An Analytical Framework for Measuring Inequality in the Public Opinion on Policing—Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic Using Twitter Data

As the COVID-19 pandemic sweeps across the globe, police forces are charged with new roles as they engage and enforce new policies and laws governing societal behaviours. However, how the police exercise these powers is an important factor in shaping public opinion and confidence concerning their activities across space and time. This research developed an analytical framework for measuring the inequality in the public opinion towards policing efforts during the pandemic using Twitter data. We demonstrate the utility of our framework using 3-months of tweets across 42 police force areas (Pfas) of England and Wales (UK). The results reveal that public opinions on policing is overwhelmingly negative across space and time, and that these opinions have been most exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic in three specific Pfas, namely Staffordshire, Thames Valley, and North Wales. We provided the link to the open-source script by which this research could be replicated and adapted to other study areas. This research has the potential to help law enforcement understand the dynamics of public confidence and trust in policing and facilitate action towards improved police services.

Policy Framework for Community and State Policing in Combating Rising Security Challenges in Nigeria

Viability of decentralizing policing in Nigeria had been on the front burner of security discourse since Nigeria returned to democratic governance in 1999.Valid points had been put forward by both those in support and those in opposition.The Community Policing Department of the Nigeria Police had remained more of an administrative unit with little impact beyond the Police Community Relations Committee activities.Rising cases of herdsmen attacks of various communities,terrorist insurgency in the North-East,kidnappings across the different geo-political zones had resulted in the need to interrogate the efficacy of effective community policing and state policing as viable options to combating rising security challenges.The study adopted qualitative method,and being a library research relied entirely on secondary data.Sources of data included journals,relevant textbooks,newspapers,magazines,and materials downloaded from internet.The paper argues that the traditional security agencies had failed to effectively combat the many security challenges that Nigeria faces.The combination of the official security agencies and the military had failed to effectively combat insecurity in the country.The local vigilante groups on the other hand had made valuable inroad in curtailing some of the security challenges including terrorist insurgency as a result of their knowledge of the terrain.The paper concludes that to effectively combat the many security challenges,there is a need for new policy framework at the federal and state levels that would decentralize policing and give legal backing for collaboration between the official security agencies under the federal government and state security outfits including the vigilante.

Study on the Community Policing Administration Innovation from the Perspective of the Public Security Governance

Since the 20th century, human public security accidents occurred frequently, so that the developed countries such as the United States, Japan, and Russia took the lead in strengthening the study of the public security administration. Since the 21th century, all walks of life have paid more attention to the public security administration in China, along with the deepened implementation of the reform and opening-up policy and the rapid development of economic construction and the effects from the outbreak of the SARS crisis and the frequent occurrence of many coal mine security accidents, etc. In this process, the non-traditional security issues and man-made crisis are gradually becoming the main threats currently to the public security of China, because the conflicts of interest and the social contradictions overlap and the social crisis such as cadres-masses and police-masses conflicts is being aggravated. At present, the Ministry of Public Security of China is pushing forward a community policing reform and great numbers of community polices in community policing administration will directly confront with the challenges of the public security administration complexity, and therefore, the promotion of community policing urgently needs the innovation of administration concept.

An Evaluation of Suicidality and Its Predictors in Police Officers in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: The many dangers and stressors associated with police work often place police officers at a great risk of a variety of mental health morbidity, including suicidality. The causation of suicidality is multi-dimensional, however, there are insufficient studies which have examined the burden and risk factors of suicidality in Nigerian police officers. Objective: To determine the prevalence and predictors of suicidality among police officers in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 600 police officers who were selected using a non-probability sampling method. Questionnaires used were: Suicide Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and a Socio-Demographic Questionnaire. Results: Prevalence of suicidality was 14%, and the predictors of suicidality were: state anxiety (p 0.001), trait anxiety (p 0.001), substance use (p = 0.03), being unmarried (p = 0.03), and female gender (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Suicidality is prevalent among Nigerian police officers, with a higher risk in those who are vulnerable. The creation of government policies and infrastructure which promote mental health in police officers is necessary.

Enhancing Police Officers’ Cybercrime Investigation Skills Using a Checklist Tool

This paper addressed the current state of police officers’ capabilities, skills, and their readiness to deal with the developments of cybercrime. This study discussed definition of cybercrime, cybercrime categories as well as comparison between traditional criminal techniques and cybercrime. As the abilities and skills required for detectives to investigate cybercrime have been discussed. Additionally, literature review and related work, was addressed challenges role of the police in combating cybercrime and facing cybercrime policing. We proposed the main tool in the study which is “Checklist of essential skills for a cybercrime investigator”. Thus, to gain the ability to Identify technical and practical requirements in terms of skills, programs, and equipment to achieve effective and professional results in fight cybercrimes.

Strategies for Countering Freezing in Police Operational Activities

The term“freezing”refers to an innate defensive reaction characterized by the sudden cessation of all movements(Stote&Fanselow,2004;Eilam,2005).The freezing effect involving a police officer exposes him to a risk to himself and others.Materials and Methods:400 anonymous questionnaires administered to law enforcement personnel in Switzerland were evaluated with the aim of testing their knowledge about the freezing phenomenon.In addition,semi-structured interviews involving police personnel were conducted.The authors also analyzed two cases of police officers who had experienced freezing.Results and Conclusions:From the results obtained,it emerges that freezing is not known to most of the police officers interviewed.Therefore,specific and innovative training seems to be necessary.The authors described the brain mechanisms that are involved in freezing.Innovative integrated training modules have been proposed by applying some neuroscientific knowledge,particularly using the potential of mirror neurons.The authors propose a strategy for supporting police officers who have experienced an episode of freezing.The ultimate goal is to provide more scientific tools to protect police officers and civilians.

台湾地区“大法官释宪”对警察权转型的影响

从1990年至今,台湾地区“大法官释宪”制度在限制警察权和保障人权等方面发挥了重要作用。在人身自由等基本人权保障方面,“大法官”议决坚持法官保留、正当法律程序、法律明确性和比例原则,使威权时期极度扩张的警察权受到严格规范和制约,进而实现转型。近年来在警察执法的隐私权保护领域,“大法官释宪”也取得了一定成绩。台湾地区“大法官释宪”制度的升级,将继续影响台湾地区警政制度的发展与走向。

失败的刑事司法?--性侵犯罪警察侦查比较研究

负责性侵犯罪案件立案、侦查工作的警察,在性侵犯罪实际案发数、犯罪嫌疑人与被害人关系以及被害人报假案等问题上容易出现认知错误,导致其在案件处置过程中倾向于怀疑报案的被害人、不积极侦查或者采取错误的侦查措施。最终结果是性侵犯罪案件在刑事司法系统中的不当耗损情况严重,被害人遭遇二次伤害,刑事司法正义价值的实现大打折扣。警察部门应当构建以被害人为中心的立案、侦查模式,细化工作规则,有效开展犯罪侦查,切实保护性侵犯罪被害人获得刑事司法救济的权利。

智慧社区警务建设现实困境及路径优化研究

智慧社区警务建设是社会安全综合防控体系建设中的重要环节,对促进社区安全管理、风险化解和优质服务群众发挥了重要作用。当前,智慧社区警务建设存在缺乏顶层设计、数据采集工作缺位、数据共享困难、社区民警大数据应用能力偏弱等诸多影响智慧社区警务建设效能的瓶颈问题。根据智慧社区警务建设核心要素,提出完善顶层设计、集约整合数据资源、构建社区智能安全防控体系、建立警务工作新模式、创新社区警务服务模式等优化策略,增强智慧社区警务建设效能,为更好推进智慧社区警务建设和发展提供新思路。

基于学科融合体的警察培训模式研究

中华民族伟大复兴时代科技的飞速发展使公安实战业务涉及到多种学科的综合化,如何在有限时间内最大程度提高民警多学科的专业运用能力和综合素质,是当前警察教育培训面临的难题。针对这一难题,基于学科融合体的警察培训模式是一条行之有效的路径。这一模式主张深入分析警察培训课程特色及教学模式的特点,针对公安工作跨学科的基本特性,突出培训过程中科学、技术与实战应用的结合。建议公安院校要创新教学训练的思路和理念,进一步合理配置警察教育培训教学内容,更深层地体现出新时期警察教育培训的绩效性、科学性和实战性,同时基于公安院校自身的学科优势及科研成果的累积,架构“大教育、大培训”的公安教学训练新模式。

关于完善警务督察制度的思考

警务督察制度经过初创阶段、规范阶段和完善阶段的发展历程,实现了从无到有、从零散到系统的转变,形成了具有中国特色的督察监督制度。督察法律体系相对健全,督查工作内容涉及广泛,督察科技手段的应用逐步扩大,在保障和推动公安工作和队伍建设方面发挥了重要作用。为了促进锻造一支对党忠诚、服务人民、执法公正、纪律严明的高素质公安队伍,应当从现行警务督察制度的特点入手,顺应警务现代化建设的基本要求,继续对警务督察制度进行完善,以警务现代化的目标为牵引,以完善相关的理念、机制、手段和保障工作作为方法路径和载体抓手,助推公安工作的高质量发展。

多重约束下民警公务用枪的行动逻辑

公务用枪中存在的问题反映出公安机关在社会治理中的困境。实证研究发现,民警公务用枪的心理与行为受到多重条件的约束。文化与舆论是最外围的软性约束,影响着公务用枪的正义感。法律法规是较外围的刚性约束,决定着公务用枪的合法感。组织氛围是较内围的显性约束,决定着公务用枪的支持感。素质与训练则是最内围的硬性约束,决定着公务用枪的效能感。四个维度的用枪心理影响着民警在警务实战中的行为倾向和行为表现。涉枪事件的应对和涉枪民警的处理,又将反作用于涉枪民警及其他民警的心理与行为。研究结果为民警不愿拿枪、不敢用枪、不会用枪等问题找到一种阐释框架。

警务硕士综合素质培养路径探析——以四川警察学院为例

警务硕士研究生综合素质涵盖了政治素质、学术道德、专业素养、职业精神、身心素质等。目前,警务硕士研究生综合素质培养在方案制定、课程设计、人才培养体系建设、教学团队的组建方面有一定的亮点,但是,也存在导师意见不统一、师资专业水准差异大、课程体系不完善、课程标准未落地等问题。对此,可以采取统一导师对培养方案的认识、构建科学课程体系、落实培养方案及配套规章制度、调整授课方式、明确综合素质评价指标等措施缓解工学矛盾,提高警务硕士研究生综合素质培养成效。

习近平文化思想引领公安院校文化育警的价值目标与实践路径

新时代公安院校青年学警在政治素质、警察意识、全面发展和创新精神等方面还存在提升和强化的空间,也是文化育警面对的现实问题。习近平文化思想是引领公安院校文化育警工作的根本指导思想,以习近平文化思想为引领的文化育警应以锻铸政治忠诚、培养捍卫中国式现代化意识、促进全面发展、养成创新精神为价值目标。在实践路径上,通过对警务化管理制度、英模精神、思政课堂、校园文化、时代精神等载体的科学应用,培养出优秀的警务人才。

中介与兜底:非警务警情中派出所的治理功能——以W市M派出所为例

近些年来,大量非警务警情涌入基层派出所,造成权责失衡、警力挤兑等执法困境。以往研究基于行政执法化的视角,将治理困境视为“执法失败”并思考公安机关的权责边界。运用“结构—治理—功能”的分析框架,将反应型警务置于城市社会结构及其治理需求的角度下进行思考,具有积极意义。非警务警情的大量出现与城市社会中存在的资源分散、权威缺失与矛盾极化等治理困境密不可分。虽然现行法律条文在非警务警情的处理上效果有限,但是反应型警务建立起的资源链接、权威重塑和矛盾控制等治理机制在城市社会中发挥了中介和兜底的治理功能。这两种治理功能在快速的城市化转型中具有重要意义,它们意味着基层派出所能够妥善处理各类复杂矛盾维持社会的基本秩序。当然,要实现矛盾的有效处理还必须进一步明晰权责关系,推动多元共治。

基于ChatGPT辅助与支持的智慧警务建设

自2022年以来,随着以ChatGPT为代表的大语言模型应用的出现和发展,大语言模型对社会治理、经济发展、文化发展等领域产生重要影响。如今,各地公安机关在智慧社区治理、人口智慧化管控和执法办案智慧裁量等警务工作方面进行了不同程度的智慧化探索,可见,大语言模型在智慧警务方面具有广阔应用潜力,是促进智慧警务治理的有效途径之一。通过探索大语言模型对情报采集分析、辅助社区警务、打击违法犯罪、机构运转等方面的作用和效力,利用大语言模型进行制定智慧化策略、助力公安情报信息收集工作数据化、助力研发警务工作的新工具、依据大数据信息开展执法活动等工作,提高智慧警务工作效率,推动智慧警务建设。

强制留学:抗战时期日本的中国占领区留日警察政策

抗战时期,日本政府强令中国占领区各伪政权选派警察赴内务省警察讲习所留学,各伪政权大多以刚刚成立或财政困难为由,提出不派、缓派、少派请求,但在当地日军、日本使领馆和内务省派遣人员的压力下,不得不按照日本的原定计划选派。这些留日警察的接受、教育和管理,主要由外务省文化事业部和内务省警察讲习所协商负责。日本政府的目的是培养直接服务于其殖民统治和侵略战争政策的“协力者”,但它忽略了抗战时期中国人民族国家意识的增长,最终事与愿违。

公安院校毒品预防社会实践课程改革探索

为了解决传统毒品预防课程存在的学生认同度低、能力和素质培养途径欠缺、课堂参与度低、课堂效果反馈不及时等问题,中国刑事警察学院禁毒学专业毒品预防课程组在OBE教育理念的指引下,探索毒品预防社会实践课程的创新性改革路径,通过增加实践教学模块、反向教学设计、提升教师实践教学能力、多元化评价体系、打造协同育人平台等方式,转变了学生学习态度,全面提升知识、能力、素质水平,提高学警的社会认可度和影响力,助力课程目标的全面达成,促进育人水平持续提升。