Experiment on the Fattening Effects of Mixed Silage of Mulberry Branches and Leaves on Hybrid Mutton Sheep

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the effect of mixed silage of mulberry branches and leaves on the production performance of Tan Han hybrid mutton sheep and explore the feasibility in production. [Methods] Twenty-six Tan Han hybrid mutton sheep were selected and divided into two groups, 13 in each group. The experimental group was fed with the mixed silage and the control group(CK) was fed with whole-plant corn silage. [Results] The average daily weight gain per sheep of the experimental group was 9.2% higher than that of the CK(P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio was decreased by 6.98%(P<0.05). The average daily weight gain per sheep in the 30 d improved the gross profit by 7.75 yuan, which meant an increase of 16.32%. [Conclusions] The mulberry mixed silage is feasible in the production, and it could significantly improve the production performance of the hybrid mutton sheep.

Effect of dietary supplementation with mulberry(Morus alba L.) leaves on the growth performance,meat quality and antioxidative capacity of finishing pigs

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary mulberry(Morus alba L.) leaves powder(MLP) supplementation on meat quality of finishing pigs.A total of 40 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire pigs(initial body weight of(40.5±0.63) kg) were randomly allotted into two treatments,fed either with control diet or 15% MLP diet for 85 d.The results showed that MLP diet decreased(P≤0.05) average daily gain(ADG) and increased(P<0.05) feed/gain ratio(F/G) in the finishing and whole period.MLP diet also decreased(P<0.05) carcass weight,dressing percentage,last rib and average backfat depth.However,MLP diet increased(P<0.05) intramuscular fat(IMF) content,decreased(P<0.05) shear force,cooking loss and drip loss.In addition,MLP diet increased(P<0.05) total antioxidative capacity,glutathione peroxidase and tended(P<0.10) to increase total superoxide dismutase in serum.In longissimus thoracis,myosin heavy chain(MyHC) I and IIa mRNA levels were increased(P≤0.05) for MLP diet.In conclusion,15% MLP supplementation reduced the growth performance and carcass traits,but improved meat quality of finishing pigs possibly through the change of myofiber characteristics,enhancement of antioxidative capacity and increase of IMF.

Relationships Between Sulfur Concentration in Mulberry Leaves and the Quality of Silkworm Cocoon

S concentrations in samples of mulberry leaves and silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) cocoon shells and quality of cocoon taken from typical mulberry gardens of six provinces located in the lower to middle reaches of the Yangtze River were analyzed by the method of applied biostatistics on sericulture to study the relationships between cocoon quality and S concentrations in mulberry leaves and cocoon shells. The results showed that two-power function relationships between concentration of sulfur in mulberry leaves and characters of cocoon quality were significant (R2 = 0.139*-0.329**, n = 24-29, a < 0). The range of optimum S concentrations in mulberry leaves was 1.90-2.49 g kg-1 (mean±SE = 2.10±0.15 g kg-1) for high quality of cocoon. There existed significant two-power function or positive linear relationships between S concentration in cocoon shell and characters of cocoon quality (R2 = 0.153*-0.458**, n = 24-29). The range of optimum concentrations of sulfur in cocoon shell was 1.51-1.61 g kg-1 for high quality of cocoon.

Rapid Analysis of Morusin from <i>Ramulus mori</i>by HPLC-DAD, Its Distribution <i>in Vivo</i>and Differentiation in the Cultivated Mulberry Species

The distribution and content differentiation of morusin in the cultivated species of mulberry by HPLC-DAD are described in this paper. The experimental results showed that morusin is present in all parts of the mulberry bush. The content of morusin was highest in root bark and second highest in branch bark. The difference in morusin content of 20 different species of cultivated mulberry branch bark was significant. The level of morusin was highest in the branch bark of cultivated mulberry No. 404, a tetraploid cultivar, and third in the Husang 32 cultivar of Morus multicaulis. The method used in this study for determining morusin content exhibited good repeatability (RSD 6.02%) and recovery (100.62%). Therefore, the results from this study provide reliable data, for research and development in the future, on the level and distribution of morusin in mulberry in general and the differences found between various cultivated mulberries in particular. Furthermore, the HPLC-DAD method to determine morusin content is fast and reliable and is applicable not only to mulberry bushes but also to other plants.

Effect of Dietary Mulberry Leaves on Productive Performance,Egg Quality and Blood Biochemistry in Laying Hens

[Objective] The aim was to provide more information about the possible use of mulberry leaves in hen diets.[Method] Two hundred ninety two Hyline Gray laying hens, 48 wk old, were randomly allotted into four groups with 73 chickens per group. Each group was fed for 6 wk with diets that contained dried mulberry leaves at 0, 5, 10, or 15%. [ Result] The rate of egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, body weight, blood glucose level, total blood cholesterol, and triglyeride, and cholesterol of egg yolk in the dietary mulberry leaf groups were lower than the 0% mulberry leaves group. Compared with the 0% group, the feed required to produce 1 kg of eggs was 12.8% more in the 15% dietary mul- berry leaf group. Body weight and cholesterol of egg yolk decreased significantly in this group （P 〈0.05）. Blood glucose and triglyerides in the 15% dietary mulberry leaf group were significantly lower than in the 0 and 5% dietary mulberry leaf groups （P 〈0.05）. Yolk color in all treatments was higher than in the 0% group （P 〈0.05）, and Roche pigmentation score increased by 2 -2.9. One -deoxynojirimycin was detected from egg white in all treatments, and its content varied significantly between groups （ P 〈0.05）. E Conclusion] This study reflected the hypoglycemic and lipid -low- ering effects of mulberry leaves on productive performance and egg quality in laying hens. The suggested proportion of dietary mulberry leaves was 5% -10%.

Isolation,Mutagenesis,Identification and Cellulase Properties of a Mulberry Branches Decomposing Fungus from Insect

In order to utilize mulberry branches efficiently and reduce environment pollution, a strain named A1 was isolated from the intestinal tract of Acr/da Chinensis using Congo red staining method on the plate of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium （CMC-Na） medium and mulberry branch powder culture medium. The strain A1 was mutagenized by uhraviolet radiation and the strain Z3 with a significantly improved specific activity of filter paper enzyme was screened. Enzymatic characteristics, degradation ability of cellulose and taxonomic status of A1 and Z3 were also studied in this paper. The results showed that filter paper enzyme specific activity of Z3 increased 74.47% than that of A1 and the property of enzyme production was steady. The optimum pH values of filter paper enzyme produced by A1 and Z3 were 4. 6 and 3.8 respectively and the optimum temperatures were 45 and 50 ℃, respectively. When CMC-Na was used as substrate, Vmax of the two strains was similar while Km of Z3 was lower than that of A1 , which indicated that Z3 had a strong affinity for the substrate. Enzymes produced by Z3 were more resistant to high temperature. Strains A1 and Z3 could grow well on the culture mediums with mulberry branch powder as carbon source, but Z3 grew better than A1. A1 and Z3 were preliminarily identified as AspergiUus according to the morphological identification.

Transformation Efficiency of Sulfur for a Mulberry Leaf-Silkworm Cocoon System in the Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, China

Cocoon samples were collected from fifty-two mulberry gardens with high, intermediate, and low silkworm cocoon productivities in the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River in the six China’s provinces of Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, and Hubei to determine the transformation efficiency of S from mulberry leaves to silkworm cocoons, and to evaluate the sulfur cycle (uptake and output) in the mulberry leaf-silkworm cocoon system with typical mulberry gardens in the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River in China. The transformation efficiency of sulfur (TES) from mulberry leaves into silkworm cocoons in the high-productivity mulberry gardens was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that in the low-productivity gardens. For the high-productivity mulberry gardens the TES from mulberry leaves into the cocoon shells was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that for low-yield mulberry gardens. Producing 1 kg dry cocoon in mulberry gardens required uptake of about 20 g S, however 1 kg of dry cocoon only removed about 4 g S. Therefore, recycling of these organic wastes with silkworm cultivation was important for sulfur balances.

Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids from Mulberry Leaves by Orthogonal Experiment

In this study, by using mulberry leaves as raw materials, ultrasonic extraction process of total flavonoids from mulberry leaves was optimized by orthogonal experiment. Results showed that the maximum yield of total flavonoids （6.1% ） was obtained from mulberry leaves with addition of 45 times the volume of water by ultrasonic extraction at 55 ℃ for three times, 55 min each. According to the verification test, the optimized technical process was reasonable and feasible with high stability.

Clinical experience of treating diabetes and its complications with mulberry plants by Chinese medicine master Lv Ren-he

Lv Renhe,a master of Chinese medicine,was familiar with the sources of medicinal materials,the four nature and five flavors,and the characteristics of ascending,descending,floating and sinking.The study of medicine in clinical practice reflects the principle of“using medicine as a soldier”.In the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications,Professor Lv made good use of mulberry leaves,mulberry branches,mulberry white bark,mulberry and mulberry parasitism,and gave full play to the modern pharmacological effects of mulberry drugs such as hypoglycemic,hypotensive and lipidemic in the combined use,and achieved satisfactory results.

Study of the Influence of Silkworm Feeding Conditions on the Quality of Cocoons and Properties of the Cocoon Shell

The article presents the results of a study of the influence of silkworm feeding conditions enriched with mulberry leaves on the quality of cocoons and properties of the cocoon shell.

Dyeing Fabrics by Using Extracts from Mulberry Branch/Trunk 1.Dyeability and Fluorescence Property

The dyeing of wool, silk, cotton, ramie, nylon, acrylic and polyester fabric by using the extracts from mulberry branches and trunks was tried and the dyeability was studied. While the dyeability of the ethanol-extracts from mulberry is low, that of the water-extracts is high for wool, nylon and silk fabrics. They are dyed brownish and yellowish colours. The obtained colours depend on the extracts concentration in the dye solution, dyeing time, dye solution pH and dyeing temperature. Wool, nylon and silk fabrics are dyed deeper with an increase in the dyeing temperature. The mulberry extracts show fluorescence and reducing property. The results indicate that the mulberry extracts contain flavonols such as morin, kaempferol or quercetin, which form complexes with Al3+ and show fluorescence. The wool treated with the mulberry extracts or AlCl3/mulberry extracts shows fluorescence with ultraviolet light irradiation.

‘天红2号’苹果花芽分化期枝条和叶片中矿质元素含量动态变化研究

以‘天红2号’苹果为试材,研究不同砧木短枝和中枝在花芽分化期间叶片和枝条中10种矿质元素变化情况。结果显示,无论嫁接在SH40中间砧还是八棱海棠乔砧上,稳产期‘天红2号’苹果成花率无差异,叶片和枝条中矿质元素含量变化趋势相似。在整个花芽分化期,叶片中氮、磷、钾、锰、硼和锌(短枝)含量呈下降趋势,钙含量呈上升趋势,铜含量波动性变化,铁含量呈降-升-降-升的变化;枝条中氮、钾、镁、锰、硼和锌(中枝)含量呈下降趋势,磷和钙含量呈上升趋势,铁含量呈升-降-升的变化。短枝和中枝叶片中氮、钾、镁、锰和硼含量高于枝条,钙、铜和锌含量低于枝条。成花率高的短枝枝条氮、磷、钙、镁、铁、硼和锌含量高于成花率低的中枝枝条;短枝叶片钙、镁和铜含量高于中枝叶片。

基于改进YOLO v5的复杂环境下桑树枝干识别定位方法

为实现复杂自然环境下对桑树嫩叶处枝干的识别检测,改变当前桑叶采摘设备作业过程中依赖人工辅助定位的现状,解决识别目标姿态多样和环境复杂导致的低识别率问题,提出一种基于改进YOLO v5模型的桑树枝干识别模型(YOLO v5-mulberry),并结合深度相机构建定位系统。首先,在YOLO v5的骨干网络中加入CBAM(Convolutional block attention module)注意力机制,提高神经网络对桑树枝干的关注度;并增加小目标层使模型可检测4像素×4像素的目标,提高了模型检测小目标的性能;同时使用GIoU损失函数替换原始网络中的IoU损失函数,有效防止了预测框和真实框尺寸较小时无法正确反映预测框及真实框之间位置关系的情况;随后,完成深度图和彩色图的像素对齐,通过坐标系转换获取桑树枝干三维坐标。试验结果表明:YOLO v5-mulberry检测模型的平均精度均值为94.2%,较原模型提高16.9个百分点,置信度也提高12.1%;模型室外检测时应检测目标数53,实际检测目标数为48,检测率为90.57%;桑树嫩叶处枝干三维坐标识别定位系统的定位误差为(9.4985 mm,11.285 mm,19.11 mm),满足使用要求。该研究可实现桑树嫩叶处枝干的识别与定位,有助于推动桑叶智能化采摘机器人研究。

干燥方式对桑叶枸杞固体饮料品质的影响及其口感优化

为研究不同干燥方式对桑叶枸杞固体饮料品质的影响,以桑叶、枸杞为基本原料,通过微波干燥、鼓风干燥和真空冷冻干燥3种方式分别制备桑叶枸杞固体饮料,并检测干燥后粉体的质构、色泽及营养品质变化。从物理性质来看,真空冷冻干燥的粉体在稳定性、可压性与均一性上表现较好,鼓风干燥的粉体在堆积性和流动性上相对更好。真空冷冻干燥粉体的总糖含量最高,亮度值最大,湿润下沉时间短。结合吸湿特性与微观结构判断,真空冷冻干燥制备的粉体品质优于其他2种干燥方式。为了改善饮料风味,采用响应面试验进行口感优化,结果表明,当木糖醇添加量为27.30%(质量分数,下同)、甜菊糖苷添加量为3.67%、苹果酸添加量为0.11%时,口感最好。

发酵桑叶及其在动物生产中的应用研究进展

桑树是多年生落叶木本植物,其叶子为药食同源食品,近年来被广泛应用于饲料工业中。经发酵后的桑叶纤维素、单宁等抗营养因子含量降低,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸、矿物质等含量丰富,且具有提高饲料转化率和改善畜产品品质等功效。文章主要介绍了桑叶常规营养成分、氨基酸、维生素、矿物质元素等含量,发酵常用的菌种以及发酵后桑叶营养成分、抗营养因子以及生物活性物质含量的变化,综述了发酵桑叶对猪、反刍动物、家禽、鱼类的生长性能、肉品质、肠道健康等方面的影响,展望了桑树用于饲料工业领域未来的研究方向,以期为桑树在动物生产中的高效利用提供参考。

桑枝枯菌核病病原菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

桑枝枯菌核病是危害桑树叶片和枝条的严重真菌病害,其病原菌亦可导致桑椹染病,分离获得病原菌,并研究其生物学特性将有助于精准防控该类病害.利用平板分离法对染病桑枝进行桑枝枯菌核病病原菌的分离纯化,并通过回接实验对其致病性进行检测;利用形态学观察和分子生物学手段对菌株进行鉴定;通过检测菌株生长情况,明确其生物学特性及其侵染叶片时的特征.研究结果表明,分离获得的菌株GXS1接种桑叶36 h后,桑叶出现明显病斑;该菌在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)上菌落呈白色,培养后期能产黑色菌核,基于18S rDNA和ITS rDNA序列的系统发育分析,菌株GXS1与核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)亲缘关系最近;该菌最适生长温度为20℃,最适pH值为5.0,最佳碳源为葡萄糖、蔗糖或果糖,最佳氮源为硝酸钠,最适培养基为PDA;该菌接种桑叶12 h后开始形成侵染垫,接种24 h后侵染垫数量明显增多.

发酵桑枝叶粉对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、肠道组织形态的影响

为探究发酵桑枝叶粉对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、肠道组织形态的影响,试验选用36周龄蛋鸡360只,随机分为4组,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别用3%,6%,9%发酵桑枝叶粉替代等量的基础饲粮。结果表明:与对照组相比,1—4周各试验组产蛋率显著降低(P<0.05),5—8周各试验组不合格蛋率显著提高(P<0.05),9—12周3%发酵组不合格蛋率显著提高(P<0.05),6%和9%发酵组显著降低(P<0.05);第4周末各试验组鸡蛋蛋白高度、3%和9%发酵组哈氏单位、6%发酵组蛋壳厚度显著提高(P<0.05),第12周末各试验组蛋黄胆固醇含量显著降低(P<0.05);9%发酵组肝脏指数、各试验组肝脏甘油三酯含量显著降低(P<0.05);3%和6%发酵组空肠绒毛高度、6%和9%发酵组回肠绒隐比显著增加(P<0.05)。本试验条件下,在蛋鸡饲粮中使用6%发酵桑枝叶粉(桑枝叶粉含量50%)最为适宜。

中国特有植物水松的主要营养成分分析

为探究水松(Glyptostrobus pensilis)叶和枝的营养价值和开发潜力,本研究提取并分析水松叶和枝的基本营养物质、矿质元素和氨基酸含量,并对其氨基酸营养价值进行分析、评价。结果显示:(1)除蛋白质含量为水松枝比叶高外,干物质、灰分、粗纤维、总黄酮、维生素E以及维生素C均为叶中含量较高。(2)叶和枝中均检测出16种氨基酸,其中有7种必需氨基酸。枝的异亮氨酸和亮氨酸含量高于叶。(3)叶的必需氨基酸比值系数分(Score of Ratio Coefficient of Essential Amino Acid,SRC)比枝高,为64.952,表明叶中氨基酸营养价值较枝高。(4)常量元素中的K、Ca、N含量在水松叶和枝中较高,其中Ca的含量在叶和枝中均最高,并且叶的Ca含量高于枝,为7980.00 mg/kg。(5)微量元素中的Al、Fe含量在水松叶和枝中较高,叶中Al、Zn含量均高于枝的含量,分别为19.700和1.180 mg/kg;枝中Fe含量高于叶含量,为26.700 mg/kg。本研究分析了水松叶和枝中营养成分的特点,为水松作为木本饲料和水松衍生产品开发提供了基础资料。

糖蜜和植物乳杆菌对啤酒花枝叶青贮品质、微生物数量及瘤胃降解率的影响

【目的】研究糖蜜和植物乳杆菌对啤酒花枝叶青贮品质、微生物数量及瘤胃降解率的影响。【方法】以啤酒花枝叶为原料,研究添加糖蜜与植物乳杆菌对啤酒花枝叶青贮发酵特征及绵羊瘤胃降解率的影响,设置处理无添加剂处理(CK)、5%糖蜜(Molasses,M_(0)处理)、5%糖蜜+105 CFU/g FM植物乳杆菌的组合(Molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum,M_(1))3个处理。均在室温(19~23℃)下贮藏90 d后评价感官质量,测定分析青贮品质、微生物数量和瘤胃降解率。【结果】(1)M_(0)、M_(1)处理的感官质量评价优于对照处理,M_(1)处理的DM显著高于CK和M_(0)处理(P<0.05),M_(1)处理的CP显著高于CK处理(P<0.05),M_(0)、M_(1)处理的WSC显著高于CK处理(P<0.05)。M_(1)处理的NDF显著低于CK和M_(0)处理(P<0.05),M_(0)、M_(1)处理的ADF显著低于CK处理(P<0.05),M_(1)处理的LA显著高于CK、M_(0)处理(P<0.05),M_(1)处理的AA显著高于CK处理(P<0.05),M_(0)、M_(1)处理的pH、NH 3-N/TN均显著低于CK处理(P<0.05);(2)M_(1)处理的乳酸菌显著高于CK、M_(0)处理(P<0.05),M_(0)、M_(1)处理的酵母菌显著低于CK处理(P<0.05);(3)瘤胃降解12 h时,各处理之间DMD差异不显著,M_(0)、M_(1)处理的OMD、ADFD、NDFD显著高于CK处理(P<0.05);瘤胃降解24 h时,M_(1)处理的DMD显著高于CK处理,M_(0)、M_(1)处理的OMD、ADFD、NDFD显著高于CK处理(P<0.05);瘤胃降解48 h时,M_(1)处理的DMD、ADFD显著高于CK、M_(0)处理(P<0.05),M_(0)、M_(1)处理的OMD、DNFD显著高于CK处理(P<0.05)。【结论】糖蜜和植物乳杆菌在啤酒花枝叶青贮发酵中起到了良好的协同作用,有效地改善了青贮品质,抑制了啤酒花枝叶青贮过程中有害微生物的生长,促进了瘤胃微生物的活动。

不同产地桑叶总黄酮总多酚含量及抗氧化活性的研究

通过超声提取8个产地的桑叶(新疆吐鲁番、新疆喀什白桑、喀什药桑、四川宜宾、安徽亳州、安徽太和、广东化州、陕西商洛)及中检院标准品桑叶中的总黄酮、总多酚,对9种桑叶提取的总黄酮、总多酚含量进行测定,并比较其抗氧化活性。采用单因素实验研究料液比、提取溶剂浓度、超声功率、提取时间等影响因素对桑叶总黄酮和总多酚含量提取率的影响。结果显示,料液比1∶60 g/mL,乙醇浓度60%,超声功率200 W,提取时间30 min为最佳提取工艺。宜宾、吐鲁番桑叶的总黄酮、总多酚含量较高;宜宾、吐鲁番、亳州桑叶抗氧化能力较强。各产地桑叶总黄酮及总多酚含量与抗氧化活性存在正相关。本研究可为不同产地的桑叶开发提供依据。