to significantly reduce immobility time and increase struggling duration after 8 weeks, but L-TRP at 4 mg/Kg was less potent than MEL and L-TRP at 20 g/Kg. The antidepressant-like activity of L-TRP was dose and time dependent, and that of MEL was time dependent. In conclusion, the study showed that at pharmacological doses, MEL and L-TRP have anti-depressant action, and such effect is dependent on time treatment;MEL?is more effective than L-TRP. In conclusion, L-TRP, through MEL, 5-HT or by itself could modulate aminergic neurotransmission in the different brain areas to ensure its behavioral effects.

Test of the Popular Benzodiazepine Alprazolam in a Positive Conditioned Place-Preference Model in Female Rats

The benzodiazepines were introduced into medical practice during the 1960s. At the time, they represented a safer alternative to extant therapies used for anxiety, such as the barbiturates. However, on September 23, 2020, the United States FDA indicated that more is needed to be known about the initiation, continuation, and discontinuation of the use of these widely-used drugs with publication of the announcement “to address the serious risks of abuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is requiring the Boxed Warning be updated for all benzodiazepine medicines.” Because for many years, there has been a sparsity of research on these drugs, relevant information is unfortunately lacking at this critical time. It is therefore valuable to (re)establish animal models and begin to collect relevant data. We here use a model of conditioned place preference (CPP) which suggests that the representative benzodiazepine alprazolam induces positive place preference in female rats.

Chromosomal aberrations and nucleic acids systems affected by some Egyptian medicinal plants used in treating female pregnant diabetic rats

The influences of medicinal plants Juniperus Phoenicea (Araar), Hyphaene thebaica (Doum), An-astatica hierochuntica (Kafta) and Cleome droserifolia (Sammo) as antidiabetic agents were investigated using female pregnant albino rats. Female rats were injected with 60 mg/kg b.w. alloxan to induce diabe-tes. Diabetic rats treated orally with the methanol extracts of tested plants till the 19 day of gestation. The present studies include the frequencies of chro-mosomal aberrations and nucleic acid system of liver in the female pregnant rats and their embryos. The results showed that injection of alloxan caused highly significant increase in chromosomal aberrations as well as in blood glucose levels as a result of diabetes in pregnant females. It also caused a high incidence of chromosomal deviation in embryos and decreased the liver soluble protein contents of female rats and their embryos. These effects in alloxanized animals were treated and improved by ingestion of the methanol extracts of the tested plants (Araar, Doum, Kafta and Somma) in which under their treatments, the inceased level of blood glu-cose of diabetic rats was deceased. Ingestion with the plants methanolic extracts improved and normalized the effects of diabetes in nucleic acids values of liver tissues. These were accompanied with nucleases (RNAase and DNAase) activities. The inhibited ac-tivities of both DNA ase and RNA ase of pregnant rats and their embryos were stimulated and read-justed around the normal values. Also administration of the plants methanol extracts decreased the per-centage of chromosomal aberrations in the female rats and embryos. It is concluded that there are some biochemical dynamics which might occur in the metabo-lism of glucose, nucleic acids and proteins in order to prevent or to reduce the oxidative stress of diabetes by flavonoides treatment.

Age-related Metabolic Effects of Acetaldehyde on Rats With Reference to Detoxification Enzymes and Sulfhydryl Groups

Induced-acetaldehyde toxic effects on gluatathione [GSH] metabolism and sulfhydryl (SH) groups in liver and in brain of female albino rats with reference to age was studied.The total -SH groups were decreased whereas the specific activities of glutathione-S-transferase [GST] and glutathione peroxidase [GP0] were increased in acetaldehyde treated rats. However, the specific activity levels of glutathione reductase [GR] and Γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase [Γ-GCS] were decreased. In general, acetaldehyde indueed changes in the specific activities of the enzymes that increase with increasing age

Acute and Reproductive Toxicity of the Aqueous Extract of the Dry Seeds of <i>Aframomum daniellii </i>on the Female Wistar Rat Strain

This work was designed to investigate the acute and reproductive toxicity activity of the aqueous extract of the dry seeds of Aframomum daniellii on the female rats. The acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of Aframomum daniellii (A. daniellii) was evaluated with 6 female rats which were divided into 2 groups (1 Test group and the Control group) of 3 female rats each. The control group received distilled water (10 mL/kg/po) and the test group received a single dose of extract of A. daniellii at the dose of 2000 mg/kg. The reproductive toxicity was evaluated using 45 adult female rats which were divided into 5 groups. Group I, received distilled water (1 mL/100 g/po, neutral control);group II, received Clomiphene citrate (600 μg/kg/po, positive control);Groups III, IV and V (trials) received aqueous extract of A. daniellii at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/po respectively. The animals were treated daily for 14 days. From the 6th day of treatment, the rats were mated with males of proven fertility for 8 days. On day 22, after laparotomy and delivery, the number of implantation sites, corpora lutea, resorption sites and pups were recorded. Concerning the acute toxicity, it was observed that, after the single dose of 2000 mg/kg administration of the aqueous extract of the dry seeds of A. daniellii, no deaths were recorded. Concerning the reproductive toxicity, no implantation and gestation were observed when compared to the control. However, the aqueous extract of A. daniellii caused a significant (p < 0.001) increase in serum estrogen levels in all treated rats when compared to the control. These results indicate that, the aqueous extract of the dry seeds of A daniellii is weakly toxic, but could negatively affect some reproductive parameters.

Effect of Stimulation of Shenshu Point on the Aging Process of Genital System in Aged Female Rats and the Role of Monoamine Neurotransmitters

In this experiment, among some aged female rats aged over 18 months, and young female rats aged 3 months whose central noradrenergic nerve endings were injured by ventricular injection of 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA), it was observed that catgut embedding at bilateral Shenshu (UB 23) points could obviously shorten sexual cycles, increase the frequency of sexual cycle, and slow down the aging process of the genital system in both the aged rats and in the rats with injured noradrenergic endings. After electroacupuncture (EA) at Shenshu (UB 23) points in the aged rats, the frequency of neuronal discharges in locus coeruleus (LC) was elevated and the activating rate of LC to neurons in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the hypothalamus was increased, while obvious effect on nucleus raphes magnus (NRM) and the effect of NRM on MPOA were not marked. It is suggested that stimulation of Shenshu (UB 23) point can strengthen the excitability of noradrenergic neurons, activate the ascending pathway of the brain stem - hypothalamus, raise the catecholamine (CA)/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) ratio in the hypothalamus of the aged rats, so as to delay the aging process of the genital system.

亚麻籽木脂素对初产大鼠乳腺发育及泌乳性能的影响

试验旨在研究亚麻籽木脂素(SDG)对初产大鼠乳腺发育、泌乳性能及泌乳相关激素水平的影响。选用初产大鼠80只,随机分为4组(20只/组)。对照组大鼠饲喂正常日粮,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组除了饲喂正常日粮外,分别灌服125 mg/(L·kg)SDG、5 mg/(L·kg)甲磺酸溴隐亭片(Br)、125 mg/(L·kg)SDG+5 mg/(L·kg)Br,SDG妊娠全期灌服,Br从妊娠第14 d起至分娩给药,分娩当日停药,每窝留8只仔鼠用于测定产奶性能。试验期15 d。结果显示,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组13、15 d的产奶量均明显高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。试验Ⅰ组大鼠的乳腺重、乳腺DNA和RNA含量以及乳腺RNA/DNA的比值显著高于对照组(P<0.05),极显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。试验Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组大鼠的乳腺腺泡直径显著高于对照组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),导管直径极显著高于对照组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。试验Ⅰ组大鼠的性腺轴激素水平均明显高于其他组,其中雌二醇(E2)、催乳素(PRL)含量显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),孕酮(P)、促卵泡激素(FSH)、生长激素(GH)含量极显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。研究表明,灌服SDG可以明显改善大鼠乳腺功能,促进乳腺腺泡及导管的发育,提高大鼠产奶量,提高泌乳相关激素水平;不同处理组对初产大鼠乳腺作用情况为试验Ⅰ组>试验Ⅲ组>对照组>试验Ⅱ组。

雌性大鼠性早熟对糖脂代谢的影响

【目的】探究雌性大鼠性早熟对糖代谢和脂代谢的影响。【方法】将60只两天龄的雌性大鼠随机分为性早熟组和正常组两组,分别在5天龄时给予达那唑(300μg/只)或溶剂大豆油进行皮下注射,从21天龄起每天观察大鼠的阴道开口状况。建模成功的两组按照阴道开口顺序分别于阴道开口后3 d、7周龄和12周龄进行处死,处死前空腹12 h。【方法】测量麻醉后的体重和鼻肛长,通过酶联免疫吸附试验测量葡萄糖、胰岛素、血脂、雌二醇、瘦素和脂联素的浓度,病理切片观察肾周脂肪、子宫和卵巢的变化。【结果】通过正常组和早熟组两组3个时间点对比,早熟组在阴道开口3 d时体质量和鼻肛长小于正常组,但是不影响后续生长发育,7周龄和12周龄时两组体质量和鼻肛长差异无统计学意义。两组的胰岛素浓度对比在阴道开口后3天内有统计学意义(P=0.001),早熟组存在高胰岛素血症,且早熟组此时的肾周脂肪细胞增多,在7和12周龄差异无统计学意义,两组3个时间点的雌二醇、瘦素和脂联素浓度差异均无统计学意义,两组卵巢和子宫与体质量的比重差异无统计学意义。【结论】通过两组大鼠的对比,性早熟使机体提前跨越发育的时间窗,不能适应内环境的骤变,产生的一系列变化只是暂时性且可逆性,至成年期会恢复。

红藻氨酸诱导大鼠癫痫发作及神经精神行为异常的性别差异

目的观察红藻氨酸(kainic acid,KA)诱导的癫痫大鼠模型神经精神行为表现,在此基础上比较不同性别大鼠在癫痫急性发作和缓解期感觉、运动及学习记忆行为学实验中表现的性别差异,并探讨其可能机制。方法4周龄健康SD大鼠随机分为对照组和模型组,每组22只,雌雄各半。腹腔注射KA诱导癫痫模型,观察各组大鼠癫痫发作潜伏期及2 h内发作次数,采用Racine等级标准评定癫痫急性发作等级,并记录皮层脑电图;采用旷场实验、平衡木行走、高架十字迷宫、Y迷宫及新物体识别等行为学实验观察大鼠感觉、运动及学习记忆能力;ELISA法检测海马组织中γ-氨基丁酸(gama aminobutyric acid,GABA)水平,尼氏染色观察海马神经元损伤情况,Western Blot检测海马区Synapsin-1和Synaptotagmin 1蛋白表达。结果雄性及雌性SD大鼠在接受KA腹腔注射后均表现出典型的癫痫发作行为,但与雄鼠相比,雌鼠癫痫急性发作的潜伏期显著缩短(P=0.014)、2 h内发作总次数显著减少(P=0.019),且癫痫发作达到Ⅳ~Ⅴ级的时间早于雄性大鼠(P<0.01)。癫痫缓解期的行为学结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组大鼠在旷场实验中的总运动距离及中央区域运动距离增多,雌性模型大鼠的理毛次数显著减少(P<0.01)且与雄性模型大鼠比较具有显著性差异(P<0.01);在平衡木行走实验中完成任务所需时间及评分增加;在高架十字迷宫中雄性模型大鼠在封闭臂的探索次数增加;在Y-迷宫及新物体识别实验中的新异臂/物体优先指数减少。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠海马神经元损伤,且海马GABA浓度及Synapsin-1和Synaptotagmin 1的蛋白表达均显著下降,但无性别差异。结论KA腹腔注射可成功诱导大鼠癫痫模型,且不同性别大鼠在癫痫急性发作特点和缓解期感觉、运动行为学实验中的表现有所差异,但不同性别癫痫模型大鼠海马GABA浓度及突触可塑性相关蛋白表达无显著性差异。因而,导致KA诱导癫痫大鼠行为反应性别差异的机制有待深入探究。

高尿酸血症对雌性大鼠生殖功能的影响及其机制

目的探讨高尿酸血症(HUA)对雌性大鼠生殖功能的影响及其机制。方法雌性Wistar大鼠18只,随机分为3组,每组各6只。高尿酸组(HUA组)和高尿酸恢复组(HR组)大鼠每天灌胃50 mg/kg尿酸及腹腔注射250 mg/kg氧嗪酸钾,至第9周时,HR组大鼠改用等体积生理盐水进行灌胃和腹腔注射,HUA组不变,再继续处理7周;对照组(N组)大鼠给予相同体积的生理盐水灌胃及腹腔注射,持续16周。第16周时,测量三组大鼠体质量和子宫、卵巢质量,并计算子宫、卵巢系数;苏木精-伊红染色法观察3组大鼠子宫、卵巢组织的病理变化;酶联免疫吸附试验法检测3组大鼠血清中促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)含量;使用阴道脱落细胞涂片法观察3组大鼠动情周期;采用比色法检测3组大鼠子宫组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平;采用免疫荧光法检测3组大鼠子宫组织中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的荧光强度。结果与N组大鼠相比,HUA组大鼠子宫系数降低、卵泡数量减少、子宫内膜厚度变薄,动情间期缩短,血清FSH水平增加,子宫组织中SOD、GSH水平降低,而MDA含量增加(F=7.80~111.40,t=3.95~12.37,P<0.05),子宫组织中TNF-α荧光强度增高;与HUA组大鼠相比,HR组卵泡数量显著增多、子宫内膜显著变厚,血清中FSH水平增高,子宫组织中SOD、GSH水平显著增高,而MDA水平显著降低(t=3.40~11.56,P<0.05),子宫组织中TNF-α荧光强度降低。结论HUA可致雌性大鼠生殖功能下降,其可能机制与大鼠血清尿酸水平升高,致性激素分泌紊乱、机体氧化应激水平增高,进而诱导炎症反应发生有关。

不同周龄和性别的SPF级SD大鼠血液生理生化指标的测定与比较分析

目的探讨分析不同周龄和性别的SPF级SD大鼠血液生理生化指标。方法研究对象为SPF级SD大鼠80只,并随机将其分为4、12、24、48周龄4个实验组,每组内雌雄比例为1:1,所有SD大鼠均应用XFA6030型动物血液细胞分析仪对其血液生理指标展开分析,应用Beckman Coulter AU5800全自动生化分析仪对其血液生化指标展开分析。结果与12、24、48周龄SD大鼠相比较,4周龄的SD大鼠在WBC、RBC、HGB、HCT、MCV、MCH、MCHC、PLT、PCT、BA#、BA%几方面具有较大差异,P<0.05,且各项指标达到峰值的时间均为24周,在雌雄的性别差异中,4周龄SD大鼠BA%具有差异;12、24周龄SD大鼠WBC、RBC具有差异;24周龄SD大鼠BA%具有差异;48周龄SD大鼠MCH、PCT具有差异,且所有差异P值均<0.05;与12、24、48周龄SD大鼠相比较,4周龄的SD大鼠在AST、CHOL、TP、GLU、CRE、ALT、ALP、BUN、TG几方面具有较大差异,P<0.05,在雌雄的性别差异中,4周龄SD大鼠CRE、ALP见具有差异;12周龄SD大鼠AST、CHOL、BUN具有差异;12周龄以及24周龄SD大鼠ALP具有差异,且所有差异P值均<0.05。结论在性别相同但周龄不同的SD大鼠中,其血液生理生化指标存在统计学差异,同样的,在同周龄但不同性别的SD大鼠中亦存在差异。

高原缺氧环境对雌性大鼠生殖系统的影响

探讨高原缺氧环境暴露对雌性大鼠生殖系统的影响。将20只雌性Wistar大鼠进行生理同步化后随机分为平原组与高原组,平原组置于兰州(海拔1500 m),高原组运输至青海玉树巴塘(海拔4010 m)后高原缺氧环境暴露14 d。实验过程中记录大鼠体质量和发情周期变化,取大鼠各个组织器官计算器官指数,检测血清、卵巢和子宫组织生殖激素水平和氧化应激水平的变化,HE染色观察卵巢和子宫组织形态学的变化,蛋白质印迹法检测卵巢组织中激素受体蛋白的表达量。与平原组相比,高原组缺氧暴露后大鼠体质量明显下降,发情周期紊乱,在血清、卵巢和子宫组织中氧化应激水平显著上调且生殖激素水平紊乱。HE染色结果显示,平原组大鼠卵巢和子宫的形态结构完整,高原组卵巢和子宫组织结构遭到破坏。卵巢组织中激素受体蛋白含量较平原组减少。高原缺氧会导致雌性大鼠生殖损伤。

Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in stomach myenteric plexus of rats

AIM: To study the distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in rat stomach myenteric plexus. METHODS: The distribution of NOS in gastric wall was studied in quantity and location by the NADPH-diaphorase (NDP) histochemical staining method and whole mount preparation technique. RESULTS: NOS was distributed in whole stomach wall, most of them were located in myenteric plexus, and distributed in submucosal plexus.The shape of NOS positive neurons was basically similar, most of them being round and oval in shape. But their density, size and staining intensity varied greatly in the different parts of stomach. The density was 62+/-38 cells mm(2) (antrum), 43+/-32 cells/mm(2) (body), and 32+/-28 cells mm(2) (fundus), respectively. The size and staining intensity of NOS positive neurons in the fundus were basically the same, the neurons being large and dark stained, while they were obviously different in antrum. In the body of the stomach, the NOS positive neurons were in an intermediate state from fundus to antrum. There were some beadlike structures which were strung together by NOS positive varicosities in nerve fibers, some were closely adherent to the outer walls of blood vessels. CONCLUSION: Nitric oxide might be involved in the modulation of motility, secretion and blood circulation of the stomach, and the significant difference of NOS positive neurons in different parts of stomach myenteric plexus may be related to the physiologic function of stomach.

Effect of endotoxin on portal hemodynamic in rats

AIM: To study the effects of endotoxin on portal hemodynamic of normal and noncirrhotic portal hypertensive rats. METHODS: Normal rats were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0mg.kg(-1) of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) respectively, portal vein ligation(PVL) and intrahepatic portal occlusion (IPO) rats as well as sham-operated rats were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 1.0mg.kg(-1) of LPS, the portal vein pressure(PVP), portal venous flow(PVF), inferior vena cava pressure(IVCP) and portal vein resistance(PVR) were detected 4 hours after injection. RESULTS: PVF of the 5 groups of rats accepting intraperitoneal injection of LPS were increased from 14.0 to 18.0, 22.2, 26.2, 34.8, 39.6, 38.8 mL.min(-1) 4 hours after injection of LPS(P【0.01). PVP of the 4 groups of rats accepting more than 0.1mg/kg.b.w of LPS was increased from 1.04 to 1.25, 1.50, 1.80, 1.95, 2.05 kPa(P【0.01). The increments of PVF and PVP were in a dose-dependent manner of LPS. PVR of the 5 groups of rats was decreased from 51 to 42,44,48,45,44,47 kPa.min.L(-1) (P【0.05) and no dose-dependent manner was observed. PVF of PVL, IPO and sham-operated rats increased from 22.6 to 32.8, 22.0 to 28.0, 14.0 to 34.8 mL.min(-1) (P【0.01), and PVP increased from 1.86 to 2.24, 1.74 to 1.95, 1.04 to 1.80 kPa(P【0.01), PVR decreased from 71 to 61, 67 to 61, 52 to 44 kPa.min.L(-1) after intraperitoneal injection of 1mg.kg(-1) of LPS. The increments of PVF and PVP of PVL and IPO rats were significantly less than the sham-operated rats(P【0.01), There was no significant difference between the amounts of PVR decreased in the two groups of PHT model rats and sham-operated rats(P】0.05) after intraperitoneal injection 1mg.kg(-1) of LPS. CONCLUSION: Endotoxin could prompt portal hypertension of the normal and noncirrhotic portal hypertensive rats by increasing portal blood flow mainly.