Spatial Analysis on the Concentrations of Air Pollutants in Basra Province (Southern Iraq)

This paper aims to analyze the geographic distribution of air pollutant concentrations in Basra Province, Southern Iraq, and to cartographically determine the spatial variation of air pollution levels as well as to recognize the hottest spots of air pollution within the study area, and conclude that the levels of air pollution in the study area are spatially varied, with an irregular spatial pattern and some hotspots.

Air pollutants and greenhouse gases emission inventory for power plants in the Antarctic

Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere in Antarctica from power plants with diesel generators(the main sources of energy at Antarctic research stations and the main stationary sources of anthropogenic emissions in the Antarctic)were assessed.A bottom-up approach was used to compile an emission inventory for the Antarctic.This involved estimating emissions at various spatial levels by sequentially aggregating estimate emissions from point emission sources.This is the first time this approach has been proposed and used.Emissions of CO2,NOx,particulate matter(PM10),and CO in the modern period were estimated at the research station,geographic region,natural domain,biogeographic region,continent section,and whole continent scales.Yearly emissions are presented here,but the approach allows emissions at different averaging periods to be estimated.This means mean or maximum yearly,monthly,daily,or hourly emissions can be estimated.The estimates could be used to model pollutant transmission and dispersion,assess the impacts of pollutants,and develop emission forecasts for various scenarios.

Changes in air pollutants during the COVID-19 lockdown in Beijing:Insights from a machine-learning technique and implications for future control policy

The COVID-19 lockdowns led to abrupt reductions in human-related emissions worldwide and had an unintended impact on air quality improvement.However,quantifying this impact is difficult as meteorological conditions may mask the real effect of changes in emissions on the observed concentrations of pollutants.Based on the air quality and meteorological data at 35 sites in Beijing from 2015 to 2020,a machine learning technique was applied to decouple the impacts of meteorology and emissions on the concentrations of air pollutants.The results showed that the real(“deweathered”)concentrations of air pollutants(expect for O 3)dropped significantly due to lockdown measures.Compared with the scenario without lockdowns(predicted concentrations),the observed values of PM_(2.5),PM_(10),SO_(2),NO_(2),and CO during lockdowns decreased by 39.4%,50.1%,51.8%,43.1%,and 35.1%,respectively.In addition,a significant decline for NO_(2)and CO was found at the background sites(51%and 37.8%)rather than the traffic sites(37.1%and 35.5%),which is different from the common belief.While the primary emissions reduced during the lockdown period,episodic haze events still occurred due to unfavorable meteorological conditions.Thus,developing an optimized strategy to tackle air pollution in Beijing is essential in the future.

Investigating the Changes in Air Pollutant Emissions over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region in February from 2014 to 2019 through an Inverse Emission Method

In recent years,China has implemented several measures to improve air quality.The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region is one area that has suffered from the most serious air pollution in China and has undergone huge changes in air quality in the past few years.How to scientifically assess these change processes remain the key issue in further improving the air quality over this region in the future.To evaluate the changes in major air pollutant emissions over this region,this paper employs ensemble Kalman filtering(EnKF)for integrating the national ground monitoring pollutant observation data and the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System(NAQPMS)simulation data to inversely estimate the emission rates of SO_(2),NOX,CO,and primary PM_(2.5)over BTH region in February from 2014 to 2019.The results show that SO_(2),NOX,CO,and primary PM_(2.5)emissions in the BTH region decreased in February from 2014 to 2019 by 83%,37%,41%,and 42%,while decreases in Beijing during this period were 86%,67%,59%,and 65%,respectively.Compared with the prior emission inventory,the inversion emission inventory reduces the uncertainty of multi-pollutant simulation in the BTH region,with simulated root mean square errors of the monthly average concentrations of SO_(2),NOX,PM_(2.5),and CO reduced by 41%,30%,31%,and 22%,respectively.The average uncertainties of SO_(2),NOX,PM_(2.5),and CO inversion emissions in2014-19 are±14.03%yr^(-1),±28.91%yr^(-1),±126.15%yr^(-1),and±43.58%yr^(-1).Compared with the uncertainty of MEIC emission,the uncertainties of all species changed by+2%yr^(-1),-2%yr^(-1),-26%yr^(-1),and-4%yr^(-1),respectively.The spatial distribution results illustrate that air pollutant emissions are mainly distributed over the eastern and southern BTH regions.The spatial gap between the inversion emissions and MEIC emissions was further closed in 2019 compared to 2014.The results of this paper can provide a new reference for assessing changes in air pollution emissions over the BTH region in recent years and validating a bottom-up emission inventory.

Exploration of Market Mechanism on Controlling Air Pollution and Carbon Emissions in China

Based on increasingly grim situation of carbon emissions in China,air pollution control and carbon emission reduction are very important. Therefore,combining with China’s specific national conditions,we should explore the market mechanisms to control air pollution and reduce carbon emissions in China. The achievement of the carbon emission reduction purpose needs to establish the carbon trade market based on intensity emission reduction and suitable for China’s national conditions. By setting the cross-industry,cross-region and cross-time carbon trade scenarios in China,this paper tries to study the market mechanism of carbon intensity trade among industries and regions and based on carbon finance mechanism.

Emission of Air Pollution in the Transport Sector: Case Study of the City of Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil

The transportation sector is certainly one of the main agent’s principals and has contributed to the increase in global air pollution. In Brazil, the large-scale use of diesel for charge and passenger transport produces considerable air pollution in cities. The objectives of the study were to determine the concentrations of gas emissions (CO, NO and NO2), identify the chemical species that make up the particulates, from the exhaust of diesel vehicles and identify chemical species of particulates accumulated in air conditioning filters realized in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes located in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Thus, for the determination of the gas concentrations, electrochemical sensors were used and in the identification of chemical species, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used. The results showed CO concentrations in the range of 173 to 880 ppmv, of NO in the range 52 to 240 ppmv and NO2 in the range 6 to 252 ppmv in the vehicles exhaust, and chemical species of the particulates in the exhaust identified: Ca, Si, Fe, S, Ti, P, Zn, Sc and Mn. Furthermore, Ca, Si, Fe, S, Ti, P, Zn, Mn, K, Cl, Al, Pb, V, Cu, Sr, Br and Er were in the air conditioning system. The concentration of gases and particulates is increased by the presence of a large highway that runs through the city, with one intense flow of trucks and buses, which certainly contributes to the reduction of the region’s air quality.

Implementation of the Air Quality Monitoring Network at Agadir City in Morocco

Air pollution is a major global issue with widely known harmful effects on human health and the environment. This pollution is a very complex phenomenon given the diversity of pollutants that may be present in the atmosphere. The air quality in urban areas is of a great concern for residents living in cities and represents a current issue that requires an adequate management. So that air quality policy is driven by health concerns. In this paper, we present an overview on the experience of Agadir city to establish the air quality management policy, local authority on the whole have developed a good understanding of air quality in the area. Indeed for several years, efforts have been made to monitor the air quality in this city, this translated by air quality assessment since 2006 using mobile laboratory and fixed station. Our goals in this study were to review the operation of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) making better use of available resources to improve its outcomes and make recommendations with a view to improving air quality issues. This work highlights the requirement to revise periodically the LAQM for generating priority for air quality issues within local authority and the need to implement the optimizing Air Quality Monitoring Network (AQMN).

Assessment of the Contribution of Road Traffic to Greenhouse Emissions: A Case of an Algerian City

Rapid urbanisation brings about increase in air pollution. These emissions are generally linked to the production of energy, to industrial activities and to transport in the densely inhabited areas. Estimating the pollutants quantities released in the air is an important stage in the evaluation of air quality. However, the problem of air pollution in urban areas is a problem in all Algerian cities. Similar to all Algerian big cities, the city of Batna has become a major urban area with an ever increasing fleet of motor vehicles most of which are practically old ones. This state of affairs increases the demand in fuel consumption and undeniably intensifies polluting emissions. As the situation goes, it has become the utmost urgency to wonder about a possible support that may be given to this sector in order to evaluate how air quality is managed in a durable way. The main objective of this study is to assess the quantity of CO2 pollutant known as the most significant greenhouse gas emission from traffic. The approach used is mainly based on a number of assumptions, which allows us to find the amount of 192 g/km/day CO2 released into the urban atmosphere of the city of Batna.

The Contribution of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on Future Acid Rain in States of Gulf Cooperation Council: Measures to Adopt

Air pollution is one of the serious problems facing the world. This is mainly due to production and consumption of fossil fuels. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions could affect human health and destroy vegetation through acid deposition and cause transboundary air pollution. Currently, there are no regional ambient SO2 and NOx regulations and control measures of many developing countries including GCC countries. This paper reviewed the experiences of the past acid rain pollution problems in United States, Canada, Europe, Japan and China. In addition, the plausible control measures through application of air pollution abatement technologies, market based regulations were discussed. The study recommended that suitable and locally based measures could be adopted by GCC states to prevent future occurrence of acid rain within the region and beyond.

Evaluation of the Impact of the Handling and Storage System of Petroleum Coke on PM10 Emissions in an Oil Refinery

The objective of this study was to identify the impact of the coke handling and storage system on the emission of PM10 particulate material.The methodology was based on AP-42 emission factors from U.S.EPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency)for the calculation of PM10 emissions from operations in the handling and storage of petroleum coke in an oil refinery in the northeastern of Brazil.The knowledge of the emission potential of each operation of the coke handling and storage system allows the adoption of more effective control measures,contributing to the effective reduction of PM10 emissions in this system.To complement the environmental impact assessment of each configuration,an air quality modelling was performed using the atmospheric dispersion software.The comparison performed in this study enables authors to conclude,even for a totally mechanic system,that adopts control measures,PM10 emissions are low when confronted with the remaining sources of an oil refinery.By analyzing emissions from automated systems operation(scenario 1),it can be observed that the source with higher emission potential is the stockpile,which represents 60%of the system’s emission.Transfer and transport operations by conveyor belts together correspond to 40%of emissions.Even though transfer operations also represent a significant part(27%),they are not clustered in a unique point,making these emissions abatement difficult.The same is valid for transport using conveyor belts.Emissions from the piles are really the most significant.For this reason,this work concentrated efforts in the storage area,the ones that motivate the majority of studies relating to abatement technologies.

Study on the Environmental Quality Guarantee Ratio on the Basis of Total Air Pollutant Emission Amount Control

The hourly and daily air quality concentration in the total air pollutant emission amount control zone is not sure to be continuously up to national ambient air quality standard, even though the total annual air pollutant emission is permitted under the total air pollutant emission amount control (TAPEAC) on the basis of A-value method. So the concept of the environmental quality guarantee ratio (EQGR) for TAPEAC is advanced in this paper and its quantitative formula is figured out for both hourly and daily EQGR. It is concluded that the EQGR is related with the yearly arrangement of A-value besides the pollutant type. According to the meteorological data in a lower area along Yangtze River in 2000, the yearly A-value trend is analyzed. Based on the data, the hourly EQGR of SO 2 and NO 2 is respectively 97.4% and 90.2%, and daily EQGR respectively 90.2% and 79.5%.

Numerical Modeling of Air Pollutants Emitted by Waterway Transportation

The world maritime transportation is suffering a large increase in recent years and as a result of this increased on global trade, there is a consequent increase in waterway transportation and demand for fossil fuels, resulting in emissions of air pollutants. Consequently, the impact of transport emissions on climate change was put on the list of priorities. It has a high fuel demand as a result of continuous use of main engines for propulsion, electricity and heat production. The highest exposure levels of air pollution are found in ports and near them because most of the world fleet is positioned in these areas. The port of Rio de Janeiro city, in the Southeast Brazilian coastal, is inserted in the Guanabara Bay (GB), where the breezes recirculate pollutants in Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro (MRRJ). Therefore, the aim of this research was to use the Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (BRAMS) to generate the wind fields in the MRRJ and to calculate the trajectories of pollutants emitted on GB related to the waterway transportation, using a 3D kinematic trajectories model. Results demonstrated that for the periods analysed, the Central and west areas in the coastal region of the Rio de Janeiro city were the local most affected in the summer. In winter the trajectories reached the cities of the Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias. Both in summer and winter, the trajectories followed towards the South Atlantic Ocean in the morning. Conclusions about this study show the need of decision-making process for better management of waterway transportation sector, improving the harmful effects on air quality in cities located in coastal regions.

Preliminary Results of Application Mobilev Traffic model to Calculate Air Emission and Assessing Policies for Reducing Air Emissions in an ASEAN City

Traffic is one of the main air pollution source in urban cities,especially in Ho Chi Minh City.Annually,it emits a huge amount of pollutants into the atmosphere;and air quality in HCMC becomes worse due to circulation of outdate private vehicles.Therefore,clean air plan(CAP)is necessary for reducing air pollution level in the city and air emission inventory(EI)is an essential step to develop CAP.Mobilev model from Germany was chosen to conduct EI for HCMC.Objectives include of this study:(i)elaborating an air emission inventory(EI)from road traffic activities over HCMC;and(ii)assessing emission control policies and study abatement strategies to reduce air pollution level from traffic activities for HCMC in 2020.The results indicated that motorcycles are the main sources of air emission in HCMC.The emissions of CO are 3,586.707 tons/year,following ish VOC,NOx,CH4,NO2,SO2 and particulate matter(PM).In addition,CO2,which is one of the main greenhouse gases,also included and contributed 36,293.501 ton/year.These pollutants concentrated in the center which has crowded roads and population,affecting directly human health.Therefore,a replaced private vehicle with public transportation is necessary to reduce emissions.Two abatement strategies to 2020 for reducing emissions were performed and showed that if the HCMC government has severe policies on motor vehicles,the emission will be reduced until 60%,opposite emissions in 2020 will be increased to 200%.

Estimates and Spatial Distribution of Emissions from Sugar Cane Bagasse Fired Thermal Power Plants in Brazil

Sugar cane bagasse is one of the largest fuels used for electricity generation in Brazil and its usage has continuously increased to supply the energy demand. This paper presents emission inventory based on power plants burning sugar cane bagasse. The inventory involves the spatial distribution and the estimated flows for the following major pollutants: nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate material (PM), carbon dioxide (CO2) and total organic carbon (TOC). A total of 384 power plants were inventoried, representing a generated power of 9.9 GW, about 26% of the energy produced by thermal power plants sector. The plants are concentrated in two main poles: one of them in S?o Paulo State and nearby areas and the other one in coast of Brazilian Northeast. The limits proposed by the AP-42 Regulations of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for the emission factors were applied. Additional emission factors identified in the scientific literature were also included in the analysis in order to assess the uncertainties associated to the estimative. The estimated emissions showed values in the range 16.0 - 20.5 Gg?year?1 for NOx, 18.0 - 267.0 Gg?year?1 for MP and 20.5 - 26.7 Tg?year?1 for CO2. The contribution of TOC showed a minor contribution around 10 - 20 Mg?year?1. PM showed to be the most representative pollutant emitted by the thermal plants burning sugar cane bagasse, but with a large range of uncertainty. There is a high level of uncertainty associated to the preparation of cane as well as the use of collectors to control particulate emissions. The adequate control over all stages could reduce the bagasse ash content in 90% or more.

Ultra-Net Emission and Solid Waste Transfer of Air Pollutants in Steel, Power and Cement Industries—The Idea of Construction and Key Technology of Denitration Engineering Transformation and By-Product Formation

In this paper, an integrated desulfurization and denitrification technology is proposed for ultra-low emissions of SO2 and NOx in the steel, power and cement industries. A cost-effective and operationally efficient control strategy is realized through a forced oxidation-absorption-reduction process, which reduces equipment investment and operating costs. The technology was adapted to continuous and intermittent denitrification in different temperature zones, promoting the recycling of desulfurization and denitrification products. The study also explored the use of a highly active absorbent obtained by the hydration reaction of coal ash and lime from a power company for the desulfurization and denitrification of sintered flue gases in iron and steel mills, which produces by-products that can be used as retarding agents in the cement industry, resulting in a circular economy. The article emphasizes the importance of improving the lime digestion process and developing new denitrification agents for environmentally safe and cost-effective flue gas treatment.

The emission inventory of atmospheric industrial pollution sources of the five cities in Zhejiang Province

The amount of several air pollutants emitted in some cities including Hangzhou,Ningbo,Huzhou,Shaoxing and Jiaxing of Zhejiang Province is based on pollution source census data of Zhejiang Province in 2010.This paper focused on the release of air pollutants such as NO_(x2),SO_2,CO,PM2.5,PM10 and VOC,and calculated the total amount of those air pollutants.It analyzed air pollutant emission factors and found that the electricity and heat production industry released the largest amount of pollutants.

A High Resolution Emission Inventory of Domestic Burning in Rural Region of Northeast China Based on Household Consumption

Domestic burning emits large amounts of pollutants into the ambient air due to incomplete and inefficient combustion, with significant impacts on indoor air quality and human health. Northeast China is one of the major contributors to domestic burning emissions in China;however, the high-resolution emissions inventories of domestic biomass and coal burning in Northeast China are lacked, which are needed to estimate the extent of its impact. In this study, we established a town-level emissions inventory of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter(PM) from domestic biomass and coal burning, based on per household consumption in each town in rural region of Northeast China. The results revealed that biomass burning was the major domestic burning source over the region in 2016. Domestic biomass burning is the major contributor to PM and volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emissions, while coal burning is the major contributor to SO2 emissions. High emissions intensities were concentrated around the cities of Harbin, Suihua, Changchun, Qiqihar, and Chifeng, each with emissions intensity for PM2.5 and VOCs of more than 2000 Mg per 27 km × 27 km grid cell. Additionally, there are three burning peaks(6-7 am, 12 pm and 4-7 pm) during both the heating(from October to April) and non-heating seasons(from May to September), due to cooking and heating. The burning peaks in the non-heating season were more notable than those in the heating season. These results suggest that the government should pay more attention to domestic biomass and coal burning in rural areas, in order to reduce pollutant emissions and control regional haze during the heating season.

Emissions of SO2, NOx and PMs from Cement Plant in Vicinity of Khoms City in Northwestern Libya

Estimated emissions of gases and particulate matter from two Portland cement plants near Khoms city in northwestern Libya by computer simulation reveal that the SO2, NOx and dust emissions exceed selected international standard limits. The results highlight the need for improved operational procedures to minimize emissions and avoid any possible adverse environmental effects.

Puff Models for Simulation of Fugitive Hazardous Emissions in Atmosphere

A puff model for the dispersion of material from fugitive hazardous emissions is presented. For vertical diffusion the model is based on general techniques for solving time dependent advection-diffusion equation: the ADMM (Advection Diffusion Multilayer Method) and GILTT (Generalized Integral Laplace Transform Technique) techniques. Both approaches accept wind and eddy diffusion coefficients with any restriction in their height functions. Comparisons between values predicted by the models against experimental ground-level concentrations (from Copenhagen data set) are shown. The preliminary results confirm the applicability of the approaches proposed and are promising for future work.

Investigation of the Effects of a Large Percentage of Dried Sludge on the Operation of a Coal-Fired Boiler

A 600 MW coal-fired boiler with a four-corner tangential combustion mode is considered here to study the combustion features and pollutant emissions at different loads for large-percentages of blending dried sludges.The influence of the over-fired air(OFA)coefficient is examined and the impact of the blending ratio on the boiler operation is explored.The results show that for low blending ratios,a slight increase in the blending ratio can improve the combustion of bituminite,whereas a further increase leads to the deterioration of the combustion of blended fuels and thus reduces the boiler efficiency.Enhancing the supporting capability of the secondary air effectively reduces the slagging degree in the bottom ash hopper and improves the burnout rate of coals.For a large-percentage blending case at full load,it is found that the OFA coefficient must be reduced appropriately,otherwise,a secondary high-temperature combustion zone can be generated in the vicinity of the furnace arches,causing high temperature slagging and superheater tube bursting.Considering the influences of combustion and pollutant emissions,the recommended OFA coefficient is 0.2.Blending dried sludge under low loads increases the flue gas temperature at the furnace exit.While reducing the flue gas temperature in the main combustion region,which is beneficial to the safe operation of the denitrification system.Increasing the blending ratio and reducing load lead to an increase in NOx concentration at the furnace exit Sludges with low nitrogen content are suggested for the practical operation of boilers.