Scientific Advances and Weather Services of the China Meteorological Administration’s National Forecasting Systems during the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics

Since the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics was the first Winter Olympics in history held in continental winter monsoon climate conditions across complex terrain areas,there is a deficiency of relevant research,operational techniques,and experience.This made providing meteorological services for this event particularly challenging.The China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre,achieved breakthroughs in research on short-and medium-term deterministic and ensemble numerical predictions.Several key technologies crucial for precise winter weather services during the Winter Olympics were developed.A comprehensive framework,known as the Operational System for High-Precision Weather Forecasting for the Winter Olympics,was established.Some of these advancements represent the highest level of capabilities currently available in China.The meteorological service provided to the Beijing 2022 Games also exceeded previous Winter Olympic Games in both variety and quality.This included achievements such as the“100-meter level,minute level”downscaled spatiotemporal resolution and forecasts spanning 1 to 15 days.Around 30 new technologies and over 60 kinds of products that align with the requirements of the Winter Olympics Organizing Committee were developed,and many of these techniques have since been integrated into the CMA’s operational national forecasting systems.These accomplishments were facilitated by a dedicated weather forecasting and research initiative,in conjunction with the preexisting real-time operational forecasting systems of the CMA.This program represents one of the five subprograms of the WMO’s high-impact weather forecasting demonstration project(SMART2022),and continues to play an important role in their Regional Association(RA)II Research Development Project(Hangzhou RDP).Therefore,the research accomplishments and meteorological service experiences from this program will be carried forward into forthcoming highimpact weather forecasting activities.This article provides an overview and assessment of this program and the operational national forecasting systems.

National Image Construction from the Perspective of Multimodal Metaphor-A Case Study of the Opening Ceremony of the Beijing Winter Olympics

The national image is a comprehensive concept with a distinct political feature,including the international image presented to the outside world,and also encompassing the national identity of the people.With the development of globalization,international cultural communication has become a crucial part of shaping the national image,and the opening ceremony of the Beijing Winter Olympics has become an important opportunity for China to showcase its national image to the world in the post-pandemic era.Based on Forceville’s multimodal metaphor theory,this paper examines the metaphorical phenomena contained in the performance and their functions,effects,and purposes in the construction of the national image.It is found that there are many scenes,images,and narratives in the opening ceremony,including war metaphor,competition metaphor,personification metaphor,and other conceptual metaphors.The focus of this paper is on multimodal metaphor in a broad sense,mainly encompassing auditory and visual modes.Through the use of these multimodal metaphors,the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics builds an image of a vibrant,peace-loving,and responsible country,which not only demonstrates China’s cultural self-confidence,but also expresses the Chinese people’s beautiful vision for the early reunification of the motherland.

Effects of a closed-loop system against SARS-CoV-2 at the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games:a descriptive and modeling study

BACKGROUND:To assess the efficacy of the epidemic prevention measures of the“closed-loop”system adopted by the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games(BOWG).METHODS:We retrospectively collected and analyzed information,including age,sex,nationality,vaccination status,date of diagnosis,and date of entry,from 280 SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals identified during the BOWG.A susceptibility-exposed-infectious-remove model was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of epidemic prevention strategies on controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 under different scenarios during the BOWG.RESULTS:Regarding SARS-CoV-2-positive cases,97.9%were imported,and 96.4%were asymptomatic.The median age was 37 years(range:29–47 years),and 73.9%were male,with the majority of cases being broadcasters and European attendees.Regarding vaccination status,93.5%were fully vaccinated,and six cases were considered to have been infected in the closed-loop system during the BOWG.Assuming that the BOWG adopted a semi-closed-loop management system,the cumulative number of confirmed cases would be 1,137 for quick quarantine measures(3 d later)implemented and 5,530 for delayed quarantine measures(9 d later)implemented.This modeling revealed that stringent pandemic prevention measures and closed-loop management effectively controlled the spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the BOWG.CONCLUSION:Imported cases are considered the main risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 transmission during mass gatherings,but a comprehensive closed-loop system could minimize transmission among attendees and general personnel.

Transport Patterns and Potential Sources of Atmospheric Pollution during the ⅩⅩⅣ Olympic Winter Games Period

The attainment of suitable ambient air quality standards is a matter of great concern for successfully hosting the ⅩⅩⅣ Olympic Winter Games(OWG). Transport patterns and potential sources of pollutants in Zhangjiakou(ZJK) were investigated using pollutant monitoring datasets and a dispersion model. The PM_(2.5) concentration during February in ZJK has increased slightly(28%) from 2018 to 2021, mostly owing to the shift of main potential source regions of west-central Inner Mongolia and Mongolian areas(2015–18) to the North China Plain and northern Shanxi Province(NCPS) after 2018.Using CO as an indicator, the relative contributions of the different regions to the receptor site(ZJK) were evaluated based on the source-receptor-relationship method(SRR) and an emission inventory. We found that the relative contribution of pollutants from NCPS increased from 33% to 68% during 2019–21. Central Inner Mongolia(CIM) also has an important impact on ZJK under unfavorable weather conditions. This study demonstrated that the effect of pollution control measures in the NCPS and CIM should be strengthened to ensure that the air quality meets the standard during the ⅩⅩⅣ OWG.

Study on the Influence of Winter Olympic Games on Sports Information Work in China

The holding of winter Olympic Games in China indicates that China＇s sports has achieved a great degree of progress. At the same time, it also has a great impact on the sports information work. It will promote a great improvement in sports information access, information services and other aspects, as well as greatly stimulate the progress of sports information work. Therefore, this paper will emphatically analyze the impact on sports information work for holding the winter Olympic Games in China.

Medical services for sports injuries and illnesses in the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games

BACKGROUND:Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games was the second Games held amid the COVID-19 pandemic.To a certain extent,it has altered the way sporting activities operate.There is a lack of knowledge on injury risk and illness occurrence in elite winter sport athletes amid the COVID-19 pandemic.This study aimed to describe the incidence of injuries and illnesses sustained during the XXIV Olympic Winter Games in Beijing from February 4 to 20,2022.METHODS:We recorded the daily number of injuries and illnesses among athletes reported by Beijing 2022 medical staff in the polyclinic,medical venues,and ambulance.We calculated injury and illness incidence as the number of injuries or illnesses occurring during competition or training,respectively,with incidence presented as injuries/illnesses per 100 athlete-days.RESULTS:In total,2,897 athletes from 91 nations experienced injury or illness.Beijing 2022 medical staff reported 326 injuries and 80 illnesses,equaling 11.3 injuries and 2.8 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 17-day period.Altogether,11%of the athletes incurred at least one injury and nearly 3%incurred at least one illness.The number of injured athletes was highest in the skating sports(n=104),followed by alpine skiing(n=53),ice track(n=37),freestyle skiing(n=36),and ice hockey(n=35),and was the lowest in the Nordic skiing disciplines(n=20).Of the 326 injuries,14(4.3%)led to an estimated absence from training or competition of more than 1 week.A total of 52 injured athletes were transferred to hospitals for further care.The number of athletes with illness(n=80)was the highest for skating(n=33)and Nordic skiing(n=22).A total of 50 illnesses(62.5%)were admitted to the department of dentistry/ophthalmology/otolaryngology,and the most common cause of illness was other causes,including preexisting illness and medicine(n=52,65%).CONCLUSION:Overall,11%of athletes incurred at least one injury during the Games,which is similar to the findings during the Olympic Winter Games in 2014 and 2018.Regarding illness,2%of athletes were affected,which is approximately one-third of the number affected in the 2018 Olympic Winter Games.

Comparison and Analysis of Data at Traffic Meteorological Observation Station during Beijing Winter Olympic Games Period

This paper presents a comparison and analysis method of data at traffic meteorological observation station during Beijing Winter Olympic Games period based on Grubbs criterion. By comparing the data of a set of standard multi-element observation stations with the data of multiple measured traffic stations, the outliers of each element data at each station were analyzed. It could provide data support for the maintenance of Zhangjiakou traffic meteorological observation station and a guarantee for the accuracy of forest service during Beijing Winter Olympic Games period.

Large contributions of emission reductions and meteorological conditions to the abatement of PM_(2.5)in Beijing during the 24th Winter Olympic Games in 2022

To guarantee the blue skies for the 2022 Winter Olympics held in Beijing and Zhangjiakou from February 4 to 20,Beijing and its surrounding areas adopted a series of emission control measures.This provides an opportunity to determine the impacts of large-scale temporary control measures on the air quality in Beijing during this special period.Here,we applied the WRF-CMAQ model to quantify the contributions of emission reduction measures and meteorological conditions.Results show that meteorological conditions in 2022 decreased PM_(2.5)in Beijing by 6.9 and 11.8μg/m^(3)relative to 2021 under the scenarios with and without emission reductions,respectively.Strict emission reduction measures implemented in Beijing and seven neighboring provinces resulted in an average decrease of 13.0μg/m^(3)(-41.2%)in PM_(2.5)in Beijing.Over the entire period,local emission reductions contributed more to good air quality in Beijing than nonlocal emission reductions.Under the emission reduction scenario,local,controlled regions,other regions,and boundary conditions contributed 47.7%,42.0%,5.3%,and 5.0%to the PM_(2.5)concentrations in Beijing,respectively.The results indicate that during the cleaning period with the air masses from the northwest,the abatements of PM_(2.5)were mainly caused by local emission reductions.However,during the potential pollution period with the air masses from the east-northeast and west-southwest,the abatements of PM_(2.5)were caused by both local and nonlocal emission reductions almost equally.This implies that regional coordinated prevention and control strategies need to be arranged scientifically and rationally when heavy pollution events are forecasted.

Inheritance and Innovation:Development of Beijing Shadow Play from the Perspective of Beijing Winter Olympics

This paper is aimed to figure out the dilemma of sustainable development of Beijing shadow play.Through a brand-new perspective of the Winter Olympic Games,this paper not only demonstrates the opportunities and challenges faced by Beijing shadow play in the current era,but also expounds the inheritance and innovation of it to show the value of change and sustainable development.It could be found that these methods are capable of breaking the limitations of time and space,so that this extraordinary art form can go worldwide and be found and loved by more people.It is concluded that more efforts should be put into the field of Beijing shadow play and that Beijing shadow play can be revived by virtue of inheritance and innovation.

Assessing vegetation community distribution characteristics and succession stages in mountainous areas hosting coming Winter Olympics Games

Alpine mountain ecosystem shows strong interactions between abiotic and biotic parameters.They also receive high attention from human activities(natural tourism,trekking,skiing,etc.).However,as the potential disturbance risk areas in alpine mountains are increasing,it is necessary to understand the relationship between environmental factors and plant communities.This is also the key consideration for the coming international events such as the Winter Olympic Games,which could generate uncontrolled ecosystem issues not previously studied.The Yin Mountains in Chongli district,Zhangjiakou City,Hebei Province,China will be the core area of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games.We hypothesize that disturbances will be caused,therefore,the previous relationships between the habitat factors and plant community and the main environmental limiting factors before hosting them must be assessed to design future restoration plans.Therefore,we used the two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN)and market basket analysis(MBA)for vegetation classification in 91 sampling plots.Plant community and relationships among environmental variables(altitude,slope position,aspect,direction,inclination,soil porosity,soil bulk density,organic matter content and soil pH)were investigated through the trend correspondence(DCA)and canonical correspondence analyses(CCA).Also,the TWINSPAN was used to classify the vegetation into 6 different groups.CCA analysis showed that i)the spatial variation of soil moisture and the content of soil organic matter are the main factors limiting the development of shrub and herb communities;ii)the distribution of different forest communities was mainly affected by terrain factors(altitude,aspect and slope position);iii)the dynamic changes of vegetation communities in different altitudes were affected by the fluctuation of environmental factors and human disturbance,and the shrubs and herbaceous plants in mid-to-high altitude areas(above 1400 m)generally show the process of transformation from the pioneer community to transitional community in the competition.We concluded that under the strong interference of human activities in the core construction area of the Olympic venues,higher damage intensity and lower resilience in the low altitude area is observed compared with the pioneer community.Whereas in the low altitude area(below 1400m)with a fragile ecological environment,although the plant diversity and coverage are poor,the potential impact and damage degree of the Olympic Games are greatly reduced due to the distance from the construction area of the core venues and good resilience.This information can help land managers and policymakers to anticipate human disturbances on plant communities and support guiding the most efficient ecological restoration after the Winter Olympic Games in 2022.

Machine Learning-Based Temperature and Wind Forecasts in the Zhangjiakou Competition Zone during the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games

Weather forecasting for the Zhangjiakou competition zone of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games is a challenging task due to its complex terrain.Numerical weather prediction models generally perform poorly for cold air pools and winds over complex terrains,due to their low spatiotemporal resolution and limitations in the description of dynamics,thermodynamics,and microphysics in mountainous areas.This study proposes an ensemble-learning model,named ENSL,for surface temperature and wind forecasts at the venues of the Zhangjiakou competition zone,by integrating five individual models—linear regression,random forest,gradient boosting decision tree,support vector machine,and artificial neural network(ANN),with a ridge regression as meta model.The ENSL employs predictors from the high-resolution ECMWF model forecast(ECMWF-HRES) data and topography data,and targets from automatic weather station observations.Four categories of predictors(synoptic-pattern related fields,surface element fields,terrain,and temporal features) are fed into ENSL.The results demonstrate that ENSL achieves better performance and generalization than individual models.The root-mean-square error(RMSE) for the temperature and wind speed predictions is reduced by 48.2% and 28.5%,respectively,relative to ECMWF-HRES.For the gust speed,the performance of ENSL is consistent with ANN(best individual model) in the whole dataset,whereas ENSL outperforms on extreme gust samples(42.7% compared with 38.7% obtained by ECMWF-HRES in terms of RMSE reduction).Sensitivity analysis of predictors in the four categories shows that ENSL fits their feature importance rankings and physical explanations effectively.

Knowledge Graph-Driven Weather Overview Generation for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games

Weather Overview is regarded as one of the crucial meteorological services supporting the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games(hereafter as Beijing 2022).As generation of Weather Overview involves multipledata,large-scale weather conditions,and vulnerability to weather changes,there still exist quite some challenges in obtaining Weather Overview.At present,knowledge graph(KG)is believed to be an effective way to describe information and knowledge.Thus,this study focuses on development of a framework to automatically generate Weather Overview using KG.We first present a three-layer KG model to generate accurate content of Weather Overview:(1)knowledge acquisition of entities and relationships to construct the specific corpora;(2)knowledge representation of the relationships between weather conditions and the events based on ontology;and(3)knowledge application of corpora,variables,and weather conditions to query and reason knowledge with Neo4j.Moreover,an XML Schema is used to achieve the standardized Weather Overview,which is formed by sentence-paragraph-text generation.This model is validated for a typical case at the Yanqing National Alpine Skiing Centre in Beijing 2022.Compared to the manual method,the accuracy and standardization of Weather Overview can be maintained above 90%,and it can be automatically generated within seconds.The method proposed in this study provides a helpful meteorological service solution to other large-scale sports events.

The Olympic Gemes

The first Olympic Games were held in 766 B. C. atOlympia, in ancient Greece. After that, the games wereheld at intervals until 393 A. D., when they werestopped by the Roman conquerors after Greece lost herindependence. The first game lasted only one day and there

冬奥会促进就业:国际镜鉴与中国方略

承办冬奥会是张家口市千载难逢的发展契机,在经济下行压力增大的背景下,如何借助冬奥会综合效益推动城市经济增长、缓解就业压力亟需破题。基于此,文章聚焦冬奥会促进举办城市就业这一议题,在劳动经济学、区域经济学理论指导下,利用文献资料法、数理统计法及对比研究法,研究了冬奥会促进举办城市就业的特殊价值与历史经验,并以此为关照,在测算2022年冬奥会对张家口市直接就业带动贡献的基础上,尝试提出后冬奥时代张家口市就业促进的优化策略。

2022年北京冬奥会延庆赛区定点医院药学服务体系的构建与实践

北京市延庆区医院为2022年北京冬奥会延庆赛区唯一定点医院,通过多个方面进行药学服务体系建设,并在冬奥会医疗保障期间开展实践工作,包括在药学人员根据不同岗位执行对应防疫策略等方面,通过全方位培训、完善药品储备、建立运动员药品禁忌查询系统、加强处方审核、开展药学监护、参与多学科诊疗及远程药学服务等措施圆满完成定点医院药学服务工作,为今后国内其他大型赛事定点医院的药学服务工作提供借鉴。

北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会遗产特征研究

北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会留下了宝贵而丰富的遗产。基于对北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会遗产规划、创造、维系过程的回顾,归纳出北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会遗产的首创性、杰出性、多样性、可持续性、区域性、挑战性、传承性等7大特征。分析北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会遗产特征,既对北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会遗产重大议题形成更清晰的认识,丰富北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会相关理论,同时也为奥林匹克遗产可持续发展提供一定理论借鉴。

北京2022年冬奥会内场主火炬抗风性能研究

北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会主火炬,是典型的舞美造型结构体,呈大面积薄壁状,对风荷载极为敏感,在点火仪式中有倾斜支撑和竖直悬挂两种典型状态。其中,倾斜支撑状态需要确定结构设计所需的风荷载,竖直悬挂状态需要给出主火炬的风振响应。该文基于实测数据,给出了国家体育场周边的平均风速剖面和湍流度剖面,通过缩尺模型风环境风洞试验及2月份局地风速概率分布,确定了主火炬结构倾斜支撑状态与竖直悬挂状态的正常运行风速;通过主火炬倾斜支撑和竖直悬挂状态的测力风洞试验,得到了作用于主火炬风荷载的体型系数;并通过随机振动分析给出了竖直悬挂状态的风振响应,为北京2022年冬奥会主火炬点火仪式的顺利进行提供了技术支撑。

冬奥气象图形产品可视化模型研究

高质量图形产品是冬奥气象服务信息的重要载体。基于冬奥气象数据高时空分辨率特征,研究了由多维气象信息向制图要素转换的冬奥气象图形产品可视化概念模型;设计了由基于数据引擎的结构映射、赛事服务的空间映射、组件应用的元素映射和派生思想的属性映射组成的冬奥气象图形产品可视化过程模型。针对差异化、准实时气象服务制图需求,设计了基于DVDL可视化描述语言的制图表达框架,对可视化模型进行业务组织,研发了冬奥气象图形产品加工系统,提供50余种基础产品样式和所见即所得的制图编辑功能,支持任意位置点长时间序列气象产品、山地赛场三维气象产品和多赛区综合服务气象产品的制图渲染。成果在2022年北京冬奥会气象服务中应用,生产了200余种不用服务主题气象图形产品,后续也可为其他冬季赛事和重大活动气象服务保障提供精细化产品制作解决方案。

新冠疫情期间某三级甲等医院北京冬奥会医疗保障模式案例分析

冬季运动会项目特定环境及运动本身的特性,决定了冬季大型运动会医疗保障是极具特殊性的工作。北京冬奥会是我国承办国际体育竞技的盛事,举办期间恰逢新冠病毒大流行,这使得传染病防控成为今后冬季大型运动会医疗保障的重要课题。文章介绍了某三级甲等医院探索建立“促、防、诊、控、治、康”连续一体化医疗照护,同时依靠多学科会诊提供高质量照护的基本模式,为大型医院参与冬季运动会医疗保障提供经验参考。

北京“双奥会”中的中国文化符号表达及外宣译写策略研究

2022年北京冬奥会和冬残奥会上中国文化符号随处可见,主要有艺术形态、自然资源、生活方式、人文资源等四大类。北京“双奥会”上中国文化符号的特色词译写以异化为主,归化为辅,异化中有归化,归化中有异化,体现了二者的有机统一。“双奥会”上中国文化符号的呈现及译写折射出自信开放的国家形象,也彰显出中国人真诚友善的可贵品质,为中国赢得了良好的国际声誉,提升了中国国际形象。