Empirical Study on Effects of Different Types of Urbanization on Consumption Structure of Rural Residents in China

In the process of urbanization,there are problems of decline in rural population,shrinkage of rural area,and constant increase in the per-capita net income of rural residents. These problems have brought about new characteristics and changes to the consumption structure of rural residents. This paper divided the urbanization into population urbanization,industrial urbanization and land urbanization. Using the panel data of 31 provinces in 2004-2013,it established the dynamic panel model and analyzed the effects of different types of urbanization on the consumption structure of rural residents. Results indicated that population urbanization exerts a negative effect on development-oriented consumption expenditure of rural residents,while it exerts a positive effect on enjoyment consumption expenditure; the industrial urbanization exerts a negative effect on the consumption expenditure of rural residents,while it exerts a positive effect on clothing and transportation communication consumption of rural residents; land urbanization exerts a negative effect on medical care expenditure in enjoyment consumption of rural residents. In view of these problems,it came up with recommendations,including stimulating the development of rural consumer market,liberating the consumption potentiality of rural areas,making clear emphasis points of different types of urbanization,avoiding promoting the urbanization in a blind manner,and adjusting the development of different types of urbanization on the basis of the consumption demands of rural residents.

The Characteristics,Structure and Trend of the Chinese Urban and Rural Residents' Clothing Consumption

As one of the necessities of life,clothing is on the important position in the daily life of urban and rural residents. Firstly,the paper carries out the descriptive statistical analysis about clothing consumption expenditures of urban and rural residents; secondly,based on questionnaires of 543 urban and rural residents in 16 provinces,this paper analyses structure and trend of urban and rural residents' clothing consumption. The results show that per capita clothing consumption expenditure of urban and rural residents present growth on the whole,but the gap between the two is gradually expanding; clothing consumption expenditure have differences in different regions; the differences of different income levels are also obvious; urban and rural residents' clothing consumption structure tends to be more diversified,cotton goods and chemical fiber goods is the main variety of clothing consumption,including down feather,cotton and chemical fiber is the main variety of coat,and cotton,chemical fiber and wool is the main variety of suit and knitwear; cotton goods,down goods and woolen goods will be the fiber goods that urban and rural residents buy more in the future; clothing consumption demand will pursue for band,comfort and personality; female residents will still be the main force of clothing consumption. Finally,the paper puts forward some recommendations on the basis of analysis results.

Influencing Factors for Formation of Urban and Rural Spatial Structure in Metropolis Fringe Area——Taking Shuangliu County of Chengdu in China as a Case

With rapid urbanization process, the pace of urban sprawl has been quickened and most metropolises have ex-perienced expansions in leaps and bounds in suburbanization, which has greatly changed the urban and rural spatial struc-ture of the metropolis fringe area. In this paper, Shuangliu County is taken as a case, since it is a typical fringe area of Chengdu Metropolis. Based on Landsat TM images of Chengdu City and Shuangliu County obtained in 1985, 2000 and 2004, characteristics of urban and rural spatial structure in Shuangliu County were analyzed, such as core-periphery spa-tial structure and some obvious integration trends. Then the influencing factors for the formation of urban and rural spatial structure were identified, including some natural, social, economic and political factors. According to the discussion of this paper, Shuangliu County is undergoing a key transition and reform period. Its formation of urban and rural spatial structure was affected not only by such common factors as the location, natural background, industrial transition, migra-tion, etc., but also by some unique factors such as city planning and policy guidance, which played an important role in accelerating its uneven spatial structure. The understanding of the role of the influencing factors would be useful for car-rying out spatial management and development planning of metropolis fringe area.

An Analysis of the Consumer Demand Structure of Rural Residents in Chongqing City in the Context of New Urbanization

Using ELES model and econometric methods,in the context of new urbanization,we use the time series data on the consumer spending of rural residents in Chongqing City to perform an empirical analysis of the consumer demand structure of rural residents,reveal the characteristics,differences and changes concerning the consumption structure of rural residents in Chongqing City,and set forth some policy recommendations such as carrying out the new rural construction,optimizing the consumption structure,establishing sound social security system and income growth mechanism,and stabilizing the price level.

The Influence of the Urban-Rural Income Disparity on the Industrial Structure—Taking the Yangtze River Delta Region as an Example

In this paper, the effect of the mediation effect is mainly used to test and analyze the regression model, and most scholars have studied the impact of the modernization of the industrial structure on the income gap. However, this paper is from another perspective, based on the social background of high-quality development, the main study is the impact mechanism of urban and rural income gap on the industrial structure, taking the Yangtze River Delta as the main research object, and specifically selecting 22 central cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, which is also one of the highlights of this study. The regression model is constructed by using the intermediary effect, and the four intermediary variables of fiscal expenditure (M1), fixed asset investment (M2), number of patent applications (M3), and total import and export (M4) are selected, which represent the role of the government, fixed asset investment, scientific and technological level and opening-up level, and study and analyze the inherent influence mechanism between each variable. Before doing specific research, I consulted the papers and literature of many other outstanding scholars, among which Cheng Yuhong and Cheng Chi’s “The Influence Mechanism of industrial structure of urban and rural income gap” [1] has great reference value for this paper. According to the research results, under the background of high-quality development in the Yangtze River Delta region, the expansion of the income gap between urban and rural areas will inhibit the upgrading of the industrial structure, so it is necessary to focus on building a new type of urbanization, accelerating the construction of an urban innovation system, optimizing the rural employment structure to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas, and providing impetus for the continuous upgrading of the industrial structure.

Gap between Urban and Rural Economic Development in Less Developed Areas——A Case of Northern Jiangsu Area,China

Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differences in the rural and urban economic development in less developed areas,which are mainly reflected in the differences in per capita income,living standard,and Engel coefficient.Reasons for urban and rural economic disparity in less developed areas are analyzed.The asymmetry and immobility of rural and urban resources have objectively caused the income gap between urban and rural residents;urban industrial development,which is faster than agricultural development,has widened the income gap between urban and rural residents;and the differences in comparative labor productivity in rural and urban areas have enlarged their income gap.Countermeasures to minimize the urban and rural economic development gap are put forward,such as deepening the reform,realizing the free flow of economic resources between urban and rural areas,developing rural areas through urban development,exerting the function of urban areas in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,paying attention to the agriculture and rural areas,and improving the comparative labor productivity of agriculture.

Mutual Conversion of Land Use between Urban and Rural Area in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study of Shandong Province

Urbanization is one of the driving forces for the land use change in type and structure, and its prominent effect is to convert rural land to urban land. This paper takes Shan-dong Province as an example to analyze the current situation of the mutual conversion between the urban and rural areas from the aspects of the structure of land use, the decreasing tendency of the cultivated land, the changes of land use in urban and rural residential areas. It points out that cultivated land is converted to residential area land, industrial and/or mining area land. The relationship between the urban area land and the cultivated land is more direct; meanwhile, the changes of rural residential area lag behind obviously. The decrease of the cultivated land and the decline of soil quality will be the two difficult problems in the process of urbanization.

The Analysis of Limitation of Engel's Coefficient——A Case Study of Rural Areas in Hebei Province

On the basis of introducing relevant theories of Engel's coefficient,this paper analyzes the limitation of these theories in practical application currently in China,for example,continuing to use original theory,not in line with reality of China;comparison invalidity in length and breadth,is not conducive to relevant analysis;culling out the special factors easily causes distortion of conclusion.Taking rural areas in Hebei Province as an example,this paper analyzes the limitation of Engel's coefficient in analyzing the gap of rural economy:in terms of region horizontally,Engel's coefficient neglects the difference of consumption structure among regions,and difference of economic stages among regions;in terms of time vertically,Engel's coefficient neglects the periodic change of consumption structure and the ratio change of different families in different periods.According to the reality of China's rural areas,the correction model of Engel's coefficient is established as follows.Firstly,Engel's coefficient=Percentage of expenditure variation(food+ education+ medical service) /Percentage of total expenditure variation;Engel's coefficient=Percentage of expenditure variation(food+ education+ medical service) /Percentage of income variation.Secondly,Engel's coefficient=Percentage of expenditure variation of food/Percentage of variation of(total expenditure educational expenditure-medical expenditure.Thirdly,Engel's coefficient=Percentage of expenditure variation of food/Percentage of total expenditure variation.

Urban-rural Income Gap Needs Urgent Reduction

Since the late 1970s, with the rapid growth of China’s economy, the income levels of both urban and rural residents have risen significantly, and their standard of living has fundamentally improved. However, a disparity in income growth between the two exists, and the disparities in relative and absolute income have experienced a period of long-term expansion, which has led to the long-time widening of the consumption gap. There are several indicators of these disparities: the proportion of urban and rural consumption compared to the national level, the changes measured by the Engel’s coefficient, residents’ possession of consumer durables in the countryside, etc. The expanding disparity in consumption between urban and rural residents is neither conducive to meeting aggregate domestic demand, nor to upgrading the industrial structure. In this regard, measures must be taken to curb the expanding urban and rural income gap, so as to help rural incomes grow more quickly and further promote China’s economic growth and social stability.

数字创新创业赋能城乡共同富裕的实证检验

文章基于2012—2021年中国30个省份的面板数据,实证检验数字创新创业对城乡共同富裕的影响及作用机制。结果表明,数字创新创业对城乡共同富裕具有显著促进作用。异质性分析结果表明,相较于数字创新,数字创业对城乡共同富裕的促进效应更强;数字创新创业对城乡共同富裕的促进作用在西部、东北地区更加显著。作用机制检验结果表明,数字创新创业通过优化居民收入结构、提升技术创新能力,促进城乡共同富裕。因此,应激发乡村数字创新创业活力,促进城乡共同富裕;提升乡村企业技术创新水平,优化乡村居民收入结构;实施差异化发展策略,缩小城乡群体数字鸿沟。

数字金融对城乡居民收支差距的影响与机制研究

数字金融为缩小城乡居民收支差距提供了新路径。本文基于2011—2020年我国省级面板数据,实证分析了数字金融对城乡收支差距的影响;通过构建中介效应模型,实证分析了影响机制。研究发现:数字金融能够显著缩小城乡收支差距;数字金融每提高1个单位,城乡收入之比和城乡消费支出之比分别缩小0.0012和0.0015;数字金融通过提高农村居民财产性收入、扩大农村居民发展型消费和享受型消费,进而缩小城乡收支差距。基于研究结论,本文提出应在农村地区进一步推广发展数字金融,引导鼓励农民使用数字金融,同时在发展过程中注意城乡协调,多措并举拓宽农民增收渠道,丰富农村消费市场。

河北省城乡居民消费结构变动研究——基于ELES模型的实证分析

基于ELES模型,对2013-2021年河北省城乡居民消费结构变动情况进行了研究.从边际消费倾向可以看出,随着生活水平的提高,河北省城乡居民的消费逐渐从“温饱型”向“小康型”转变.消费结构变动度分析显示,除个别年份外,居民消费结构整体变动不大,相对较稳定.通过分析消费结构熵数发现,河北省城乡居民整体消费质量较高,但是消费结构升级速度相对较慢.根据分析结果,提出了增加居民收入、优化消费环境、拓展新型消费、坚持推进城乡融合发展、提高农村居民的社会保障水平等建议.

城市舒适性对城乡居民消费差距的影响效应研究

利用2003—2019年的城市数据,通过构建城乡两部门模型和城市舒适性评价指标体系,从理论和实证角度研究城市舒适性对城乡消费差距的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,城市舒适性的提升对城乡消费差距有着显著的缩小作用,且这一结果在调整指标赋权方法、城市消费差距计算方法以及控制内生性问题后依然稳健。在作用机制方面,城市舒适性主要通过提升农村居民消费水平来实现城乡消费差距的缩小,且城市舒适性对房价、居民收入水平和集聚均有着显著的正向影响。在不同类型的城市舒适性对城乡消费差距的影响方面,出行舒适性可能是缩小城乡消费差距的最主要推动力,且出行舒适性同样通过提升农村居民消费水平来缩小城乡消费差距。上述结论为地方政府在进行公共支出中重视对城市舒适性的提升,进而推动居民生活质量的提升和城乡融合发展提供了政策启示。

乡城流动老年人能动适应的运作机制与发展型城乡结构的形塑

运用“结构—行动”二重性的分析框架,从主位角度分析了乡城流动老年人的社会适应性,结果显示:乡城流动老年人对城市社会适应问题的应对会通过对经济结构中的机会获取、关系结构中的规则调适与意义结构中的空间进退来予以能动调适,其能动适应的实现离不开多重结构的支撑;发展型城乡结构与城乡融合的实现也离不开个体家庭的能动实践,后者主要包含家庭经济的合作主义、家庭结构的弹性与家庭伦理的韧性调适几个层面。在结构与行动的能动互塑下,乡城流动老年人的社会适应与发展型城乡结构之间实现了有机的嵌合,因而为保障城乡融合发展的渐进式韧性实现,应在政策上尊重乡城流动老年人的自主意愿与为他们在城乡间有主体性的两栖穿梭提供保护。

网络零售对城乡消费分层影响的多维效应

网络零售的发展带来了城乡消费市场新的质变,本文从有关消费分层的消费规模和消费结构两个视角出发,引入消费主体、消费客体、消费环境三个维度,运用双向固定效应模型及GMM模型进行内生性检验,研究网络零售对城乡消费分层的影响,同时使用更换解释变量和调整样本数量的方式进行模型的稳健性检验。研究发现,如今消费现状是消费升级与消费降级并存的消费分层,网络零售可以扩大城乡消费规模且对城市消费规模的扩大与消费结构改善的作用优于农村,促使城乡消费分层的形成。总体而言,网络零售有利于城乡消费升级,且随着网络零售的不断发展,对消费结构的优化作用更加明显。本文还提出:稳住消费者消费信心;完善分配制度;支持、积极推动网络零售市场的发展;加强对网络零售市场的监管等措施,以供参考。

人口变化背景下我国城乡义务教育资源需求预测与规划

人口规模和结构的变化直接影响着教育资源供需形势的变化。准确把握学龄人口的变动状况,是合理规划城乡义务教育资源的重要前提。基于第七次人口普查数据源,运用CPPS人口预测工具系统,对2023—2035年我国城乡义务教育在校生数量进行预测发现,义务教育在校生数总体上呈现下降趋势,小学阶段在校生数的下降规模呈现出城市>县镇>农村的趋势,初中阶段在校生数下降规模则呈现县镇>城市>农村的趋势。在义务教育学龄人口变动影响下,2023—2035年义务教育资源需求变化主要集中在师资、教育经费以及校舍上。师资上,义务教育阶段师资需求总体呈下降的趋势,城市、县镇、农村小学阶段的师资需求将分别下降87.60、85.46、60.44万人,城市、县镇、农村初中阶段的师资需求将分别下降68.77、83.28、22.10万人;教育经费上,小学、初中阶段教育经费需求的涨幅分别为15.41%和5.96%;校舍上,城市、县镇小学仍有一定的缺口,农村小学、县镇和农村初中则将出现大量校舍闲置状况。基于此,可通过构建城乡义务教育资源跨周期调节机制、促进城乡教师队伍协调高质量发展、健全义务教育经费保障机制、分类科学合理规划利用闲置校舍等策略,应对人口变化给我国城乡义务教育带来的资源需求变动。

丝绸之路经济带核心区城乡融合发展的影响因素研究

作为“一带一路”建设的核心区、枢纽地带,新疆在推动城乡融合与对外开放方面有着至关重要的意义,同时对于促进当地经济社会发展具有深远影响。城乡融合是新时代下中国发展的重要战略方向,旨在实现城乡资源要素的共享和优势互补,城乡产业结构也逐渐向现代化、国际化的方向发展,实现城乡产业的互通和融合。本文测度并对地区层面面板实证检验城乡融合结果显示,目前新疆城乡融合水平较低但正稳步提升,地区差异较大且趋于缩小。对外开放稳健促进新疆城乡融合协调发展。

数字经济发展对安徽省城乡居民消费结构的影响研究

数字经济发展影响了我国城乡居民的消费结构。以安徽省为例,基于回归模型和横向空间要素对安徽省城乡居民消费结构进行测度分析。根据2019-2022年安徽省城乡居民消费水平数据内容以及16个省辖市的区域面板数据,通过采用熵值赋权法进行构建分析,探讨数字经济发展对安徽省城乡居民消费结构的影响。结果表明:第一,数字经济发展能够缩短城乡居民的消费结构差距,因此各省市目前正加速推进数字经济建设的发展步调。第二,安徽省城乡居民消费结构受到数字经济发展的深远影响正在逐步转型,产业结构化的升级调整将对数字经济的可持续发展带来循环促进作用。第三,数字经济的发展要想更好地深度融合实体经济,需要结合安徽省城乡居民消费结构的特性,寻找数字化转型的新路径。

数字新质生产力对城乡高质量融合的影响与机制

数字新质生产力能够深刻改变城市与农村生产及生活方式,对城乡高质量融合具有重要意义。基于2009—2022年我国30个省份(未含香港地区、澳门地区、台湾地区及西藏地区)面板数据,利用固定效应模型、中介效应模型及门限效应模型,实证检验数字新质生产力对城乡高质量融合的影响和作用机制。研究发现,数字新质生产力能够显著促进城乡高质量融合、产业结构升级、公共服务均等化,特别是资源要素配置优化在数字新质生产力对城乡高质量融合的影响中起中介作用。数字新质生产力对城乡高质量融合的促进作用具有边际效应递增的非线性特征,产业结构升级、资源要素配置优化、公共服务均等化对这种非线性影响具有强化作用。数字新质生产力对城乡高质量融合的影响具有地区异质性,从线性影响看,在东部地区最强,在中部地区其次,在西部地区最弱;从非线性影响看,数字新质生产力的影响在东部和西部地区存在单一门限效应,在中部地区存在双重门限效应。为促进城乡高质量融合,应积极推动生产要素数字化转型,加快数字新质生产力形成;驱动产业结构升级,为城乡高质量融合提供动力;畅通资源要素流动渠道,优化资源要素配置;加强公共服务配套设施建设,助力公共服务均等化;结合地区特点,因地制宜培育数字新质生产力。