Experiment on the Fattening Effects of Mixed Silage of Mulberry Branches and Leaves on Hybrid Mutton Sheep

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the effect of mixed silage of mulberry branches and leaves on the production performance of Tan Han hybrid mutton sheep and explore the feasibility in production. [Methods] Twenty-six Tan Han hybrid mutton sheep were selected and divided into two groups, 13 in each group. The experimental group was fed with the mixed silage and the control group(CK) was fed with whole-plant corn silage. [Results] The average daily weight gain per sheep of the experimental group was 9.2% higher than that of the CK(P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio was decreased by 6.98%(P<0.05). The average daily weight gain per sheep in the 30 d improved the gross profit by 7.75 yuan, which meant an increase of 16.32%. [Conclusions] The mulberry mixed silage is feasible in the production, and it could significantly improve the production performance of the hybrid mutton sheep.

Effect of dietary supplementation with mulberry(Morus alba L.) leaves on the growth performance,meat quality and antioxidative capacity of finishing pigs

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary mulberry(Morus alba L.) leaves powder(MLP) supplementation on meat quality of finishing pigs.A total of 40 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire pigs(initial body weight of(40.5±0.63) kg) were randomly allotted into two treatments,fed either with control diet or 15% MLP diet for 85 d.The results showed that MLP diet decreased(P≤0.05) average daily gain(ADG) and increased(P<0.05) feed/gain ratio(F/G) in the finishing and whole period.MLP diet also decreased(P<0.05) carcass weight,dressing percentage,last rib and average backfat depth.However,MLP diet increased(P<0.05) intramuscular fat(IMF) content,decreased(P<0.05) shear force,cooking loss and drip loss.In addition,MLP diet increased(P<0.05) total antioxidative capacity,glutathione peroxidase and tended(P<0.10) to increase total superoxide dismutase in serum.In longissimus thoracis,myosin heavy chain(MyHC) I and IIa mRNA levels were increased(P≤0.05) for MLP diet.In conclusion,15% MLP supplementation reduced the growth performance and carcass traits,but improved meat quality of finishing pigs possibly through the change of myofiber characteristics,enhancement of antioxidative capacity and increase of IMF.

Relationships Between Sulfur Concentration in Mulberry Leaves and the Quality of Silkworm Cocoon

S concentrations in samples of mulberry leaves and silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) cocoon shells and quality of cocoon taken from typical mulberry gardens of six provinces located in the lower to middle reaches of the Yangtze River were analyzed by the method of applied biostatistics on sericulture to study the relationships between cocoon quality and S concentrations in mulberry leaves and cocoon shells. The results showed that two-power function relationships between concentration of sulfur in mulberry leaves and characters of cocoon quality were significant (R2 = 0.139*-0.329**, n = 24-29, a < 0). The range of optimum S concentrations in mulberry leaves was 1.90-2.49 g kg-1 (mean±SE = 2.10±0.15 g kg-1) for high quality of cocoon. There existed significant two-power function or positive linear relationships between S concentration in cocoon shell and characters of cocoon quality (R2 = 0.153*-0.458**, n = 24-29). The range of optimum concentrations of sulfur in cocoon shell was 1.51-1.61 g kg-1 for high quality of cocoon.

Rapid Analysis of Morusin from <i>Ramulus mori</i>by HPLC-DAD, Its Distribution <i>in Vivo</i>and Differentiation in the Cultivated Mulberry Species

The distribution and content differentiation of morusin in the cultivated species of mulberry by HPLC-DAD are described in this paper. The experimental results showed that morusin is present in all parts of the mulberry bush. The content of morusin was highest in root bark and second highest in branch bark. The difference in morusin content of 20 different species of cultivated mulberry branch bark was significant. The level of morusin was highest in the branch bark of cultivated mulberry No. 404, a tetraploid cultivar, and third in the Husang 32 cultivar of Morus multicaulis. The method used in this study for determining morusin content exhibited good repeatability (RSD 6.02%) and recovery (100.62%). Therefore, the results from this study provide reliable data, for research and development in the future, on the level and distribution of morusin in mulberry in general and the differences found between various cultivated mulberries in particular. Furthermore, the HPLC-DAD method to determine morusin content is fast and reliable and is applicable not only to mulberry bushes but also to other plants.

Effect of Dietary Mulberry Leaves on Productive Performance,Egg Quality and Blood Biochemistry in Laying Hens

[Objective] The aim was to provide more information about the possible use of mulberry leaves in hen diets.[Method] Two hundred ninety two Hyline Gray laying hens, 48 wk old, were randomly allotted into four groups with 73 chickens per group. Each group was fed for 6 wk with diets that contained dried mulberry leaves at 0, 5, 10, or 15%. [ Result] The rate of egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, body weight, blood glucose level, total blood cholesterol, and triglyeride, and cholesterol of egg yolk in the dietary mulberry leaf groups were lower than the 0% mulberry leaves group. Compared with the 0% group, the feed required to produce 1 kg of eggs was 12.8% more in the 15% dietary mul- berry leaf group. Body weight and cholesterol of egg yolk decreased significantly in this group （P 〈0.05）. Blood glucose and triglyerides in the 15% dietary mulberry leaf group were significantly lower than in the 0 and 5% dietary mulberry leaf groups （P 〈0.05）. Yolk color in all treatments was higher than in the 0% group （P 〈0.05）, and Roche pigmentation score increased by 2 -2.9. One -deoxynojirimycin was detected from egg white in all treatments, and its content varied significantly between groups （ P 〈0.05）. E Conclusion] This study reflected the hypoglycemic and lipid -low- ering effects of mulberry leaves on productive performance and egg quality in laying hens. The suggested proportion of dietary mulberry leaves was 5% -10%.

Isolation,Mutagenesis,Identification and Cellulase Properties of a Mulberry Branches Decomposing Fungus from Insect

In order to utilize mulberry branches efficiently and reduce environment pollution, a strain named A1 was isolated from the intestinal tract of Acr/da Chinensis using Congo red staining method on the plate of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium （CMC-Na） medium and mulberry branch powder culture medium. The strain A1 was mutagenized by uhraviolet radiation and the strain Z3 with a significantly improved specific activity of filter paper enzyme was screened. Enzymatic characteristics, degradation ability of cellulose and taxonomic status of A1 and Z3 were also studied in this paper. The results showed that filter paper enzyme specific activity of Z3 increased 74.47% than that of A1 and the property of enzyme production was steady. The optimum pH values of filter paper enzyme produced by A1 and Z3 were 4. 6 and 3.8 respectively and the optimum temperatures were 45 and 50 ℃, respectively. When CMC-Na was used as substrate, Vmax of the two strains was similar while Km of Z3 was lower than that of A1 , which indicated that Z3 had a strong affinity for the substrate. Enzymes produced by Z3 were more resistant to high temperature. Strains A1 and Z3 could grow well on the culture mediums with mulberry branch powder as carbon source, but Z3 grew better than A1. A1 and Z3 were preliminarily identified as AspergiUus according to the morphological identification.

Transformation Efficiency of Sulfur for a Mulberry Leaf-Silkworm Cocoon System in the Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, China

Cocoon samples were collected from fifty-two mulberry gardens with high, intermediate, and low silkworm cocoon productivities in the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River in the six China’s provinces of Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, and Hubei to determine the transformation efficiency of S from mulberry leaves to silkworm cocoons, and to evaluate the sulfur cycle (uptake and output) in the mulberry leaf-silkworm cocoon system with typical mulberry gardens in the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River in China. The transformation efficiency of sulfur (TES) from mulberry leaves into silkworm cocoons in the high-productivity mulberry gardens was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that in the low-productivity gardens. For the high-productivity mulberry gardens the TES from mulberry leaves into the cocoon shells was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that for low-yield mulberry gardens. Producing 1 kg dry cocoon in mulberry gardens required uptake of about 20 g S, however 1 kg of dry cocoon only removed about 4 g S. Therefore, recycling of these organic wastes with silkworm cultivation was important for sulfur balances.

Lipid Metabolic Profile Interrelationships between the Silkworm(Bombyx mori L.)and Its Host Plant(Morus)Varieties

The lipid content and composition in tender, medium and coarse leaves of 3 mulberry varieties were analyzed. Tender leaf contained more lipid than medium and coarse leaves. Fatty acid composition of lipids also varied with leaf maturity. Tender leaf contained more precursor fatty acids, medium leaf more unsaturated fatty acids and coarse leaf more saturated fatty acids. V-1 mulberry variety had more foliar lipid con- tent than S-36 and M-5. Lipid composition also varied among the 3 mulberry varieties. V-1 and S-36 leaves contained more unsaturated fatty acids and M-5 more saturated fatty acids. V instar silkworm was fed with the medium leaf of the 3 mulberry varieties, and the total lipid content and fatty acid composition of the haemolymph, fatbody and excreta were analyzed. Lauric acid （12：0）, undetectable in the haemolymph, was recovered in significant quantity in the excreta. Saturated fatty acids （16：0 and 18：0） were higher in the haemolymph of larvae fed on M-5 while unsaturated fatty acids （18：2 and 18：3） were higher in those fed on S-36 and V-1 leaves. But, the percentage levels of 18：1 and 18：2 fatty acids in the leaf and haemolymph were swapped. While the leaf of M-5 mulberry variety had 18：1 and 18：2 fatty acid components at 1.93% and 16.8%, the larvae feeding on the leaf had 18：1 and 18：2 at 21.5% and 6.95% in the haemolymph. Similar correction in the percentages of the two unsaturated fatty acids was observed in the larvae feeding on the leaves of S-36 and V-1. Saturation of co -6 double bond of linoleic acid by a reductase in the lower end of the midgut was proposed.

Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids from Mulberry Leaves by Orthogonal Experiment

In this study, by using mulberry leaves as raw materials, ultrasonic extraction process of total flavonoids from mulberry leaves was optimized by orthogonal experiment. Results showed that the maximum yield of total flavonoids （6.1% ） was obtained from mulberry leaves with addition of 45 times the volume of water by ultrasonic extraction at 55 ℃ for three times, 55 min each. According to the verification test, the optimized technical process was reasonable and feasible with high stability.

Clinical experience of treating diabetes and its complications with mulberry plants by Chinese medicine master Lv Ren-he

Lv Renhe,a master of Chinese medicine,was familiar with the sources of medicinal materials,the four nature and five flavors,and the characteristics of ascending,descending,floating and sinking.The study of medicine in clinical practice reflects the principle of“using medicine as a soldier”.In the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications,Professor Lv made good use of mulberry leaves,mulberry branches,mulberry white bark,mulberry and mulberry parasitism,and gave full play to the modern pharmacological effects of mulberry drugs such as hypoglycemic,hypotensive and lipidemic in the combined use,and achieved satisfactory results.

Study of the Influence of Silkworm Feeding Conditions on the Quality of Cocoons and Properties of the Cocoon Shell

The article presents the results of a study of the influence of silkworm feeding conditions enriched with mulberry leaves on the quality of cocoons and properties of the cocoon shell.

The optimal drainage line of potted flowers of soilless culture

Water is the source of life. China ranks No.13 among the water shortage countries. The most of the water is utilized in agriculture, while the utilization rate of irrigation water is only 40%, so it is very important to study on the theory and technology on high efficient water utilization. The purpose for this study is to find out the optimal drainage line on potted flowers through the analysis of experimental results of Aglaonema modestum and Rhododendron simsii Planch in different drainage lines.

Dyeing Fabrics by Using Extracts from Mulberry Branch/Trunk 1.Dyeability and Fluorescence Property

The dyeing of wool, silk, cotton, ramie, nylon, acrylic and polyester fabric by using the extracts from mulberry branches and trunks was tried and the dyeability was studied. While the dyeability of the ethanol-extracts from mulberry is low, that of the water-extracts is high for wool, nylon and silk fabrics. They are dyed brownish and yellowish colours. The obtained colours depend on the extracts concentration in the dye solution, dyeing time, dye solution pH and dyeing temperature. Wool, nylon and silk fabrics are dyed deeper with an increase in the dyeing temperature. The mulberry extracts show fluorescence and reducing property. The results indicate that the mulberry extracts contain flavonols such as morin, kaempferol or quercetin, which form complexes with Al3+ and show fluorescence. The wool treated with the mulberry extracts or AlCl3/mulberry extracts shows fluorescence with ultraviolet light irradiation.

基于改进YOLO v5的复杂环境下桑树枝干识别定位方法

为实现复杂自然环境下对桑树嫩叶处枝干的识别检测,改变当前桑叶采摘设备作业过程中依赖人工辅助定位的现状,解决识别目标姿态多样和环境复杂导致的低识别率问题,提出一种基于改进YOLO v5模型的桑树枝干识别模型(YOLO v5-mulberry),并结合深度相机构建定位系统。首先,在YOLO v5的骨干网络中加入CBAM(Convolutional block attention module)注意力机制,提高神经网络对桑树枝干的关注度;并增加小目标层使模型可检测4像素×4像素的目标,提高了模型检测小目标的性能;同时使用GIoU损失函数替换原始网络中的IoU损失函数,有效防止了预测框和真实框尺寸较小时无法正确反映预测框及真实框之间位置关系的情况;随后,完成深度图和彩色图的像素对齐,通过坐标系转换获取桑树枝干三维坐标。试验结果表明:YOLO v5-mulberry检测模型的平均精度均值为94.2%,较原模型提高16.9个百分点,置信度也提高12.1%;模型室外检测时应检测目标数53,实际检测目标数为48,检测率为90.57%;桑树嫩叶处枝干三维坐标识别定位系统的定位误差为(9.4985 mm,11.285 mm,19.11 mm),满足使用要求。该研究可实现桑树嫩叶处枝干的识别与定位,有助于推动桑叶智能化采摘机器人研究。

‘天红2号’苹果花芽分化期枝条和叶片中矿质元素含量动态变化研究

以‘天红2号’苹果为试材,研究不同砧木短枝和中枝在花芽分化期间叶片和枝条中10种矿质元素变化情况。结果显示,无论嫁接在SH40中间砧还是八棱海棠乔砧上,稳产期‘天红2号’苹果成花率无差异,叶片和枝条中矿质元素含量变化趋势相似。在整个花芽分化期,叶片中氮、磷、钾、锰、硼和锌(短枝)含量呈下降趋势,钙含量呈上升趋势,铜含量波动性变化,铁含量呈降-升-降-升的变化;枝条中氮、钾、镁、锰、硼和锌(中枝)含量呈下降趋势,磷和钙含量呈上升趋势,铁含量呈升-降-升的变化。短枝和中枝叶片中氮、钾、镁、锰和硼含量高于枝条,钙、铜和锌含量低于枝条。成花率高的短枝枝条氮、磷、钙、镁、铁、硼和锌含量高于成花率低的中枝枝条;短枝叶片钙、镁和铜含量高于中枝叶片。

不同比例桑枝叶粉复合饲料对肉鸡血液生化指标及胆固醇含量的影响

桑树是在我国广泛栽种且兼具药食两用价值的木本植物,其营养丰富产量又高。随着机械化栽培生产技术升级和应用推广,桑多元化应用前景十分广阔。为探究机械化收获的杂交桑枝叶粉制备复合饲料对肉鸡生产的影响,在等氮等能的基础上,按基础日粮含0%(对照组)、2%(低剂量组)、4%(中剂量组)、6%(高剂量组)的不同比例配制桑枝叶粉复合饲料,经连续8周的饲养观察,测定肉鸡生长性能、血液理化指标,分析与脂质代谢相关基因的表达特征。结果显示,与对照组相比,桑枝叶粉复合饲料组鸡生长状态、觅食表现和增重无明显变化,但肉鸡的血清总蛋白含量、抗氧化能力、淋巴细胞增殖活性和血清溶菌酶活性显著升高;同时,桑枝叶粉饲养组肉鸡的血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性、尿素氮(UREA)含量和胆固醇含量降低,其中4%桑枝叶粉复合饲料组表现尤为明显。经定量PCR检测表明,内源性胆固醇含量的变化可能与HMGCR、SREBP-2等蛋白基因水平的表达受到抑制,以及LDLR外运蛋白基因的表达量增加有关。综上所述,桑枝叶粉可改善肉鸡体内的物质代谢,提高肝肾及抗氧化和免疫保护功能,促进胆固醇脂质代谢,具有较好的市场应用潜力。

天红2号苹果花芽分化期枝条和叶片碳水化合物含量和C/N变化

以天红2号苹果为试材,研究不同砧木短枝和中枝在花芽分化期间叶片和枝条中碳水化合物含量和C/N变化情况。结果表明,稳产期天红2号苹果成花率不受砧木影响。整个花芽分化期,无论嫁接在SH40中间砧还是八棱海棠乔砧上,在同一枝类中,天红2号苹果叶片可溶性糖、蔗糖、果糖和氮含量高于枝条,淀粉含量和C/N低于枝条。嫁接在SH40中间砧上的天红2号苹果成花率高的短枝叶片淀粉和果糖含量低于成花率低的中枝叶片,可溶性糖、蔗糖含量和C/N于花芽分化初期至花瓣原基分化期高于中枝叶片,短枝枝条可溶性糖、果糖含量和C/N低于中枝枝条,短枝枝条淀粉含量于花瓣原基分化期前高于中枝枝条;嫁接在八棱海棠乔砧上的天红2号苹果成花率高的短枝叶片可溶性糖、淀粉、果糖含量和C/N低于成花率低的中枝叶片,短枝枝条可溶性糖、果糖含量和C/N低于中枝枝条,短枝枝条淀粉含量于转化期低于中枝枝条。说明碳水化合物含量和C/N的高低对苹果成花不起决定性作用。在整个花芽分化期,叶片中可溶性糖含量呈上升趋势,枝条中淀粉含量和C/N呈波动性上升趋势,说明天红2号苹果花芽形态分化需要碳水化合物和C/N的积累。

寒地桑叶多糖化学组成及其生物活性分析

为探究龙桑一号(Morus abla L.cv.Longsang 1)桑叶多糖(mulberry leaf polysaccharide,MLP)的结构及功能性质,采用水提法提取其MLP,并对该多糖的结构性质以及体外降糖、抗氧化和免疫活性进行分析。结果表明:提取MLP得率为(16.16±0.30)mg/g,其中总糖质量分数为(57.16±4.00)%,糖醛酸质量分数为(30.97±2.06)%。凝胶渗透色谱测得MLP分子质量主要分布在21.74 kDa,其单糖组成主要包括葡萄糖、鼠李糖、半乳糖、木糖、糖醛酸(包括葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸和甘露糖醛酸)、甘露糖,物质的量比为59.17∶22.31∶10.44∶2.65∶2.28∶1.07。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱和原子力显微镜分析发现MLP是一种吡喃糖,具有分支和相互交织、螺旋聚集的特点。MLP对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶抑制作用的半数有效浓度(concentration for 50%of maximal effect,EC_(50))分别为1.81 mg/mL和2.91 mg/mL,其活性相当于阿卡波糖的49.17%和37.80%;MLP清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基和羟自由基的EC_(50)分别为0.54、0.60 mg/mL和1.77 mg/mL,清除自由基的效果分别相当于抗坏血酸的4.77%、38.03%和19.94%;MLP可以作用于小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,使其促炎因子NO、肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-6和白细胞介素-1β的分泌量增加,增强巨噬细胞增殖作用和提高吞噬能力,从而增强免疫调节作用。本研究结果可为寒地桑叶的应用和功能评价提供实验数据。

干燥方式对桑叶枸杞固体饮料品质的影响及其口感优化

为研究不同干燥方式对桑叶枸杞固体饮料品质的影响,以桑叶、枸杞为基本原料,通过微波干燥、鼓风干燥和真空冷冻干燥3种方式分别制备桑叶枸杞固体饮料,并检测干燥后粉体的质构、色泽及营养品质变化。从物理性质来看,真空冷冻干燥的粉体在稳定性、可压性与均一性上表现较好,鼓风干燥的粉体在堆积性和流动性上相对更好。真空冷冻干燥粉体的总糖含量最高,亮度值最大,湿润下沉时间短。结合吸湿特性与微观结构判断,真空冷冻干燥制备的粉体品质优于其他2种干燥方式。为了改善饮料风味,采用响应面试验进行口感优化,结果表明,当木糖醇添加量为27.30%(质量分数,下同)、甜菊糖苷添加量为3.67%、苹果酸添加量为0.11%时,口感最好。

蛋白桑在畜禽生产上的应用研究进展

“桑树浑身都是宝”,桑白皮、桑枝桑叶、桑葚,乃至桑树的寄生物——桑寄生,都具有很高的药用价值,其中桑葚和桑叶还可供人类食用,是药食同源的代表性植物。此外,大量研究发现桑树可开发作为畜禽饲料。在1998年,国内研究人员从全国28个桑树地方品种中选育出了一种具备杂交优势的饲料桑,并命名为“蛋白桑”或“饲料桑”。蛋白桑生命力顽强,生长快速,营养成分丰富,且有良好的药用、饲用及生态价值,具备良好的饲料开发资源与利用前景。与此同时,蛋白桑可以调控多种畜禽的营养代谢过程,改善肉品质,并增强畜禽的抗病能力。本文重点对蛋白桑作为畜禽饲料的优势以及在生产中应用效果的新研究成果进行总结,以期为在畜禽养殖过程中合理开发和应用蛋白桑提供理论支持。