Social Networks and Citizen Participation in the Collaborative Community Policing ——A Case Study of S Community in Beijing

It is of great significance to enhance collaborative community policing for crime prevention and better community-police relationships. Understanding the relational structure of collaborative community policing is necessary to pinpoint the pattern of interactions among key actors involved in community policing and improve the effectiveness of network governance. Based on 234 surveys of citizens of S Community in Beijing from April 2017 to May 2017, this paper empirically examines the characteristics of formal network and informal network of citizen participation in the collaborative community policing. Beijing is widely known for its active involvement of neighborhood volunteers in different types of community policing. We focused on four different types of interpersonal work relationships in this study： workflow, problem solving, mentoring and friendship, among resident committees, neighborhood administrative offices, media, police station, business security personnel, neighborhood volunteers, and security activists. The nature of relationships between individuals in networks can be treated as from instrumental ties to expressive ties. Expressive ties cover relationships that involve the exchange of friendship, trust, and socio-emotional support. We extended this intra-organizational insight into a community policing inter-organizational context. The collaborative network showed the trend of the distributed network. The clustering analysis showed that in the workflow network, we should make thll use of the close interaction between the citizens and activists in the community. Meanwhile, in the problem-solving network, mentoring network and friendship network, interactions between citizens and neighborhood committee are weak.

An Analytical Framework for Measuring Inequality in the Public Opinion on Policing—Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic Using Twitter Data

As the COVID-19 pandemic sweeps across the globe, police forces are charged with new roles as they engage and enforce new policies and laws governing societal behaviours. However, how the police exercise these powers is an important factor in shaping public opinion and confidence concerning their activities across space and time. This research developed an analytical framework for measuring the inequality in the public opinion towards policing efforts during the pandemic using Twitter data. We demonstrate the utility of our framework using 3-months of tweets across 42 police force areas (Pfas) of England and Wales (UK). The results reveal that public opinions on policing is overwhelmingly negative across space and time, and that these opinions have been most exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic in three specific Pfas, namely Staffordshire, Thames Valley, and North Wales. We provided the link to the open-source script by which this research could be replicated and adapted to other study areas. This research has the potential to help law enforcement understand the dynamics of public confidence and trust in policing and facilitate action towards improved police services.

Policy Framework for Community and State Policing in Combating Rising Security Challenges in Nigeria

Viability of decentralizing policing in Nigeria had been on the front burner of security discourse since Nigeria returned to democratic governance in 1999.Valid points had been put forward by both those in support and those in opposition.The Community Policing Department of the Nigeria Police had remained more of an administrative unit with little impact beyond the Police Community Relations Committee activities.Rising cases of herdsmen attacks of various communities,terrorist insurgency in the North-East,kidnappings across the different geo-political zones had resulted in the need to interrogate the efficacy of effective community policing and state policing as viable options to combating rising security challenges.The study adopted qualitative method,and being a library research relied entirely on secondary data.Sources of data included journals,relevant textbooks,newspapers,magazines,and materials downloaded from internet.The paper argues that the traditional security agencies had failed to effectively combat the many security challenges that Nigeria faces.The combination of the official security agencies and the military had failed to effectively combat insecurity in the country.The local vigilante groups on the other hand had made valuable inroad in curtailing some of the security challenges including terrorist insurgency as a result of their knowledge of the terrain.The paper concludes that to effectively combat the many security challenges,there is a need for new policy framework at the federal and state levels that would decentralize policing and give legal backing for collaboration between the official security agencies under the federal government and state security outfits including the vigilante.

Study on the Community Policing Administration Innovation from the Perspective of the Public Security Governance

Since the 20th century, human public security accidents occurred frequently, so that the developed countries such as the United States, Japan, and Russia took the lead in strengthening the study of the public security administration. Since the 21th century, all walks of life have paid more attention to the public security administration in China, along with the deepened implementation of the reform and opening-up policy and the rapid development of economic construction and the effects from the outbreak of the SARS crisis and the frequent occurrence of many coal mine security accidents, etc. In this process, the non-traditional security issues and man-made crisis are gradually becoming the main threats currently to the public security of China, because the conflicts of interest and the social contradictions overlap and the social crisis such as cadres-masses and police-masses conflicts is being aggravated. At present, the Ministry of Public Security of China is pushing forward a community policing reform and great numbers of community polices in community policing administration will directly confront with the challenges of the public security administration complexity, and therefore, the promotion of community policing urgently needs the innovation of administration concept.

Regulation of Private Security Companies and Equitable Policing in Nigeria

Private security companies through the services they provide complement the police in crime prevention, order maintenance, and general improvement of security in societies thereby contributing to sustainable national development In order to fully benefit from their contribution and prevent them from engaging in illegal activities, states formulate and enforce policies that seek to regulate their activities. This paper examines the regulation of private guards companies in Nigeria using Abuja as its empirical core. The main aim is to promote understanding of how the private security industry is regulated and evaluate the effectiveness of the existing regulatory policy. Data for the paper were generated from in-depth interviews with the NSCDC （Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps）, analysis of the policy for PSCs （private security companies）, and a review of the annual performance report of the regulatory agency. The results revealed that the current system of PSC regulation is characterized by a lack of specialty classification of private security licences, limited regulatory scope with a focus on licensing of companies, lack of uniform standards on training, and high cost/difficulties in obtaining operational license. The paper concludes that the current regulatory setup for PSCs in Nigeria is ineffective and unsustainable and recommends an urgent review of the legal framework to alien its provisions with global standards and practices in the private security industry.

Protecting Protectors:Smartphone-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Mental Health in the Chinese Police

Background:The mental health challenges faced by police officers due to high-stress work environments necessitate effective interventions.Cognitive-behavioral therapy(CBT)has shown promise in addressing mental health issues,and this study aims to evaluate the efficacy of smartphone-based cognitive-behavioral therapy(SCBT)in improving mental health outcomes among police officers.This intervention could provide a reference for enhancing mental health literacy and resilience in this population.Methods:A randomized controlled trial(RCT)design was employed,involving 291 police officers who were randomly assigned to either the SCBT intervention group(n=145)or the control group(n=146).Participants completed pre-and post-intervention assessments using the Symptom Checklist-90(SCL-90),which measures multiple psychological symptoms including somatization,obsessive-compulsiveness,interpersonal sensitivity,depression,anxiety,hostility,phobic anxiety,paranoid ideation,and psychoticism.Statistical analyses were conducted to examine group differences in symptom severity and effect sizes.Results:Post-intervention results indicated significant reductions in somatization,obsessivecompulsiveness,interpersonal sensitivity,depression,anxiety,hostility,phobic anxiety,paranoid ideation,and psychoticism,with large effect sizes observed in the intervention group.Notably,the intervention group showed significantly greater improvements compared to the control group,particularly in overall psychological distress as measured by the total SCL-90 score.However,significant reductions in interpersonal sensitivity and paranoid ideation were also observed in the control group,suggesting external factors may have influenced these dimensions.Conclusion:SCBT demonstrated efficacy in reducing psychological distress among police officers,offering a flexible and accessible mental health intervention.However,challenges such as high dropout rates and the complex,dynamic nature of mental health warrant further investigation.Future studies should explore targeted interventions for specific behavioral issues and consider SCBT as a supplementary tool alongside traditional psychotherapy.

POLICE原则结合微波治疗踝关节扭伤的临床疗效观察

目的探讨POLICE原则结合微波治疗踝关节扭伤的临床疗效。方法将符合条件的72例踝关节扭伤患者随机分为观察组与对照组,每组各36例患者。观察组采用POLICE原则结合微波治疗,对照组采用POLICE原则治疗。分别于治疗前、治疗5周后对患者进行Kofoed评分标准评分,从疼痛、功能和活动度3个方面进行评价和比较。结果治疗5周后,治疗组患者的Koford评分高于对照组[(89.17±8.73)分vs.(63.28±4.80)分],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 POLICE原则结合微波治疗踝关节扭伤能有效缓解疼痛、恢复活动度、提高功能。

POLICE原则治疗急性踝关节扭伤的疗效分析

目的：探讨应用POLICE原则治疗急性踝关节扭伤的临床疗效.方法：2013年7月-2014年1月间我院急诊外科共收治一、二级急性踝关节扭伤患者132例.随机分为A、B两组.A组的治疗基于RICE原则,B组应用POLICE原则.分别于接受治疗后1周、2周、3周、4周、6周、8周进行随访.治疗前、后的踝关节功能按Kofoed评分标准进行评价.治疗前后结果以t检验进行组内比较,治疗后结果以t检验进行组间比较,P﹤0.05时结果有统计学意义.结果：两组患者于末次随访时Kofoed评分均优于治疗前（P﹤0.05）.B组经治疗后第1、2、3、4周Kofoed评分优于A组患者（P﹤0.05）,而第6、8周时,两组结果无明显差异（P﹥0.05）.结论：应用POLICE原则治疗急性踝关节扭伤的早期临床结果优于传统的RICE原则.

A Systemic Functional Study of the English Police Caution——An Analysis of the “Miranda Warnings”

Based on the interpersonal function in Halliday’s systemic functional grammar,"Miranda Warnings",the typical English Police Caution,is analyzed from the aspects of Mood system,Modality system and Appraisal system,with the aim of exploring its interpersonal meanings.Results show that:first,the declarative mood and interrogative mood used in the police caution protect the legitimate rights of the interrogated;second,the widely use of Low value modal verbs demonstrates a more humane and democratic legislation principle;and third,the absence of Affect resources and the frequent application of Capacity resources narrow the interpersonal distance between policeman and the interrogated,reflecting the transformation in policeman’s interrogation practices.

“Police”词后的文化含义

哲学上讲的"语言的转向"是通过谈论语言来谈论世界。通过对"police"的词源和跨语言交流历程的梳理、分析,揭示其所载承的文化,即它所记录下来的一段法国与英国的警察史实,可以看出,"police"来自法语,法国警察的创建深远地影响了西方现代警察的发展,法国警察文化当时代表了世界最先进的警察文化。

基于Web服务的E-Police系统架构

传统电子警察系统由于过分依赖单一服务器,在系统运算、网络传输以及存储容量上难以满足海量数据的需求.将Web Service技术应用到电子警察系统,设计了各前端节点对等的集群式服务器加单一后端客户处理机模式的E-Police电子警察系统架构,提出了计算服务、存储服务和查询服务;松散耦合的E-Police系统以3种服务的实现为核心,系统依靠大量前端节点承担主要工作,提高了资源利用率;通过Web服务的准备、发布和建立3步流程,实现了一套完整的任务、资源和数据流管理方案,解决了传统系统计算性能、存储容量与图像质量三者难以平衡的问题.

“POLICE”原则在急性软组织损伤康复中的应用

本研究归纳急性软组织损伤处理原则的变化进程,总结出最新处理急性软组织损伤的方法,旨为急性软组织损伤即时处理及伤后恢复提供科学的依据。

The Current Situation and Planning Strategy of Police Station Facilities in Megacities Under the Background of New Urbanization:A Case Study of Changping District in Beijing

In the process of new urbanization,the population of megacities is increasing rapidly,the scale of cities is expanding,and the supply of service facilities has been unable to meet the demand.As an important carrier of urban governance and urban management,the police station should properly deal with the existing problems in the urban police stations,and improve the quality of life of residents by optimizing urban service facilities,which is of great significance for the implementation of people-oriented new urbanization.Taking Changping District of Beijing as an example,this study pointed out that there were many problems in police stations in Changping District.For example,the area of land is not up to the standard,the service capacity is not up to the demand,and the facilities are not up to the demand.Then,three planning strategies:adjusting the planning standards of facilities,optimizing the spatial layout of facilities,and strengthening the later guarantee of facilities were put forward,so as to improve people’s satisfaction with life,promote the high-quality development of new urbanization,and provide reference for the supplement of service facilities in megacities.

Background, Current Situation and International Experience of Food and Drug Police System

Establishing the food and drug police system is particularly important for effectively striking at illegal and criminal activities related to food and drug. This study firstly revealed actual background of establishment of the food and drug police system. Taking the high profile gutter oil case in 2013 as an example,it analyzed advantages of the police in food safety supervision. Then,it summarized some pilot projects in China and analyzed characteristics of the Office of Criminal Investigations of FDA. Finally,it came up with problems and recommendations for improving food and drug police system.

P2P &LBS Technology-Based Mobile Police System Design

With the coverage by the mobile network and the popularization of mobile phone communication software, the traditional voice communication, short message service and even the interconnection service have gradually been replaced by mobile terminal equipment. Confronted with the ever-increasingly serous information explosion, police authorities meet with new challenges in their daily police work. This paper establishes a mobile police application system integrating office work, early warning, publicity and surveillance through careful study of the Peer to Peer and Location Based technology, striving to transform the traditional idea, break the traditional mode, expand the tradition scope so as to better exercise the social supervision function, publicize precaution information and crack down on crime.

Option of Fiscal and Financial Polices Based on Monitoring Boom of Urban Employment

With downward pressure of economy facing, monitoring boom index of employment continue to decline. This paper will research on how to cope with urban employment problem using fiscal and financial polices,through building system of boom of urban employment, and identifying risk signal of Chinese urban employment.

Risk factors of COVID-19 infection among policemen: A case-control study

Objective:To investigate the risk factors and protective measures of COVID-19 among policemen in an eastern state of India.Methods:This case-control study was conducted in Bihar,located in the eastern part of India.In total,6 confirmed COVID-19 cases(the case group)and 11 negative contacts of these cases(the control group)of Bihar Military Police participated in the study.Results:All subjects were male with a median age of 51(range:23-60)years.Among these 6 confirmed cases,5 cases were asymptomatic.One third(33.3%)of the case group and the majority(90.9%)of the control group reported maintenance of physical distance of at least 1 meter with others all the time,which was significantly different(P=0.028).There was no other statistically significant difference between the case group and the control group.Conclusions:Physical distancing is the most effective public health measure to control contagious diseases like COVID-19,especially in the absence of an effective vaccine in police settings.

An Evaluation of Suicidality and Its Predictors in Police Officers in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: The many dangers and stressors associated with police work often place police officers at a great risk of a variety of mental health morbidity, including suicidality. The causation of suicidality is multi-dimensional, however, there are insufficient studies which have examined the burden and risk factors of suicidality in Nigerian police officers. Objective: To determine the prevalence and predictors of suicidality among police officers in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 600 police officers who were selected using a non-probability sampling method. Questionnaires used were: Suicide Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and a Socio-Demographic Questionnaire. Results: Prevalence of suicidality was 14%, and the predictors of suicidality were: state anxiety (p 0.001), trait anxiety (p 0.001), substance use (p = 0.03), being unmarried (p = 0.03), and female gender (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Suicidality is prevalent among Nigerian police officers, with a higher risk in those who are vulnerable. The creation of government policies and infrastructure which promote mental health in police officers is necessary.

Enhancing Police Officers’ Cybercrime Investigation Skills Using a Checklist Tool

This paper addressed the current state of police officers’ capabilities, skills, and their readiness to deal with the developments of cybercrime. This study discussed definition of cybercrime, cybercrime categories as well as comparison between traditional criminal techniques and cybercrime. As the abilities and skills required for detectives to investigate cybercrime have been discussed. Additionally, literature review and related work, was addressed challenges role of the police in combating cybercrime and facing cybercrime policing. We proposed the main tool in the study which is “Checklist of essential skills for a cybercrime investigator”. Thus, to gain the ability to Identify technical and practical requirements in terms of skills, programs, and equipment to achieve effective and professional results in fight cybercrimes.

Police Emergency Commitment Powers in Cases of Persons Experiencing Mental Health Crisis in “Public Spaces”: Review of the Commitment Process in England and Wales, in Comparison to the Practice in the United States of America (USA)

Police emergency commitment powers for detention of persons in the community perceived to be seriously mentally ill for further specialist examination in a designated facility have always raised interest in medical and legal circles on both sides of the Atlantic. The objective of this article is to detail the police commitment procedure in England and Wales, as dictated by the mental health act of 1983 (MHA 1983) amended in 2007 (MHA 2007);and compare this with similar legal provisions as prevails under current state mental health statutes in the United States of America (USA). The comparative review of the commitment processes in England and Wales to that of the USA reveals that the process in England and Wales seeks to primarily ensure that persons with mental disorder (PWMD) in crisis are directed to a specialist hospital for evaluation and appropriate specialist care. In the USA such persons in a good number of cases may end up in the criminal justice system due to application of the “dangerousness” standard. Additionally whereas in England and Wales the commitment law is uniform in law and application, the federal system in the USA is such that the commitment law may have minor variations depending on the individual states. The minor variation in state commitment laws may engender a situation where the commitment law in England and Wales may seem relatively equitable and just towards PWMD in crisis, compared to the state commitment laws in the USA.