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Development of 400-μW cryogen-free dilution refrigerators for quantum experiments
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作者 关翔 樊洁 +2 位作者 边勇波 程智刚 姬忠庆 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第7期28-35,共8页
We have successfully developed cryogen-free dilution refrigerators with medium cooling power that can be applied to quantum experiments. Breakthroughs have been made in some key technologies and components of heat swi... We have successfully developed cryogen-free dilution refrigerators with medium cooling power that can be applied to quantum experiments. Breakthroughs have been made in some key technologies and components of heat switches and dilution units. Our prototype has been running continuously and stably for more than 100 hours below 10 m K, with a minimum temperature of 7.6 m K and a cooling power of 450 μW at 100 m K. At the same time, we have also made progress in the application of dilution refrigerators, such as quantum computing, low-temperature detector, and magnet integration. These indicators and test results indicate good prospects for application in physics, astronomy, and quantum information. 展开更多
关键词 cryogen-free dilution refrigerator quantum computing low-temperature detector superconducting magnet
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Magnetocaloric properties of phenolic resin bonded La(Fe,Si)13-based plates and its use in a hybrid magnetic refrigerator
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作者 徐少山 付琪 +6 位作者 周益帆 彭铃 高新强 李振兴 公茂琼 董学强 沈俊 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第2期460-467,共8页
We present a simple hot press-based method for processing La(Fe,Si)13-based compounds consisting of La–Fe–Co–Si–C particles and phenolic resin. The magnetic entropy change △S per unit mass for the La Fe_(10.87)Co... We present a simple hot press-based method for processing La(Fe,Si)13-based compounds consisting of La–Fe–Co–Si–C particles and phenolic resin. The magnetic entropy change △S per unit mass for the La Fe_(10.87)Co_(0.63)Si_(1.5)C_(0.2)/phenolic resin compounds have nearly the same magnitude with the base materials. With the content of phenolic resin of 5.0 wt%, the compound conductivity is 3.13 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1). In order to measure the cooling performance of La(Fe,Si)13-based compounds,the La(Fe_(11.6-x)Co_(x))Si_(1.4)C_(0.15)(x =0.60, 0.65, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85)/phenolic resin compounds were pressed into thin plates and tested in a hybrid refrigerator that combines the active magnetic refrigeration effect with the Stirling cycle refrigeration effect. The test results showed that a maximum cooling power of 41 W was achieved over a temperature span of 30 K. 展开更多
关键词 magnetocaloric effect La(Fe Si)13 phenolic resin magnetic refrigeration hybrid refrigerator
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Performance optimization on finite-time quantum Carnot engines and refrigerators based on spin-1/2 systems driven by a squeezed reservoir
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作者 刘浩广 何济洲 王建辉 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第3期147-152,共6页
We investigate the finite-time performance of a quantum endoreversible Carnot engine cycle and its inverse operation-Carnot refrigeration cycle,employing a spin-1/2 system as the working substance.The thermal machine ... We investigate the finite-time performance of a quantum endoreversible Carnot engine cycle and its inverse operation-Carnot refrigeration cycle,employing a spin-1/2 system as the working substance.The thermal machine is alternatively driven by a hot boson bath of inverse temperatureβ_(h)and a cold boson bath at inverse temperatureβ_(c)(>βh).While for the engine model the hot bath is constructed to be squeezed,in the refrigeration cycle the cold bath is established to be squeezed,with squeezing parameter r.We obtain the analytical expressions for both efficiency and power in heat engines and for coefficient of performance and cooling rate in refrigerators.We find that,in the high-temperature limit,the efficiency at maximum power is bounded by the analytical valueη_(+)=√sech(2r)(1-η_(C)),and the coefficient of performance at the maximum figure of merit is limited byε_(+)=√sech(2r)(1+ε_(C))/sech(2r)(1+ε_(C))-εC)-1,whereη_(C)=1-β_(h)/β_(c)andε_(C)=β_(h)/(β_(c)-β_(h))are the respective Carnot values of the engines and refrigerators.These analytical results are identical to those obtained from the Carnot engines based on harmonic systems,indicating that the efficiency at maximum power and coefficient at maximum figure of merit are independent of the working substance. 展开更多
关键词 performance optimization squeezed bath quantum Carnot engine quantum Carnot refrigerator
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Establishment of a Model for the Calculation of the COP of a Solar Adsorption Refrigerator
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作者 Amadou Konfe Gilbert G. Nana +1 位作者 Salif Ouedraogo Sié Kam 《Smart Grid and Renewable Energy》 2023年第11期197-208,共12页
This paper deals with the evaluation of the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of solar adsorption refrigeration. In the literature, simulation models to predict the thermal behaviour and the coefficient of performance ... This paper deals with the evaluation of the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of solar adsorption refrigeration. In the literature, simulation models to predict the thermal behaviour and the coefficient of performance of these systems are uncommon. This is why we suggest a model to simulate the operation of the machine in a typical hot and dry climate of the city of Ouagadougou. The objective is to provide a model for calculating the COP from the measurement of the ambient temperature and the irradiation of a given site. Starting from mathematical modelling, a resolution and simulation were made with COMSOL software based on the Dubinin-Astakhov adsorption model, the heat transfer balance equations, and the Linear Driving Force (LDF) model to describe the thermal behaviour of the system. A one-week measurement sequence on the adsorption solar refrigerator at the Albert Schweitzer Ecological Centre (CEAS) validated the numerical results. The measurement shows that for the days with high sunshine, the temperature of the reaction medium reaches 110°C, and the pressure reaches 500 mbar. This leads to a production of cold that allows it to reach the temperature of -5°C at the evaporator. Under these conditions, the COP is worth 14%. These results are obtained both by numerical simulation using the COMSOL 5.1 software and after a measurement session on the solar refrigerator available to the CEAS. We obtained an experimental and theoretical coefficient of performance varying between 9% and 14% with a difference of between 0% and 3%. We conclude that our model is suitable to estimate the COP of any device based on its thermal properties, the ambient temperature and the irradiation of a given site. 展开更多
关键词 SOLAR refrigerATION ADSORPTION Coefficient of Performance Modelling
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A Review on Technologies for the Use of CO2 as a Working Fluid in Refrigeration and Power Cycles
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作者 Orelien T. Boupda Hyacinthe D. Tessemo +3 位作者 Isidore B. Nkounda Fongang Francklin G. Nyami Frederic Lontsi Thomas Djiako 《Energy and Power Engineering》 2024年第6期217-256,共40页
The use of carbon dioxide as a working fluid has been the subject of extensive studies in recent years, particularly in the field of refrigeration where it is at the heart of research to replace CFC and HCFC. Its ther... The use of carbon dioxide as a working fluid has been the subject of extensive studies in recent years, particularly in the field of refrigeration where it is at the heart of research to replace CFC and HCFC. Its thermodynamic properties make it a fluid of choice in the efficient use of energy at low and medium temperatures in engine cycles. However, the performance of transcritical CO2 cycles weakens under high temperature and pressure conditions, especially in refrigeration systems;On the other hand, this disadvantage becomes rather interesting in engine cycles where CO2 can be used as an alternative to the organic working fluid in small and medium-sized electrical systems for low quality or waste heat sources. In order to improve the performance of systems operating with CO2 in the field of refrigeration and electricity production, research has made it possible to develop several concepts, of which this article deals with a review of the state of the art, followed by analyzes in-depth and critical of the various developments to the most recent modifications in these fields. Detailed discussions on the performance and technical characteristics of the different evolutions are also highlighted as well as the factors affecting the overall performance of the systems studied. Finally, perspectives on the future development of the use of CO2 in these different cycles are presented. 展开更多
关键词 refrigeration Cycle Power Cycle System Performance Transcritical CO2 Cycles Working Fluid
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Cooling High Power Dissipating Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chips Using Refrigerant
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作者 Waheeb Mukatash Hussameddine Kabbani +4 位作者 Jochem Marc Massalt Matthew Moscoso Merari Mejia Robles Tyler Yang Charlie Nino 《Journal of Electronics Cooling and Thermal Control》 2024年第2期35-49,共15页
High power dissipating artificial intelligence (AI) chips require significant cooling to operate at maximum performance. Current trends regarding the integration of AI, as well as the power/cooling demands of high-per... High power dissipating artificial intelligence (AI) chips require significant cooling to operate at maximum performance. Current trends regarding the integration of AI, as well as the power/cooling demands of high-performing server systems pose an immense thermal challenge for cooling. The use of refrigerants as a direct-to-chip cooling method is investigated as a potential cooling solution for cooling AI chips. Using a vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS), the coolant temperature will be sub-ambient thereby increasing the total cooling capacity. Coupled with the implementation of a direct-to-chip boiler, using refrigerants to cool AI server systems can materialize as a potential solution for current AI server cooling demands. In this study, a comparison of 8 different refrigerants: R-134a, R-153a, R-717, R-508B, R-22, R-12, R-410a, and R-1234yf is analyzed for optimal performance. A control theoretical VCRS model is created to assess variable refrigerants under the same operational conditions. From this model, the coefficient of performance (COP), required mass flow rate of refrigerant, work required by the compressor, and overall heat transfer coefficient is determined for all 8 refrigerants. Lastly, a comprehensive analysis is provided to determine the most optimal refrigerants for cooling applications. R-717, commonly known as Ammonia, was found to have the highest COP value thus proving to be the optimal refrigerant for cooling AI chips and high-performing server applications. 展开更多
关键词 Artificial Intelligence Thermal Control Server Systems Vapor Compression refrigeration Cycle Server Cooling
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Air interaction around outdoor air-cooled condensers 被引量:1
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作者 王树刚 张腾飞 张剑 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2010年第2期222-226,共5页
In order to increase cooling or heating efficiency,a porous computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model is employed to predict the thermo-fluid status and optimize the placement of outdoor units.A full scale model is est... In order to increase cooling or heating efficiency,a porous computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model is employed to predict the thermo-fluid status and optimize the placement of outdoor units.A full scale model is established to validate the accuracy of CFD simulation in terms of velocity and temperature distributions.The comparison between the measurement and the simulation shows a good agreement.By evaluating the condensers' sucked air temperature with CFD for three units installed in a row,it is found that the minimum separation distance among neighboring units is 0.2 m;a vertical wall should be apart from the unit line by at least 0.8 m;and large different operating pressures among units do not impact the flow rate and the heat transfer of the other units meaningfully. 展开更多
关键词 air-cooled condensers flow interaction heat transfer optimization computational fluid dynamics(CFD) MEASUREMENT
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Performance characteristics of an energy selective electron refrigerator with double resonances 被引量:9
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作者 王小敏 何济洲 唐威 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2009年第3期984-991,共8页
This paper establishes the energy selective electron (ESE) engine with double resonances as a refrigerator in one dimensional (1D) system. It consists of two infinitely large electron reservoirs with different tem... This paper establishes the energy selective electron (ESE) engine with double resonances as a refrigerator in one dimensional (1D) system. It consists of two infinitely large electron reservoirs with different temperatures and chemical potentials, and they are perfectly thermally insulated from each other and interaction only via a double 'idealized energy filter' whose widths are all finite. Taking advantage of the density of state and Fermi distribution in the 1D system, the heat flux into each reservoir may then be calculated. Moreover, the coefficient of performance may be derived from the expressions for the heat flux into the hot and cold reservoirs. The performance characteristic curves are plotted by numerical analysis. The influences of the resonances widths, the energy position of resonance and the space of two resonances on performance of the ESE refrigerator are discussed. The results obtained here have theoretical significance for the understanding of thermodynamic performance of the micro-nano devices. 展开更多
关键词 electron transport double resonances ESE refrigerator performance parameter
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Development of permanent magnetic refrigerator at room temperature 被引量:6
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作者 HUANG Jiaohong LIU Jinrong JIN Peiyu YAN Hongwei QIU Jufeng XU Laizi ZHANG Jiuxing 《Rare Metals》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2006年第z1期641-644,共4页
A reciprocating magnetic refrigerator was developed based on the active magnetic regeneration technology. Rare earth metal Gd and intermetallic compound LaFe11.2Co0.7Si1.1 were used as the magnetic operating materials... A reciprocating magnetic refrigerator was developed based on the active magnetic regeneration technology. Rare earth metal Gd and intermetallic compound LaFe11.2Co0.7Si1.1 were used as the magnetic operating materials in the machine. The particles of the magnetic operating materials, with diameter of 0.5-2 mm and total mass of 950 g, were mounted in the cooling bed. A magnetic field was assembled using NdFeB rare earth permanent magnets. It had the magnetic field space of Φ 34×200 and the magnetic induction of 1.5 T. The water at pH=10 is used as a heat transfer fluid. When the ambient temperature is 296 K, a temperature span of 18 K was achieved after operation of 45 min at a frequency of 0.178 Hz. The temperature span and the output power increase significantly with the increasing velocity of heat transfer. 展开更多
关键词 room temperature magnetic refrigerator NdFeB permanent magnet rare earth metal
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Performance optimization analysis of a thermoelectric refrigerator with two resonances 被引量:4
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作者 罗小光 何济洲 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2011年第3期110-114,共5页
Based on electron transport theory, the performance of kx and kr filtered thermoelectric refrigerators with two resonances are studied in this paper. The performance characteristic curves between the cooling rate and ... Based on electron transport theory, the performance of kx and kr filtered thermoelectric refrigerators with two resonances are studied in this paper. The performance characteristic curves between the cooling rate and the coefficient of performance are plotted by numerical calculation. It is shown that the maximum cooling rate of the thermoelectric refrigerator with two resonances increases but the maximum coefficient of performance decreases compared with those with one resonance. No matter which resonance mechanism is used (kx or kr filtered), the cooling rate and the performance coefficient of the kr filtered refrigerator are much better than those of the kx filtered one. 展开更多
关键词 thermoelectric refrigerator two resonances cooling rate coefficient of performance
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Experimental Study of Performance of Thermoelectric Refrigerator under Different Intensity of Heat Emission 被引量:2
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作者 HAN Tian-he,TANG Guang-fa,GONG Guang-cai,LI Tao,LIU Zhong-bing(College of Civil Engineering,Hunan University,Changsha,Hunan 410082,China) 《湖南大学学报(自然科学版)》 EI CAS CSCD 北大核心 2009年第S1期127-130,共4页
Heat emission and the voltage are the main factors affecting the refrigerating capacity of semiconductor refrigerator.Some experiments were designed to obtain their influence on refrigerating capacity of semiconductor... Heat emission and the voltage are the main factors affecting the refrigerating capacity of semiconductor refrigerator.Some experiments were designed to obtain their influence on refrigerating capacity of semiconductor and the interaction between heat emission and the voltage.The results show that fixing the heat dissipation,there is an optimal working voltage for the semiconductor module;and if improving the heat emission,the refrigerating capacity increases and the optimal voltage becomes larger.This can provide the basis for the optimal design of semiconductor refrigeration. 展开更多
关键词 SEMICONDUCTOR refrigerATION HEAT EMISSION optimal working VOLTAGE
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A thermal entangled quantum refrigerator based on a two-qubit Heisenberg model with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in an external magnetic field 被引量:2
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作者 汪浩 吴国兴 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2013年第5期256-262,共7页
Based on an isotropic two spin-1/2 qubits Heisenberg model with the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in an ex- ternal magnetic field, we have constructed an entangled quantum refrigerator. Expressions for the basic t... Based on an isotropic two spin-1/2 qubits Heisenberg model with the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in an ex- ternal magnetic field, we have constructed an entangled quantum refrigerator. Expressions for the basic thermodynamic quantities, i.e., the heat exchanged, the net work input, and the coefficient of performance, are derived. Some intriguing features and their qualitative explanations in zero and non zero magnetic fields are given. The influence of the thermal entanglement on the refrigerator is investigated. The results obtained here have general significance and will be helpful to understand the performance of an entangled quantum refrigerator. 展开更多
关键词 Heisenberg model thermal entanglement CONCURRENCE entangled refrigerator
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Process Modeling and Dynamic Simulation for EAST Helium Refrigerator 被引量:2
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作者 陆小飞 傅鹏 +2 位作者 庄明 邱立龙 胡良兵 《Plasma Science and Technology》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2016年第6期693-698,共6页
In this paper,the process modeling and dynamic simulation for the EAST helium refrigerator has been completed.The cryogenic process model is described and the main components are customized in detail.The process model... In this paper,the process modeling and dynamic simulation for the EAST helium refrigerator has been completed.The cryogenic process model is described and the main components are customized in detail.The process model is controlled by the PLC simulator,and the realtime communication between the process model and the controllers is achieved by a customized interface.Validation of the process model has been confirmed based on EAST experimental data during the cool down process of 300-80 K.Simulation results indicate that this process simulator is able to reproduce dynamic behaviors of the EAST helium refrigerator very well for the operation of long pulsed plasma discharge.The cryogenic process simulator based on control architecture is available for operation optimization and control design of EAST cryogenic systems to cope with the long pulsed heat loads in the future. 展开更多
关键词 EAST cryogenic system helium refrigerator process modeling dynamic simulation
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Process Modeling and Control Simulation for a 500W@4.5K Helium Refrigerator 被引量:2
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作者 Xiaofei Lu Zhiwei Zhou +1 位作者 Ming Zhuang Lilong Qiu 《Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)》 EI CAS 2016年第4期15-21,共7页
In order to investigate dynamic behaviors of a 500W@ 4.5K helium refrigerator,the process simulator has been completed. The cryogenic process model is described and main components are customized. The realtime communi... In order to investigate dynamic behaviors of a 500W@ 4.5K helium refrigerator,the process simulator has been completed. The cryogenic process model is described and main components are customized. The realtime communication between the process model and the control system has been achieved. Compared with the preliminary experimental data,the errors of temperatures during the process of 300 K-80 K are less than 10%.The process model is validated to predict the cool-down process very well. The controller parameters are tuned in simulation and applied to the actual refrigerator suitably. Based on the dynamic simulation,the operation of Joule-Thomson( JT) by pass valve has been optimized. And the cool- down process from 300 K to 4. 5 K has been simulated under the control programs. Simulation results indicate that this dynamic simulator based on actual control architecture is available to process control and operation optimization for the helium refrigerators. 展开更多
关键词 HELIUM refrigerator PROCESS SIMULATION CONTROLLER tuning operation optimization VIRTUAL commissioning
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Thermodynamic Simulation of CCP in Air-Cooled Heat Pump Unit with HFCs and CO<sub>2</sub>Trans-Critical 被引量:2
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作者 Feihu Chen Shuguang Liao Guangcai Gong 《Journal of Power and Energy Engineering》 2018年第9期141-164,共24页
The exergy analysis and finite time thermodynamic methods had been employed to analyze the compound condensation process (CCP). It was based on the air-cooling heat pump unit. The cooling capacity of the chiller unit ... The exergy analysis and finite time thermodynamic methods had been employed to analyze the compound condensation process (CCP). It was based on the air-cooling heat pump unit. The cooling capacity of the chiller unit is about 1 kW, and the work refrigerant is R22/R407C/R410A/CO2. The MATLAB/SIMULINK software was employed to build the simulation model. The thermodynamic simulation model is significant for the optimization of parameters of the unit, such as condensation and evaporation temperature and mass flow of the sanitary hot water and size of hot water storage tank. The COP of the CCP of R410A system is about 3% - 5% higher than the CCP of the R22 system, while CCP of the R407C system is a little lower than the CCP of R22 system. And the CCP of CO2 trans-critical system has advantage in the hot supply mode. The simulation method provided a theoretical reference for developing the production of CCP with substitute refrigerant R407C/R410A/CO2. 展开更多
关键词 air-cooled Heat Pump Unit Compound Condensation Process (CCP) Exergy Analysis Method Sanitary Hot Water MATLAB/SIMULINK Software Fluorine SUBSTITUTE refrigerANT R407C/R410A Natural refrigerANT CO2
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Precipitation of α_2 Phase in α+β Solution-Treated and Air-cooled Ti-Al-Sn-Zr-Mo-Si-Nd Alloys 被引量:5
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作者 Jun ZHANG and Dong LI Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China resent address: Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China E-mail: zhjun14@mailcity.com 《Journal of Materials Science & Technology》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2001年第3期315-317,共3页
A series of Ti-Al-Sn-Zr-Mo-Si-Nd alloys with various content of Al were solution treated in α+β phase field and air-cooled. The precipitation of a2 phase in cooling was investigated by transmission electron microsco... A series of Ti-Al-Sn-Zr-Mo-Si-Nd alloys with various content of Al were solution treated in α+β phase field and air-cooled. The precipitation of a2 phase in cooling was investigated by transmission electron microscopic analysis The precipitation characteristic of α2 phase was discussed. The precipitation of α2 phase would proceed by the nucleation and growth of α2 phase dependent on the diffusion of Al atoms. And a comparison on the difference of precipitation of α2 phase was carried out under the conditions of air-cooling and quenching in water. The investigation showed that the air-cooling and even quenching could supply enough time for the precipitation and growth of α2 phase when Al content reached a certain value even though far away from the stoichiometric composition of Ti3Al. 展开更多
关键词 Al Precipitation of Phase in Solution-Treated and air-cooled Ti-Al-Sn-Zr-Mo-Si-Nd Alloys Ti Mo Sn ZR ND Si
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Microstructure and properties of rheo-HPDC Al-8Si alloy prepared by air-cooled stirring rod process 被引量:5
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作者 Ming-fan QI Yong-lin KANG Guo-ming ZHU 《Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2017年第9期1939-1946,共8页
A new and effective semisolid slurry preparation process with air-cooled stirring rod(ACSR)is reported,in which the compressed air is constantly injected into the inner cavity of a stirring rod to cool the melt.The sl... A new and effective semisolid slurry preparation process with air-cooled stirring rod(ACSR)is reported,in which the compressed air is constantly injected into the inner cavity of a stirring rod to cool the melt.The slurry of a newly developed high thermal conductivity Al?8Si alloy was prepared,and thin-wall heat dissipation shells were produced by the ACSR process combined with a HPDC machine.The effects of the air flow on the morphology ofα1-Al particles,mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of rheo-HPDC samples were studied.The results show that the excellent slurry of the alloy could be obtained with the air flow exceeding3L/s.Rheo-HPDC samples that were produced with the air flow of5L/s had the maximum UTS,YS,elongation,hardness and thermal conductivity of261MPa,124MPa,4.9%,HV99and153W/(m·K),respectively.Rheo-HPDC samples show improved properties compared to those formed by HPDC,and the increasing rates of UTS,YS,elongation,hardness and thermal conductivity were20%,15%,88%,13%and10%,respectively. 展开更多
关键词 rheo-HPDC Al.8Si alloy air-cooled stirring rod microstructure mechanical properties thermal conductivity
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Effect of Chromium on CCT Diagrams of Novel Air-Cooled Bainite Steels Analyzed by Neural Network 被引量:4
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作者 YOU Wei XU Wei-hong +2 位作者 LIU Ya-xiu BAI Bing-zhe FANG Hong-sheng 《Journal of Iron and Steel Research International》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2007年第4期39-42,共4页
The quantitative effects of chromium content on continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams of novel air-cooled bainite steels were analyzed using artificial neural network models. The results showed that the c... The quantitative effects of chromium content on continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams of novel air-cooled bainite steels were analyzed using artificial neural network models. The results showed that the chromium may retard the high and medium-temperature martensite transformation. 展开更多
关键词 novel air-cooled bainite steel CCT diagram artificial neural network chromium content quantitative effect
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Evaluating the treatment of E-waste──a case study of discarded refrigerators 被引量:1
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作者 DENG Jian-jun WEN Xue-feng ZHAO Yue-min 《Journal of China University of Mining and Technology》 EI 2008年第3期454-458,共5页
Disassembly and recycling of E-waste creates a series of environmental problems. The selection of a technologically reliable, environmentally friendly, economically affordable and socially acceptable recycling technol... Disassembly and recycling of E-waste creates a series of environmental problems. The selection of a technologically reliable, environmentally friendly, economically affordable and socially acceptable recycling technology for E-waste is a significant question. This study establishes a Monte-Carlo mathematical model of cost minimization, given the constraints of environmentally sound handling of the e-waste, in the context of Crystal Ball risk assessment and evaluation software. By following the streams of the different treatment processes, which consist of various technologies including disassembly, recycling and disposal, the econom-ics of various possibilities were identified and the optimal recycling technology proposed. The key factors of the proposed scenarios were determined by using sensitivity analysis. The results of this study show that, for discarded refrigerators, the operating life span plays the key role. The model supports maintenance and resale of the short lived refrigerators. For the longer lived refrigerators material recycling is recommended by the model. Sensitivity analysis shows that purchase cost, plastic sale price, condenser sale price and disassembly costs are the main effects. This study provides a significant technical support for policy making in E-waste management. 展开更多
关键词 E-WASTE end-of-life refrigerator RECYCLING Monte-carlo method sensitivity analysis
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Feasibility Analysis of Back-Pressure Steam Feeding Water Pump for Direct Air-Cooled Unit 被引量:1
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作者 Zhao Xiaodong Wang Meng +2 位作者 Du Xiaoze Yang Lijun Yang Yongping 《Electricity》 2013年第1期31-35,共5页
As the performance of an air-cooled condenser is apt to be affected by the fluctuating ambient condition, some difficulties are brought to the use of a steam feeding water pump in an air-cooled unit. This paper introd... As the performance of an air-cooled condenser is apt to be affected by the fluctuating ambient condition, some difficulties are brought to the use of a steam feeding water pump in an air-cooled unit. This paper introduces a new design of for steam feeding the water pump of an air-cooled unit using the back-pressure steam turbine as the prime motor. Using variable condition analysis on a 600 MW direct air-cooled unit, and with consideration of the effect on the ambient conditions, the feasibility, economy, and adaptability of the design are verified. 展开更多
关键词 air-cooled back-pressure steam turbine steam feed water pump variable condition
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