A review through the origination, development and prospect of Human resource accounting (HRA) is presented based on the study of plentiful literatures about it. HRA is defined as an accounting procedure and method to ...A review through the origination, development and prospect of Human resource accounting (HRA) is presented based on the study of plentiful literatures about it. HRA is defined as an accounting procedure and method to discriminate and measure the data of human resources, aiming to provide information which is concerned with the change of human resources for the outside people to serve human resource management. It is experiencing a nearly frozen period following its hot time in 1970s after its origination in America in 1960s. The theoretic foundation of HRA is classical plutonomy dated back to 17th century. There were two preeminent persons in the history of HRA. One was Theodore Schultz who established his human capital theory relating education that improves the human capital value with economy; the other was Eric G.FIamholtz who enriched the concept, research methods and application of HRA. In China, the research on HRA started in 1980s beginning with introducing overseas achievements. Multiple views coexist in the academy on whether human resources should be taken as accounting assets and on where to put the HRA information in financial statements. The application of HRA is constrained by the absence of full-blown theories and methodological systems about it as well as difficulties in evaluating human resources and the obstacle of conventional understandings. However, with the conning of intellective economy, the globalization of competition and the entry of China into WTO, the day of HRA will surely come.展开更多
The balance sheet and the income statement have different functions and cooperate with each other to form an organic whole,complete and without redundancy to describe an enterprise’s economic activities.The financial...The balance sheet and the income statement have different functions and cooperate with each other to form an organic whole,complete and without redundancy to describe an enterprise’s economic activities.The financial analysis method is used to analyze how the data of the two reports reflect the capital structure,profit ability,operational capacity,and solvency of the enterprise.展开更多
In the 21st century, while the scope of banking activities has been expanding every day, collecting deposits and providing credit remain as their main and most important functions. They transfer the collected funds th...In the 21st century, while the scope of banking activities has been expanding every day, collecting deposits and providing credit remain as their main and most important functions. They transfer the collected funds thanks to the market confidence they create back to the market in terms of the credits they give. For the organizations operating in the banking sector, crediting is the highest revenue earning source. However, uncollected loans may disrupt the activities of banks and may reduce their effectiveness. Therefore, the control of bank credits has a particular importance in the bank balance sheets. In this study, the relationship between bank balance sheets and non-performing loans （NPL） will be analyzed using Granger causality test and vector autoregressive （VAR） method. This study aims to discuss the impact of NPL on balance sheets and contribute to making correct credit decisions. It also intends to assist to reduce the NPL ratios of banks and minimize the level of negativity in their financial statements.展开更多
Financial shared services （FSS） play an important role in multinational corporations for the effective cost management. FSS also can reduce errors and fraud so as to achieve perfect internal controls by standardized...Financial shared services （FSS） play an important role in multinational corporations for the effective cost management. FSS also can reduce errors and fraud so as to achieve perfect internal controls by standardized and procedural business processes which are important parts of internal controls. This paper emphasizes on two popular procedures and methods in multinational corporations. One is balance sheet reconciliation. It can illustrate the situation of accounts on an accrual basis which are the focus of internal audit and external audit. The other is Interco-Sop （Intercompany-standard operating procedure） which are important for to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of accounting system and internal controls.展开更多
Interest rate risk represents one of the key forms of financial risk faced by banks. It has given rise to an extensive body of research, .mainly focused on the estimation of sensitivity of bank stock returns to change...Interest rate risk represents one of the key forms of financial risk faced by banks. It has given rise to an extensive body of research, .mainly focused on the estimation of sensitivity of bank stock returns to changes in interest rates. However, the analysis of the sources of bank interest rate risk has received much less attention in the literature. It is essential that banks have to monitor, maintain, and manage their assets and liabilities portfolios in a systematic manner taking into account the various risks involved in these areas. Balance sheet risk of a bank can be categorized into two major types of significant risks, which are liquidity risk and interest rate risk （IRR）. IRR is the risk to earning of capital arising from movement of interest rates. The need to manage IRR in Indian banks arises from movement of interest rates. The areas not much considered in the earlier research work are to manage IRR which influences critically the overall profitability of banks. The study was taken with an objective of analyzing the determinants of IRR and examining the strategy to manage such exposures testing the banks long run sustainability. The study had chosen 45 banks and collected secondary data for the financial year 2007 to 2012 to do the analysis of IRR management. The findings of the study were to suggest the ways to minimize the IRR and control its effect on the banks profit. The other findings were to test impact of IRR on the sustainability of the bank.展开更多
文摘A review through the origination, development and prospect of Human resource accounting (HRA) is presented based on the study of plentiful literatures about it. HRA is defined as an accounting procedure and method to discriminate and measure the data of human resources, aiming to provide information which is concerned with the change of human resources for the outside people to serve human resource management. It is experiencing a nearly frozen period following its hot time in 1970s after its origination in America in 1960s. The theoretic foundation of HRA is classical plutonomy dated back to 17th century. There were two preeminent persons in the history of HRA. One was Theodore Schultz who established his human capital theory relating education that improves the human capital value with economy; the other was Eric G.FIamholtz who enriched the concept, research methods and application of HRA. In China, the research on HRA started in 1980s beginning with introducing overseas achievements. Multiple views coexist in the academy on whether human resources should be taken as accounting assets and on where to put the HRA information in financial statements. The application of HRA is constrained by the absence of full-blown theories and methodological systems about it as well as difficulties in evaluating human resources and the obstacle of conventional understandings. However, with the conning of intellective economy, the globalization of competition and the entry of China into WTO, the day of HRA will surely come.
文摘The balance sheet and the income statement have different functions and cooperate with each other to form an organic whole,complete and without redundancy to describe an enterprise’s economic activities.The financial analysis method is used to analyze how the data of the two reports reflect the capital structure,profit ability,operational capacity,and solvency of the enterprise.
文摘In the 21st century, while the scope of banking activities has been expanding every day, collecting deposits and providing credit remain as their main and most important functions. They transfer the collected funds thanks to the market confidence they create back to the market in terms of the credits they give. For the organizations operating in the banking sector, crediting is the highest revenue earning source. However, uncollected loans may disrupt the activities of banks and may reduce their effectiveness. Therefore, the control of bank credits has a particular importance in the bank balance sheets. In this study, the relationship between bank balance sheets and non-performing loans （NPL） will be analyzed using Granger causality test and vector autoregressive （VAR） method. This study aims to discuss the impact of NPL on balance sheets and contribute to making correct credit decisions. It also intends to assist to reduce the NPL ratios of banks and minimize the level of negativity in their financial statements.
文摘Financial shared services （FSS） play an important role in multinational corporations for the effective cost management. FSS also can reduce errors and fraud so as to achieve perfect internal controls by standardized and procedural business processes which are important parts of internal controls. This paper emphasizes on two popular procedures and methods in multinational corporations. One is balance sheet reconciliation. It can illustrate the situation of accounts on an accrual basis which are the focus of internal audit and external audit. The other is Interco-Sop （Intercompany-standard operating procedure） which are important for to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of accounting system and internal controls.
文摘Interest rate risk represents one of the key forms of financial risk faced by banks. It has given rise to an extensive body of research, .mainly focused on the estimation of sensitivity of bank stock returns to changes in interest rates. However, the analysis of the sources of bank interest rate risk has received much less attention in the literature. It is essential that banks have to monitor, maintain, and manage their assets and liabilities portfolios in a systematic manner taking into account the various risks involved in these areas. Balance sheet risk of a bank can be categorized into two major types of significant risks, which are liquidity risk and interest rate risk （IRR）. IRR is the risk to earning of capital arising from movement of interest rates. The need to manage IRR in Indian banks arises from movement of interest rates. The areas not much considered in the earlier research work are to manage IRR which influences critically the overall profitability of banks. The study was taken with an objective of analyzing the determinants of IRR and examining the strategy to manage such exposures testing the banks long run sustainability. The study had chosen 45 banks and collected secondary data for the financial year 2007 to 2012 to do the analysis of IRR management. The findings of the study were to suggest the ways to minimize the IRR and control its effect on the banks profit. The other findings were to test impact of IRR on the sustainability of the bank.
