THE AVERAGE AGGREGATE NUMBER OF ELECTROSTATICALLY STABILIZED AGGREGATE(ESAg)

The average aggregate number(N)of electrostatically stabilized aggregate(ESAg)composed of oppositely-charged long-chain molecules,i.e., sodium ω-[α-(nathphyl)ethoxyl]undecanoate(FP^-)and cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride(CTAC),in aqueous solution at 25℃ has been measured to be 11 to 16 in the CTAC-concentration range of 11×10^(-5) M to 30×10^(-5) M at a fixed FP- concentration of 1.0×10^(-5)M by the photon counting method.

IS THE“DEGREE OF AGGREGATION”A FUNCTION OF THE AVERAGE AGGREGATE NUMBER,OR OF THE NUMBER OF AGGREGATES,OR BOTH?

Measurement of the average aggregate number of coaggregates(N_co)and evaluation Of the number of coaggregates([CoAg])in the region of increasing degree of aggregation shows that only N_co increases linearly with the concentration of the target molecules CE-In and BL-ol.

SPECTROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF COAGGREGATES (Nco) OF CHOLESTERYL ESTERS AND THE FLUORESCENCE PROBE

Average aggregate number of coaggregates(N_co)of CE-n or BL-n and the fluoresc- ence probe(Np-16)have been determined by using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Chain-length,hydroxy-group and chain-foldability effects on the N_co have been discussed.

THE AVERAGE CASE COMPLEXITY OF THE SHIFT-INVARIANT PROBLEM

The present paper deals with the average case complexity of the shift—invariant problem. The main aim is to give a new proof of the upper bound of average error of finite element method. Our method is based on the techniques proposed by Heinrich (1990). We also point out an essential error regarding the proof of the upper bound in A. G. Werschulz (1991).

The numerical simulation of the average reverberation intensities in shallow water

A reverberation model for estimating the average reverberation intensity in layered shallow water is presented.The reverberation intensity is calculated in terms of ray theory for short range and normal mode theory for long range. The calculation accuracy has been improved by taking into account the effect of complex eigenvalues on the incident normal mode field. From the comparison between different scattering models it has been shown that the separable bistatic-backscattering model is acceptable. This makes it possible to calculate reverberation by using only the monostatic-backscattering coefficient and to save greatly the computing time.

Method of Calculation of Stability Constants of Fulvic Complexes on the Example of Copper

On the example of copper fulvate, it is discussed the method of calculation of stability constants of fulvic complexes. At pH = 8, the complex formation of copper（ll） ions with fulvic acids was studied by the solubility method. Fulvic acids were separated from the river Mtkvari by the adsorption-chromotographic method. The charcoal （BAU, Russia） was used as a sorbent. The suspension of copper（If） hydroxide was used as the solid phase, on which was added the increasing quantity of standard solution of fulvic acids. In diluted solutions, at pH = 8 the dominant form of copper（lI） is copper dihydroxo complex Cu（OH）^zO. It was established that in the Cu（OH）2 （solid）-Cu（OH）^20 （solution）-FA^2-H20 system, dominates copper dyhydroxo fulvate complex with the structure 1：1, [Cu（OH）2FA]^2. The average stability constant of copper dyhydroxo fulvate complex was calculated based on experimental data fl [Cu（OH）2FAJ^2 = 4.5× l0^5.

FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH ON RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION OF RAT BRAIN TISSUE BASED ON NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND MIE THEORY

Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)technology and Mie theory are utilized for fundamental research on radiofrequency ablation of biological tissue.Firstly,NIRS is utilized to monitor rats undergoing radiofrequency ablation surgery in real time so as to explore the relationship between reduced scattering coefficient(μ_(s)')and the degree of thermally induced tissue coagulation.Then,Mie theory is utilized to analyze the morphological structure change of biological tissue so as to explore the basic mechanism of the change of optical parameters caused by thermally induced tissue coagulation.Results show that there is a close relationship between μ_(s)' and the degree of thermally induced tissue coagulation;the degree of thermal coagulation can be obtained by the value of μ_(s)';when biological tissue thermally coagulates,the average equivalent scattering particle decreases,the particle density increases,and the anisotropy factor decreases.

A study of the strong pulses detected from PSR B0656+14 using the Urumqi 25-m radio telescope at 1540 MHz

We report on the properties of strong pulses from PSR B0656＋14 by analyzing the data obtained using the Urumqi 25-m radio telescope at 1540 MHz from August 2007 to September 2010.In 44 h of observational data,a total of 67 pulses with signal-to-noise ratios above a 5σthreshold were detected.The peak flux densities of these pulses are 58 to 194 times that of the average profile,and their pulse energies are 3 to 68 times that of the average pulse.These pulses are clustered around phases about 5-ahead of the peak of the average profile.Compared with the width of the average profile,they are relatively narrow,with the full widths at half-maximum ranging from 0.28 ° to 1.78 °.The distribution of pulse-energies follows a lognormal distribution.These sporadic strong pulses detected from PSR B0656＋14 have different characteristics from both typical giant pulses and its regular pulses.

Strain Transfer Mechanism of Grating Ends Fiber Bragg Grating for Structural Health Monitoring

The grating ends bonding fiber Bragg grating(FBG)sensor has been widely used in sensor packages such as substrate type and clamp type for health monitoring of large structures.However,owing to the shear deformation of the adhesive layer of FBG,the strain measured by FBG is often different from the strain of actual matrix,which causes strain measurement errors.This investigation aims at improving the measurement accuracy of strain for the grating ends surface-bonded FBG.To fulfill this objective,a strain transfer equation of the grating ends bonding FBG is derived,and a theoretical model of the average strain transfer from the matrix to the optical fiber is developed.Moreover,parameters that influence the average strain transfer rate from the matrix to the optical fiber are analyzed.A selection scheme of bonding parameters by numerical simulation is provided,which is significantly advantageous over that of the grating bonding FBG.The theoretical equation is verified by finite element method(FEM).Compared with the existing model,the proposed model has higher measurement accuracy.Experimental tests are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model on the equalintensity cantilever beam,whose surface is attached to the bare FBG with grating ends bonding and strain gauge by using epoxy glue.The results show that there is a great agreement between the outcome of the bare FBG and that of the strain gauge,and the corrected strain is closer to the true strain.The proposed model provides a theoretical basis for the design of the grating ends surface-bonded FBG strain sensor for health monitoring of large structures.

NEAR-INFRARED OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION APPROACH BASED ON TWO-LAYERED BP NEURAL NETWORK

An image-reconstruction approach for optical tomography is presented,in which a two-layered BP neural network is used to distinguish the tumor location.The inverse problem is solved as optimization problem by Femlab software and Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm.The concept of the average optical coefficient is proposed in this paper,which is helpful to understand the distribution of the scattering photon from tumor.The reconstructive¯µ
s by the trained network is reasonable for showing the changes of photon number transporting inside tumor tissue.It realized the fast reconstruction of tissue optical properties and provided optical OT with a new method.

Entanglement-enhanced classical communication through generalized amplitude damping channel

The problem of sending a single classical bit through a generalized amplitude damping channel is considered. When two transmissions through the channel arc available as a resource, we find that two entangled transmissions can enhance the capability of receiver＇s judging information correctly under certain conditions compared with two productstate transmissions. In addition, we find a special case in which the two entangled transmissions can always make a classical bit more effectively disable the noise influence.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Traffic Signal Timing at Typical Junctions Based on Genetic Algorithms

With the rapid development of urban road traffic and the increasing number of vehicles,how to alleviate traffic congestion is one of the hot issues that need to be urgently addressed in building smart cities.Therefore,in this paper,a nonlinear multi-objective optimization model of urban intersection signal timing based on a Genetic Algorithm was constructed.Specifically,a typical urban intersection was selected as the research object,and drivers’acceleration habits were taken into account.What’s more,the shortest average delay time,the least average number of stops,and the maximum capacity of the intersection were regarded as the optimization objectives.The optimization results show that compared with the Webster method when the vehicle speed is 60 km/h and the acceleration is 2.5 m/s^(2),the signal intersection timing scheme based on the proposed Genetic Algorithm multi-objective optimization reduces the intersection signal cycle time by 14.6%,the average vehicle delay time by 12.9%,the capacity by 16.2%,and the average number of vehicles stop by 0.4%.To verify the simulation results,the authors imported the optimized timing scheme into the constructed Simulation of the Urban Mobility model.The experimental results show that the authors optimized timing scheme is superior to Webster’s in terms of vehicle average loss time reduction,carbon monoxide emission,particulate matter emission,and vehicle fuel consumption.The research in this paper provides a basis for Genetic algorithms in traffic signal control.

Linear discriminant analysis with worst between-class separation and average within-class compactness

Linear discriminant analysis （LDA） is one of the most popular supervised dimensionality reduction （DR） tech- niques and obtains discriminant projections by maximizing the ratio of average-case between-class scatter to average- case within-class scatter. Two recent discriminant analysis algorithms （DAS）, minimal distance maximization （MDM） and worst-case LDA （WLDA）, get projections by optimiz- ing worst-case scatters. In this paper, we develop a new LDA framework called LDA with worst between-class separation and average within-class compactness （WSAC） by maximiz- ing the ratio of worst-case between-class scatter to average- case within-class scatter. This can be achieved by relaxing the trace ratio optimization to a distance metric learning prob- lem. Comparative experiments demonstrate its effectiveness. In addition, DA counterparts using the local geometry of data and the kernel trick can likewise be embedded into our frame- work and be solved in the same way.

Effects of Complex System Topology on the Bak-Sneppen Evolution Model

In this paper, we investigate by numerical simulations the Bak-Sneppenmodel (BSM) for biological evolution on scale-free networks (SFNs) with various degree exponents γ. We find that the punctuated equilibrium is rather robust with respect to the network topology. Furthermore, we analyze the evolution of the criticalaverage fitness h fi ∗ and the exponent τ of h fi 0 avalanche as a function of α (i.e., the degree exponent γ). Our observations indicate the dependence of evolutionary dynamicsof BSM on the complex biosystem topology.

Electronic structures of an(8,0)boron nitride/carbon nanotube heterojunction

The electronic structure of the heterojunction is the foundation of the study on its working mechanism. Models of the heterojunctions formed by an （8, 0） boron nitride nanotube and an （8, 0） carbon nanotube with C-B or C-N interface have been established. The structures of the above heterojunctions were optimized with first-principle calculations based on density functional theory. The rearrangements of the heterojunctions concentrate mainly on their interfaces. The highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the heterojunctions distribute in the carbon nanotube section. As the band offsets of the above heterojunctions are achieved with the average bond energy method, the band structure is plotted.