Finite Element Model Updating of Bridge Structures Based on Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization Algorithm

The dynamic characteristics of bridge structures, such as the natural frequencies, mode shapes and model damping ratio, are the basis of structural dynamic computation, seismic analysis, vibration control and structural health condition monitoring. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite-element model is established for a highway bridge over a railway on No.312 National Highway and the ambient test is carried out in site, the dynamic characteristics of the bridge are studied using the finite-element analysis and ambient vibration measurements. Comparison between the theoretical and experimental results shows that the frequency differences of the modes range between 0.44% and 8.77%. If the measurement is more reliable, the finite element model updating is necessary. Thus, a set of design variables is selected based on sensitivity analysis, then the finite element model of the bridge is updated based on optimization algorithm. The results of model updating show that the proposed updating method in this paper is more simple and effective, the updated finite element model can reflect the dynamic characteristics of the bridge better, the analytical results can provide the theoretical basis for damage identification and health condition monitoring of the bridge.

Numerical Simulation-Based Analysis of the Impact of Overloading on Segmentally Assembled Bridges

Segmentally assembled bridges are increasinglyfinding engineering applications in recent years due to their unique advantages,especially as urban viaducts.Vehicle loads are one of the most important variable loads acting on bridge structures.Accordingly,the influence of overloaded vehicles on existing assembled bridge structures is an urgent concern at present.This paper establishes thefinite element model of the segmentally assembled bridge based on ABAQUS software and analyzes the influence of vehicle overload on an assembled girder bridge struc-ture.First,afinite element model corresponding to the target bridge is established based on ABAQUS software,and the load is controlled to simulate vehicle movement in each area of the traveling zone at different times.Sec-ond,the key cross-sections of segmental girder bridges are monitored in real time based on the force character-istics of continuous girder bridges,and they are compared with the simulation results.Finally,a material damage ontology model is introduced,and the structural damage caused by different overloading rates is compared and analyzed.Results show that thefinite element modeling method is accurate by comparing with on-site measured data,and it is suitable for the numerical simulation of segmental girder bridges;Dynamic sensors installed at 1/4L,1/2L,and 3/4L of the segmental girder main beams could be used to identify the dynamic response of segmental girder bridges;The bottom plate of the segmental girder bridge is mostly damaged at the position where the length of the precast beam section changes and the midspan position.With the increase in load,damage in the direction of the bridge develops faster than that in the direction of the transverse bridge.Thefindings of this study can guide maintenance departments in the management and maintenance of bridges and vehicles.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS BASED ON LANCZOS ALGORITHM IN STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS

The sensitivity calculating formulas in structural dynamics was developed by utilizing the mathematical theorem and new definitions of sensitivities. So the singularity problem of sensitivity with repeated eigenvalues is solved completely. To improve the computational efficiency, the reduction system is obtained based on Lanczos vectors. After incorporating the mathematical theory with the Lanczos algorithm, the approximate sensitivity solution can be obtained. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the performance of the method.

Seismic Performance of Prefabricated Continuous Girder Bridge

Bearings are the weak link in the seismic design of bridges.Using a continuous girder bridge as an example,it is demonstrated that bearing damage should be considered under large earthquake conditions.The bearing,acting as a fuse-type unit,can be designed to be preferentially damaged to effectively control the displacement of the beam and the response at the base of the pier during an earthquake.

Dynamic Analysis of Suspension Bridges and Full Scale Testing

This paper is concerned with the earthquake analysis of suspension bridges, in which the effects of large deflections are taken into account. The first part of the study deals with an iteration scheme for the nonlinear static analysis of suspension bridges by means of tangent stiffness matrices. The concept of tangent stiffness matrix is then introduced in the frequency equation governing the free vibration of the system. At any equilibrium stage, the vibrations are assumed to take place tangent to the curve representing the force-deflection characteristics of the structure. The bridge is idealized as a three dimensional lumped mass system and subjected to three orthogonal components of earthquake ground motion producing horizontal, vertical and torsional oscillations. By this means a realistic appraisal is achieved for torsional response as well as for the other types of vibration. The modal response spectrum technique is applied to evaluate the seismic loading for the combination of these vibrations. Various numerical examples are introduced in order to demonstrate the method of analysis. The procedure described enables the designer to evaluate the nonlinear dynamic response of suspension bridges in a systematic manner.

A Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithm for Model Updating of A Pier-Type Structure Using Experimental Modal Analysis

Conventional design of pier structures is based on the assumption of fully rigid joints. In practice, the real connections are semi-rigid that cause changes in dynamic characteristics. In this study, quality of the joints is investigated by considering changes in natural frequencies. For this purpose, numerical and experimental modal analyses are carried out on related physical model of a pier type structure. When numerical results are evaluated,natural frequencies generally do not match the expected experimental results. Uncertainties in different aspects of engineering problems are always a challenge for researchers. The numerical models which are constructed on the basis of highly idealized scheme may not be able to represent all of the physical aspects of the physical one. For this study, determination of percentage of semi-rigid joints is considered as an optimization problem based on the numerical and experimental frequencies. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis is also used to determine the search space.A new technique of optimization problem is solved by a combination of smart particle swarm optimization(PSO)and genetic algorithms, and a complicated and efficient system for model updating process is introduced. It is observed that the hybrid PSO-Genetic algorithm is applicable and appropriate in model updating process. It performs better than PSO algorithm, considering the good agreement between theoretical frequencies and experimental ones,before and after model updating.

考虑环境因素的桥梁动力学特性识别方法

在长期结构健康监测(SHM)中,运营模态分析(OMA)技术通常用于识别结构的动力学特性(桥梁固有频率和阻尼比)。然而,传统的OMA方法没有考虑环境变化的影响,这会影响结构参数识别的准确性。数据驱动模型虽然能够评估和预测环境变化趋势,但无法反映结构参数的物理意义。针对上述问题,笔者提出了一种考虑环境因素的桥梁动力学特性识别方法,可将运营模态分析与数据驱动模型相结合,在考虑环境变化的同时识别动力学参数,采用了贝叶斯概率框架,允许将数据中的不确定性和相关性纳入模型并通过模拟数据验证了该方法的合理性,还将其应用于一座大跨度悬索桥的吊索监测数据。结果表明:该方法可以在不同温度条件下提供较为一致的模态参数估计,同时所识别出的温度相关参数均在所预测的0.95置信区间内,并与预先发现的温度影响趋势一致,该方法能够在考虑环境因素的同时有效识别桥梁动力学特性。

某上承式箱形拱桥荷载试验研究

为探究某评定标度为4类桥的上承式箱形拱桥的实际承载力,确定该桥的实际受力状况,为后期的加固研究和监控提供科学依据。本文采用现场荷载试验结合有限元分析的方法获取实测值和理论值,静动载试验分别测量挠度、应变和自振特性、冲击系数等参数,再引入静力荷载试验效率和校验系数等参数判定结构特性是否仍满足荷载为公路Ⅰ级的要求。结果表明:部分工况挠度校验系数和应变校验系数不满足规范中0.50<η≤1.00和0.50<η<0.90,但都满足不大于1的要求,表明结构刚度尚有富余;且相对残余挠度和相对残余应变都在20.0%以内,表明结构尚处于弹性范围工作;脉动、跑车和跳车试验结果显示结构的整体刚度优于理论,动力性能良好,且行车平顺。

基于机器视觉的公路桥梁变形测量及安全预警

公路桥梁结构安全对交通安全运营和区域经济发展起到关键作用,但由于交通荷载的快速增加和复杂变化,桥梁结构变形及安全状况实时监测的需求日益凸显。然而,以接触式传感器为主的结构健康监测系统存在安装施工难、维护更换繁、需要中断交通等局限。为此,该文提出了一种基于机器视觉的非接触式变形测量系统,利用模板匹配和特征点识别方法,实现结构表面标记的识别和关键位置的位移提取,并通过实验室和现场试验对视觉方法的准确性和稳定性开展测试。此外,针对实际桥梁结构运营状况建立相匹配的有限元分析模型,通过动静力学试验设定多级预警阈值,进一步判定结构的安全状况。试验结果表明:①所建立的视觉变形测量系统位移测量误差在5%以内,振动频率误差在1%以内;②基于模板匹配和特征点识别的测量技术能够对结构自有特征进行识别,满足长期性变形监测的需求;③通过多工况下有限元分析,可以为结构长期位移监测设置预警阈值。

大跨三片式钢箱桁肋拱桥结构参数敏感性分析

为保证大跨三片式钢箱桁肋拱桥施工过程安全及顺利合龙,成拱线形与理想裸拱线形误差尽可能小,以宜宾至昭通高速公路白水江特大桥为工程背景,通过有限元数值法,研究拱肋自重、拱肋刚度、扣锚索索力、扣锚索刚度、扣塔刚度及温度等结构参数的敏感性,探讨上述参数在单一变量法下,对拱肋成拱线形造成的竖向挠度差。结果表明,拱肋自重、扣锚索索力及温度属于主要敏感参数。大跨三片式钢箱桁肋拱桥拱肋拼装中,要严格复核拱肋质量,控制张拉索力误差,同时要避免极端温差对拱圈线形可能造成的影响,保证合龙顺利及合龙后拱肋线形平顺。

结合灵敏度分析的圆锥壳-折板结构动力学研究

圆锥壳-折板结构在航空舱体装备结构中十分常见,作为航空装备重大核心精密科学仪器设备的承载体,舱体结构强度设计问题尤为关键.本文以圆锥壳-折板结构为对象,对其动力学特性展开分析.通过仿真计算,得到圆锥壳-折板结构在随机振动下的响应结果,并且建立材料参数与动力学响应之间的响应面函数.进一步利用Spearman秩相关系数,进行灵敏度分析,筛选出圆锥壳与折板结构中影响舱体结构动强度的主要因素.最后得到各个主要因素对于响应面动力学响应的影响规律曲线.

服役15年大跨跨海预应力混凝土梁桥荷载试验及结构性能评价

大跨预应力混凝土梁桥因其结构刚度大、行车平顺舒适、抗震性能好、施工技术成熟等优势得到广泛应用,该类桥梁在服役较长时间后,由于自然环境和超载的长期影响可能导致结构出现裂缝,并影响结构的安全承载能力,这一问题对于跨海桥梁显得尤为突出。因此,为准确评估在役跨海混凝土桥梁的实际工作状态与承载能力,通过对一座已服役15年的大跨跨海预应力混凝土梁桥进行现场静载、动载试验,并结合有限元对其振型等特性进行了分析。研究结果表明,桥梁结构的工作性能仍保持良好,但由于所处海域环境及长期服役导致的结构损伤和裂缝的影响,使其实际承载能力有所下降。研究成果可为在役同类桥梁的维修加固提供参考。

刚构拱桥动力特性敏感性分析

刚构拱桥由于拱肋和拱肋上的吊杆以及上下平联横撑的存在,使得其受力性能与动力特性异于连续梁桥,因此针对刚构拱桥结构本身参数进行敏感性动力特性分析,建立三维空间有限元模型,采用多重利兹向量分析法,研究拱肋之间横撑型式、桥墩高度以及支座的连接单元特性对桥梁的动力特性的影响。结果表明,随着刚构拱桥拱肋横撑型式的改变,桥梁自振周期基本一致,说明拱肋横撑型式对刚构拱桥动力特性基本没有影响;随着墩高不断增加,桥梁的自振周期也不断延长。结构的刚度随墩高的增加而减小,桥梁的纵向移动和竖向弯曲效应随墩高越高越显著,且墩高对于高阶振型的影响效果较小;支座显著地延长了此桥的自振周期,但是随着阶数的增大,与原模型的周期越接近,说明了支座对于结构高阶振型的影响也较小。

不同地震激励下大跨度跨海斜拉桥地震响应与减震效应研究

为探究不同地震激励下大跨度跨海斜拉桥地震响应与减震效应,首先基于有限元软件建立某跨海大桥三维空间有限元模型,并给出了桥梁的结构自振特性;其次基于桥址处的场地条件选取了多种类型的地震动,作为后续动力响应分析的地震动;最后基于非线性时程分析法,研究了多种复杂地震作用下的结构动力响应,并对阻尼参数进行研究,探究该斜拉桥的阻尼器减震方案。研究表明:纵向+竖向地震下的桥塔内力最大,剪力和弯矩最大分别为2.46×10^(4)kN和4.53×10^(5)kN·m;越靠近边索,拉索轴力和应力越大;脉冲地震下的主梁跨中竖向位移振幅最大,约为0.8m,而主梁纵向、塔顶纵向位移相对较小,最大约为199.076mm;当桥塔处采用的液体黏滞阻尼器参数均为α=0.3、C=6000时,可以达到最优的减震效果。相较于无阻尼器状态,塔底弯矩减小了31.8%~42.7%,塔底剪力减小了8.8%~13.5%,塔顶位移减小了39.8%~41.9%。

多跨连续梁拱组合体系桥梁抗震性能分析

为了解相邻结构、行波效应和减隔震体系对多跨连续梁拱组合体系桥梁内力的影响,以某连续梁拱组合体系桥梁为实例,通过有限元软件建立抗震计算模型,并采用反应谱法和动力时程分析法对其进行地震反应分析。结果表明:1)连续梁拱组合体系桥梁在顺桥向地震作用下2种分析方法的计算结果大致相同,前者计算结果略大于后者,反应谱法的计算结果偏于安全;2)相邻结构对过渡墩的内力影响较大,对其他墩柱的内力影响较小,建议考虑相邻结构的影响;3)考虑行波效应后,各孔控制截面的位移、弯矩有少量增大,固定墩的内力显著增大,且随着波速的增大,结构的地震响应逐渐趋于一致激励下的地震响应;4)采用摩擦摆隔震支座后,结构的内力和位移响应均大幅降低,且各墩的受力更加均匀,建议大跨径桥梁采用减隔震体系,以降低结构的地震响应。

大跨径Y墩钢结构人行天桥设计研究

针对大跨径Y墩钢结构人行天桥的设计开展研究,Y墩与上部结构刚接,可有效降低桥梁高度并提升其美学价值,同时,通过有限元计算分析,详细评估人行天桥的动力特性、结构强度、结构刚度、整体稳定性等关键指标。研究结果表明:人行天桥的动力和静力性能均满足规范要求,结构设计方案合理、可行。研究中强调桥梁设计应充分考虑环境因素和边界条件,以实现桥梁工程的人性化设计和可持续发展,研究成果可为同类人行天桥设计提供参考。

矮塔斜拉桥动静力特性对结构参数敏感性影响分析

目的 为优化矮塔斜拉桥结构设计参数,以槎马特大桥为背景,研究桥梁结构参数及结构体系对矮塔斜拉桥动、静力性能影响。方法 采用ANSYS及Midas civil软件建立全桥三维动、静力有限元模型,基于结构参数敏感性分析的摄动原理,研究各参数下关键截面静力性能的敏感性系数;改变结构构件刚度及结构体系,研究结构参数对矮塔斜拉桥动力特性影响。结果 斜拉索刚度对内力及动力特性影响均较小;墩梁支承方式对动力特性影响较小,但对内力影响较大。当主梁刚度和桥墩刚度分别增加为原刚度的2.744倍和2.125倍时,同阶自振频率最大差值均达到了22%。结论 矮塔斜拉桥主要呈现梁桥动力特性,主梁抗弯及抗扭性能受主梁刚度和桥墩刚度影响较大。

不同地震动输入方向下非对称大跨悬索桥地震响应分析

为了解非对称悬索桥在不同地震动输入方向下的结构地震响应特性,指导该类桥梁的抗震设计,以广东云浮西江特大桥——跨径布置(202+738)m的非对称双塔双跨悬索桥为背景,进行地震响应分析。选取视波速150~3000 m/s的8个工况,采用大质量法模拟多点激励,对桥梁进行非线性时程分析,研究非对称悬索桥在一致激励下和考虑不同地震动输入方向及不同视波速下的结构地震响应规律。结果表明:对于非对称悬索桥,一致激励下,桥跨质量大的一侧构件内力、位移响应较大,位移较内力更为显著,应依据非对称结构地震响应特性,在结构两侧设计不同参数的减隔震装置;行波效应对非对称大跨悬索桥结构关键位置的内力、位移响应影响规律不同,视波速的选取对非对称结构地震响应影响显著,结构不同侧构件在相同视波速下的地震响应存在差异;在不同地震动输入方向下非对称结构的地震响应规律不同,同一构件响应值存在显著差异,建议在非对称桥梁设计时,考虑地震动输入方向的影响,按最不利方向进行设计。

模块化可展开天线支撑结构设计与力学特性研究

为满足空间可展开天线大型化、高精度、高刚度发展的迫切需求,提出一种模块化空间可展开天线支撑结构新构型,并对其进行了力学特性研究。首先,基于机构学基本理论,开展了天线总体结构方案设计和结构详细设计,建立了由19个六棱柱模块组成的模块化可展开天线三维模型。其次,根据压杆稳定理论,建立了天线支撑结构静力学分析模型,得到了拉索预紧力的取值范围。再次,建立了天线结构动力学分析模型,进行了模态分析,开展了固有频率影响因素及灵敏度分析与研究。最后,研制了一套天线支撑结构原理样机,并进行了展开功能试验与验证。研究结果表明:预紧拉索对结构刚度的影响较大,配置预紧拉索后结构刚度提高了约2.01倍;固有频率对杆件材料密度和弹性模量、弦杆及斜腹杆尺寸参数较为敏感;研制的原理样机展开平稳、顺畅,验证了结构设计的正确性。研究结果为模块化可展开天线的基础研究及工程应用提供了理论参考和技术支撑。

考虑桩-土相互作用的大跨钢桁架-混凝土斜拉桥地震响应研究

对于深桩基础的半漂浮体系斜拉桥,在抗震分析中采用刚性地基进行假定处理偏不安全。为探究桩-土相互作用对斜拉桥地震响应的影响,文中结合实际工程,基于黏弹性吸收边界,通过有限元方法模拟桩-土接触行为,研究土体-桩基-桥墩-上部结构系统在地震作用下的动力响应。结果表明,考虑桩-土相互作用后,桥梁结构整体位移与主梁内力增加,下部结构内力减小。