The Twentieth Century Reanalysis （20thCR） dataset released in 2010 covers the period 1871-2010 and is one of the longest reanalysis datasets available worldwide. Using ERA-40, ERA-Interim and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis da...The Twentieth Century Reanalysis （20thCR） dataset released in 2010 covers the period 1871-2010 and is one of the longest reanalysis datasets available worldwide. Using ERA-40, ERA-Interim and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data, as well as HadSLP2 data and meteorological temperature records over eastern China, the performances of 20thCR in reproducing the spatial patterns and temporal variability of the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM） are examined. Results indicate that 20thCR data： （1） can accurately reproduce the most typical configuration patterns of all sub-factors differences in the main circulation fields over East Asia involved in the EAWM system, albeit with some in comparison to ERA-40 reanalysis data; （2） is reliable and stable in describing the temporal variability of EAWM since the 1930s; and （3） can describe the high-frequency variability of EAWM better than the low-frequency fluctuations, especially in the early period. In conclusion, caution should be taken when using 20thCR data to study interdecadal variabilities or long-term trends of the EAWM, especially prior to the 1930s.展开更多
The authors examine the spatial and temporal characteristics of the simulated Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO） in 109 historical （i.e. all forcings） simulations derived from 25 coupled models within CMIPS. Compar...The authors examine the spatial and temporal characteristics of the simulated Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO） in 109 historical （i.e. all forcings） simulations derived from 25 coupled models within CMIPS. Compared with observations, most simulations successfully simulate the observed PDO pattern and its teleconnections to the SSTs in the tropical and southern Pacific. BNU-ESM, CanESM2, CCSM4, CESM 1 -FASTCHEM, FGOALS-g2, GFDL CM3, MIROCS, and NorESM 1 -M show better performance. Compared with the temporal phases of the observed PDO in the twentieth century, only five simulations -- from CNRM^CMS, CSIRO Mk3o6.0, HadCM3, and IPSL-CMSA-LR -- simulate an evolution of the PDO similar to that derived from observation, which suggests that current coupled models can barely reproduce the observed phase shifting of the PDO. To capture characteristics of the observed PDO in the twentieth century, a requirement is that all the relevant external forcings are included in the models. How to add realistic oceanic initial states into the model may be another key point.展开更多
Established in the late imperial era, ＂one hundred beauties＂ （baimei） genre selected and portrayed one hundred beautiful women in Chinese history often through three cultural artifacts： woodblock print portraits,...Established in the late imperial era, ＂one hundred beauties＂ （baimei） genre selected and portrayed one hundred beautiful women in Chinese history often through three cultural artifacts： woodblock print portraits, biographies, and poems. This paper takes as its focus the anthology Gujin baimei tuyong 古今百美图咏 （Illustrated biographies of and poems on one hundred beauties of the past and the present, 1917）, which has not received scholarly attention before. Bringing together collections of old and new-style beauties, the anthology is a showcase of the genre straddling two centuries. The transformation of the genre, as reflected in the Gujin baimei tuyong, complicates a simplistic distinction between tradition and modernity while enriching our understanding of the changing representations of women.展开更多
In 1733,Samuel Madden(1686-1765)anonymously published a book named Memoirs of the Twentieth Century.Some scholars have paid attention to the book,but there are few scholars who focused on Madden's prophecy about t...In 1733,Samuel Madden(1686-1765)anonymously published a book named Memoirs of the Twentieth Century.Some scholars have paid attention to the book,but there are few scholars who focused on Madden's prophecy about the large companies in twentieth-century Britain.And there are many disagreements among scholars about the nature of the book,which was composed of 17 letters pretended to be written in the late twentieth century.Some letters might be classified as a kind of science fiction or satire,but as a whole the book should be regarded as a new kind of utopian writing,even further as the early form of future history.Especially the last reply dated“London,Chelsea,Feb.24,1999”should be regarded as an independent text,and it gave us a vision of the corporate utopia or the utopia of company with its description of two large companies.展开更多
This article examines the intersection of law, gender, and modernity during the transitional Republican era （1912-49）. It approaches the topic through a critical reading of the Republican Civil Code of 1929-30, and ...This article examines the intersection of law, gender, and modernity during the transitional Republican era （1912-49）. It approaches the topic through a critical reading of the Republican Civil Code of 1929-30, and related commentary on the code by Chinese legal experts. By analyzing the gender assumptions embodied in several newly emergent categories of legal regulation, including legal personhood, minimum marriage age, consent, domicile, surnames, marital property, and child custody, the article＇s line of questioning reveals how gender meanings helped to shape modem concepts like universality, equality, and freedom. The findings illustrate the ways in which Republican civil law broke with late imperial legal and gender norms tied to Confucian patrilineal ideology and in addition established new legal and gender meanings that helped to consolidate Chinese politics on a republican basis and to reconfigure modem gender difference on a conjugal basis.展开更多
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology(Grant No.2013-KF-05)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant Nos.2012CB955401 and 2010CB428506)supported by the project"Reconstruction and Observation of Components for the Southern and NorthernAnnular Mode to Investigate the Cause of Polar Climate Change"(PE13010)of the Korea Polar Research Institute
文摘The Twentieth Century Reanalysis （20thCR） dataset released in 2010 covers the period 1871-2010 and is one of the longest reanalysis datasets available worldwide. Using ERA-40, ERA-Interim and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data, as well as HadSLP2 data and meteorological temperature records over eastern China, the performances of 20thCR in reproducing the spatial patterns and temporal variability of the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM） are examined. Results indicate that 20thCR data： （1） can accurately reproduce the most typical configuration patterns of all sub-factors differences in the main circulation fields over East Asia involved in the EAWM system, albeit with some in comparison to ERA-40 reanalysis data; （2） is reliable and stable in describing the temporal variability of EAWM since the 1930s; and （3） can describe the high-frequency variability of EAWM better than the low-frequency fluctuations, especially in the early period. In conclusion, caution should be taken when using 20thCR data to study interdecadal variabilities or long-term trends of the EAWM, especially prior to the 1930s.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China[grant number 2017YFA0603802]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 41661144005,41320104007,and 41575086]the CAS-PKU(Chinese Academy of Sciences-Peking University) Joint Research Program
文摘The authors examine the spatial and temporal characteristics of the simulated Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO） in 109 historical （i.e. all forcings） simulations derived from 25 coupled models within CMIPS. Compared with observations, most simulations successfully simulate the observed PDO pattern and its teleconnections to the SSTs in the tropical and southern Pacific. BNU-ESM, CanESM2, CCSM4, CESM 1 -FASTCHEM, FGOALS-g2, GFDL CM3, MIROCS, and NorESM 1 -M show better performance. Compared with the temporal phases of the observed PDO in the twentieth century, only five simulations -- from CNRM^CMS, CSIRO Mk3o6.0, HadCM3, and IPSL-CMSA-LR -- simulate an evolution of the PDO similar to that derived from observation, which suggests that current coupled models can barely reproduce the observed phase shifting of the PDO. To capture characteristics of the observed PDO in the twentieth century, a requirement is that all the relevant external forcings are included in the models. How to add realistic oceanic initial states into the model may be another key point.
基金National Key Programme for Developing Basic Science(No.2009CB421105)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KSCX1-YW-09-01)
文摘Established in the late imperial era, ＂one hundred beauties＂ （baimei） genre selected and portrayed one hundred beautiful women in Chinese history often through three cultural artifacts： woodblock print portraits, biographies, and poems. This paper takes as its focus the anthology Gujin baimei tuyong 古今百美图咏 （Illustrated biographies of and poems on one hundred beauties of the past and the present, 1917）, which has not received scholarly attention before. Bringing together collections of old and new-style beauties, the anthology is a showcase of the genre straddling two centuries. The transformation of the genre, as reflected in the Gujin baimei tuyong, complicates a simplistic distinction between tradition and modernity while enriching our understanding of the changing representations of women.
文摘In 1733,Samuel Madden(1686-1765)anonymously published a book named Memoirs of the Twentieth Century.Some scholars have paid attention to the book,but there are few scholars who focused on Madden's prophecy about the large companies in twentieth-century Britain.And there are many disagreements among scholars about the nature of the book,which was composed of 17 letters pretended to be written in the late twentieth century.Some letters might be classified as a kind of science fiction or satire,but as a whole the book should be regarded as a new kind of utopian writing,even further as the early form of future history.Especially the last reply dated“London,Chelsea,Feb.24,1999”should be regarded as an independent text,and it gave us a vision of the corporate utopia or the utopia of company with its description of two large companies.
文摘This article examines the intersection of law, gender, and modernity during the transitional Republican era （1912-49）. It approaches the topic through a critical reading of the Republican Civil Code of 1929-30, and related commentary on the code by Chinese legal experts. By analyzing the gender assumptions embodied in several newly emergent categories of legal regulation, including legal personhood, minimum marriage age, consent, domicile, surnames, marital property, and child custody, the article＇s line of questioning reveals how gender meanings helped to shape modem concepts like universality, equality, and freedom. The findings illustrate the ways in which Republican civil law broke with late imperial legal and gender norms tied to Confucian patrilineal ideology and in addition established new legal and gender meanings that helped to consolidate Chinese politics on a republican basis and to reconfigure modem gender difference on a conjugal basis.
