Surgical organ displacement: what is the best “materials and methods” for proton radiotherapy?

In the mid 1940s, Robert Wilson （1） hypothesized that a highly localized deposition of energy from a proton beam could be used to increase the radiation dose to tumors while minimizing radiation to adjacent normal tissues. The depth- dose distribution of a proton beam differs significantly from that of a photon beam. Protons show increasing energy deposition with penetration distance, reaching a maximum- named the Bragg peak-near the end of the range of the proton beam. In front of the Bragg peak, the dose level is modest compared to photon beams; beyond the Bragg peak, the dose decreases to nearly zero. By choosing the appropriate proton beam energy, the depth of the Bragg peak can be adjusted to match the depth and extent of the target volume. Therefore, excellent conformality can be achieved, in contrast to conventional or intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）.

A Class of Iteration Method for the Best Approximation Problems

We propose a class of iteration methods searching the best approximately generalized polynomial, which has parallel computational function and converges to the exact solution quadratically. We first transform it into a special system of nonlinear equations with constraint, then by using to certain iteration method, we combine the two basic processes of the Remes method into a whole such that the iterative process of the system of nonlinear equations and the computation of the solution to the system of linear equations proceed alternately. A lot of numerical examples show that this method not only has good convergence property but also always converges to the exact solution of the problem accurately and rapidly for almost all initial approximations .

Some Remarks on the Convex Feasibility Problem and Best Approximation Problem

In this paper we investigate several solution algorithms for the convex fea- sibility problem(CFP)and the best approximation problem(BAP)respectively.The algorithms analyzed are already known before,but by adequately reformulating the CFP or the BAP we naturally deduce the general projection method for the CFP from well-known steepest decent method for unconstrained optimization and we also give a natural strategy of updating weight parameters.In the linear case we show the connec- tion of the two projection algorithms for the CFP and the BAP respectively.In addition, we establish the convergence of a method for the BAP under milder assumptions in the linear case.We also show by examples a Bauschke's conjecture is only partially correct.

Research on the Related Factors of the Second Molar Dislocation and Orthodontic Erect Method

The second molar dislocation is more common clinically.To investigate the related factors of the second permanent molar dislocation,and provide reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of orthodontics.From the current clinical research,the clinical methods of orthodontic erect secondary molars are also diverse and clinical.The narrower first molar alveolar arch width,smaller ANB angle,and crowded maxillary posterior segment arch are the factors that cause the maxillary second permanent molar dislocation.The narrow alveolar arch width,the smaller SNB angle,the larger ANB angle,and the crowded lower mandibular arch are the factors leading to the dislocation of the mandibular second permanent molar.In addition,for the second mandibular molar malposition,it is particularly important to select the corrective treatment plan.It is especially important to improve the treatment.

Full ranking procedure based on best and worst frontiers

In the traditional data envelopment analysis （DEA） structure, the efficiency score for one decision making unit （DMU） is calculated by measuring the distance of the evaluated DMU to the best practice frontier. Recent researches have provided the reasonability of considering the worst practice frontier as a supple- ment to the traditional DEA techniques. The existing researches take only one type of frontier into account, and they cannot com- pare the evaluated DMU with both the best and the worst perform- ing DMUs. A DEA-based procedure is developed to consider the best and the worst frontiers in the same scenario where the ratio of two distances （RDS） measure is proposed. The principal appli- cation of this approach is for ranking, and, as a complement tool, for performance evaluation. The proposed approach can be used in a wide range of applications such as the performance evaluation of employees and others. Finally, a bookstore data set is used to illustrate the proposed approach.

THE WORST CASE COMPLEXITY OF THE FREDHOLM EQUATION OF THE SECOND KIND WITH FREE TERM IN H'(Г)

This paper deals with the approximate solution of the Fredholm equation Lu= f of the second kind with f ∈H’(Γ). First, we give the order of the n-the optimal radius in the worst case setting. Then, we show that the Galerkin method using 2n+1 inner products of f has minimal error. Finally, we give the estimate of the ε-complexity of the Fredholm problem of the second kind and Galerkin method in the worst case setting.

Best—Worst Scaling方法综述

关于测量市场和消费者行为的方法,现有的研究大都是用李克特量表直接测量,然而这种方法有很多弊端,据此得到的调查数据质量并不高。基于此,有学者发明了一种更加准确的方法——Best—Worst Scaling。文章主要介绍了Best—Worst Scaling方法的背景与内涵、该方法的具体操作步骤、后期数据分析的方法以及该方法在各个领域的具体运用。

Weakness Ranking Method for Subsystems of Heavy-Duty Machine Tools Based on FMECA Information

Heavy-duty machine tools are composed of many subsystems with different functions,and their reliability is governed by the reliabilities of these subsystems.It is important to rank the weaknesses of subsystems and identify the weakest subsystem to optimize products and improve their reliabilities.However,traditional ranking methods based on failure mode effect and critical analysis(FMECA)does not consider the complex maintenance of products.Herein,a weakness ranking method for the subsystems of heavy-duty machine tools is proposed based on generalized FMECA information.In this method,eight reliability indexes,including maintainability and maintenance cost,are considered in the generalized FMECA information.Subsequently,the cognition best worst method is used to calculate the weight of each screened index,and the weaknesses of the subsystems are ranked using a technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution.Finally,based on the failure data collected from certain domestic heavy-duty horizontal lathes,the weakness ranking result of the subsystems is obtained to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.An improved weakness ranking method that can comprehensively analyze and identify weak subsystems is proposed herein for designing and improving the reliability of complex electromechanical products.

Nonlinear optimal model and solving algorithms for platform planning problem in battlefield

Platform planning is one of the important problems in the command and control(C2) field. Hereto, we analyze the platform planning problem and present nonlinear optimal model aiming at maximizing the task completion qualities. Firstly, we take into account the relation among tasks and build the single task nonlinear optimal model with a set of platform constraints. The Lagrange relaxation method and the pruning strategy are used to solve the model. Secondly, this paper presents optimization-based planning algorithms for efficiently allocating platforms to multiple tasks. To achieve the balance of the resource assignments among tasks, the m-best assignment algorithm and the pair-wise exchange(PWE)method are used to maximize multiple tasks completion qualities.Finally, a series of experiments are designed to verify the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithms.

The Best,Worst Places to Live?

选注者言:排名,也许是市场经济的一个特点或是标记。Mercer Human Re-source Consulting每年都要给世界城市进行排名,排名的主旨是居民的生活质量。其具体标准不得而知,但是,本文告诉我们共有39项标准,涉及政治、社会以及经济。本次名列榜首的是瑞士的苏黎世。在被排名的215个城市中,伊拉克首都巴格达被排名倒数第三,即第213名,因为那里的天空战云密布。

Exploring Agritourism Experience and Perceptions of Pork Production

The interest of consumers in farming activities is evident and agricultural producers have responded to this increasing interest in a number of ways, including inviting visitors to farm operations through tourism or farm visits. Livestock industries, in particular, are interacting with the public in numerous ways, including via marketing channels for their products, interacting with community leaders and community members in regard to location siting and regulations, and inviting people onto their operations via agritourism. An improved understanding of who visits agricultural locations (particularly livestock operations) and consumers’ perceptions about livestock agriculture is needed in order to begin to understand the possible relationships between on-farm experiences and consumers’ perceptions. Thus, it is important to gain a deeper understanding in consumers’ interests, including their levels of concern for production process attributes, such as animal welfare, relative to product attributes like price and taste. This analysis investigates the demographics of consumers who have (and have not) visited various agritourism operations, studies differences in preferences for (or perceptions of) animal welfare relative to other pork attributes between consumers who have or have not visited a livestock operation, as well as amongst consumers with varying levels of involvement in household food production. Indeed the relationships explored are between having visited a livestock operation and the perceptions. This study found that 69% of participants had visited a livestock operation (pig farm, dairy farm, and/or horse farm) at some point. The majority of respondents agreed that agriculture was an important industry, yet, those who had visited livestock operations were more likely to note concerns about the impact of livestock operations on water quality in their county.

An Integrated Framework for Cloud Service Selection Based on BOM and TOPSIS

Many businesses have experienced difficulties in selecting a cloud service provider(CSP)due to the rapid advancement of cloud computing services and the proliferation of CSPs.Many independent criteria should be considered when evaluating the services provided by different CSPs.It is a case of multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM).This paper presents an integrated MCDM cloud service selection framework for determining the most appropriate service provider based on the best only method(BOM)and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS).To obtain the weights of criteria and the relative importance of CSPs based on each criterion,BOM performs pairwise comparisons of criteria and also for alternatives on each criterion,and TOPSIS uses these weights to rank cloud alternatives.An evaluation and validation of the proposed framework have been carried out through a use-case model to prove its efficiency and accuracy.Moreover,the developed framework was compared with the analytical hierarchical process(AHP),a popular MCDM approach,based on two perspectives:efficiency and consistency.According to the research results,the proposed framework only requires 25%of the comparisons needed for the AHP approach.Furthermore,the proposed framework has a CR of 0%,whereas AHP has 38%.Thus,the proposed framework performs better than AHPwhen it comes to computation complexity and consistency,implying that it is more efficient and trustworthy.

直觉模糊MABAC法在低渗碳酸盐岩气藏有利区优选中的应用

低渗碳酸盐岩气藏地质构造和储层特征复杂,数据获取和解释的不确定性较高,导致有利区优选的难度较大。提出了最优最劣法(BWM)赋权下的直觉模糊MABAC(多属性边界近似区域比较)法低渗碳酸盐岩有利区优选模型。首先,根据低渗碳酸盐岩地质特征、生烃能力和储气能力等信息,建立综合考虑低渗碳酸盐岩成藏的地质条件、施工条件的综合评价指标体系;然后利用BWM方法确定各关键评价指标权重,同时考虑多个因素对不同的油气田的影响并掌握因素之间的优先级关系;最后,利用直觉模糊信息替代精确信息,建立改进的直觉模糊多属性决策模型,对低渗碳酸盐岩气藏开发有利区进行优选。利用10个碳酸盐岩气藏区块进行实验,结果表明:剩余动态储量、有效储层厚度等因素表现良好的C区块为最优。对碳酸盐岩气藏开发有利区块按照整体距离的值进行降序排序,结果为:C区>I区>H区>A区>D区>G区>J区>E区>F区>B区。将提出的直觉模糊MABAC法与现有方法进行对比,并结合数值模拟结果分析,验证了该方法的有效性和合理性。

基于可拓云理论的化工建筑施工安全风险评估

引入可拓云理论构建了化工建筑施工安全风险评估模型,在该模型内,最优最劣法和CRITIC法分别用于计算主客观权重值。研究应用博弈论确定组合赋权权重值,以消除主客观权重法之间的误差。最后,计算可拓云模型内模糊等级特征期望值Erq、模糊等级特征熵值Ers、综合评判向量B和置信度因子g等参数。结果表明:该化工项目施工安全综合风险等级为中等,模糊等级特征期望值Erq为2.952 8,模糊等级特征熵值Ers为0.016 5,置信度因子g为0.005 6,符合一致性要求,结果可信。研究结果为现场安全管理人员提供参考。

暴雨灾害下的建筑施工现场风险评价研究

为了准确判断施工现场在突降暴雨情况下的安全状态,采用贝叶斯最优最劣法(Bayesian Best Worst Method,BBWM)和云模型方法,提出暴雨灾害下的建筑施工现场风险评价模型,以确定施工现场在遭受暴雨灾害时的风险等级。该模型利用了压力状态响应模型(Pressure State Response,PSR)和灾害系统理论,在考虑致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境稳定性、承灾体脆弱性和减灾能力抵御性4方面的基础上,构建18个风险因素的施工现场风险评价指标体系,并以武汉市某施工现场为例进行验证。结果显示,施工现场的减灾能力抵御性处于最重要的地位,做好现场减灾应对措施对灾害有非常重要的帮助;案例项目的评价结果处于一般风险状态,与现场实际情况相符。

In Silico Investigation of Agonist Activity of a Structurally Diverse Set of Drugs to hPXR Using HM-BSM and HM-PNN

The human pregnane X receptor（hPXR） plays a critical role in the metabolism, transport and clearance of xenobiotics in the liver and intestine. The hPXR can be activated by a structurally diverse of drugs to initiate clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. In this article, in silico investigation was performed on a structurally diverse set of drugs to identify critical structural features greatly related to their agonist activity towards h PXR. Heuristic method（HM）-Best Subset Modeling（BSM） and HM-Polynomial Neural Networks（PNN） were utilized to develop the linear and non-linear quantitative structure-activity relationship models. The applicability domain（AD） of the models was assessed by Williams plot. Statistically reliable models with good predictive power and explain were achieved（for HM-BSM, r^2=0.881, q^2_（LOO）=0.797, q^2_（EXT）=0.674; for HM-PNN, r^2=0.882, q^2_（LOO）=0.856, q^2_（EXT）=0.655）. The developed models indicated that molecular aromatic and electric property, molecular weight and complexity may govern agonist activity of a structurally diverse set of drugs to h PXR.

转炉车间火灾风险评估方法的改进及应用

为针对性地解决转炉炼钢作业时的消防安全问题,提出将熵权-最优最劣法(Best Worst Method,BWM)和物元可拓模型相结合的转炉车间火灾风险评估模型。通过将指标分为人、物料设备、环境、管理及消防设施5大类,构建转炉车间火灾风险评估指标体系;利用复合语言对35个指标进行评价,引入有序加权平均算子(Ordered Weighted Averaging,OWA)计算各语言的犹豫语言术语集(Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Term Set,HFLTS)模糊包络,再根据各专家权重进行加权计算并将语言量化构成评价矩阵;基于熵权、BWM分别算得各指标权重,再运用最小二乘法得到综合权重;最后利用物元可拓模型确定各指标及转炉车间的火灾风险等级。以河北省某炼钢转炉车间为例进行评估得出:该转炉车间的综合风险等级为I级(安全),其中动火监护的人员监管情况、氧枪法兰松紧度、炉前温度环境、作业现场物品摆放情况、作业巡查及设备检查情况和消防疏散通道堵塞情况仍需改善。

基于IT2F-BWM-MABAC方法的应急物流设施选址方案评价

针对不确定环境下应急物流设施选址方案评价问题,提出一种基于区间二型模糊集(IT2F)-最优最劣法(BWM)-多属性边界近似区域比较法(MABAC)的应急物流设施选址方案评价方法。首先,针对应急物流设施选址方案评价过程中评价信息的模糊不确定性问题,采用IT2F处理,并利用MABAC对选址方案排序;然后,针对传统的MABAC中属性权重需要从外部获得的问题,采用基于IT2F的BWM确定属性的权重;最后,将所提方法应用于某城市应急物流设施选址方案评价研究,并验证所提选址方法的可行性和有效性。结果表明:所提方法能够解决不确定环境下应急物流设施选址问题,同时能够保证方案评价的质量。

从功能主义翻译理论看中国畅销小说“走出去”战略——以《狼图腾》英译本为例

功能主义翻译理论关注文本外因素,而非仅文本内因素。畅销小说的翻译除了考虑自身语言特征和主题内容之外,同样需要考虑诸多文本外因素,如译文的期望功能、目标受众需求和阅读习惯、发起人和出版商的要求等,从而让畅销小说成功走出国门并获取巨大的社会和经济效益。该文通过梳理功能主义翻译理论发展历程和畅销小说译介的影响因素,以英文版《狼图腾》为例进行深入剖析,得出功能主义适用于指导畅销小说翻译的结论。功能主义翻译理论不仅可以丰富中国畅销小说翻译方法的选择,促进畅销小说的对外译介,还有利于中华文化的传播。

数据生命周期视角下的医疗健康大数据质量评价研究

[目的/意义]随着医疗健康大数据的迅速累积,其质量问题逐渐受到关注,通过质量评价可以为医疗健康大数据质量管理与提升提供启示。[方法/过程]本文基于数据生命周期理论,构建了医疗健康大数据质量生命周期模型。然后结合文献和医疗健康数据特点构建了质量评价指标体系,采用模糊最优最劣法和熵权法综合确定指标权重。最后使用TOPSIS方法对评价结果进行排序,构建了综合评价模型。[结果/结论]对本文提出的指标体系和综合评价模型进行实例应用,发现医疗健康大数据准确性、规范性较好,完整性、及时性、互联互通性、价值性较差,总体质量有待提升,未来可以从数据采集控制、跨平台数据协同、数据价值挖掘等方面进行改善。