Since the carbon neutrality target was proposed,many countries have been facing severe challenges to carbon emission reduction sustainably.This study is conducted using a tripartite evolutionary game model to explore ...Since the carbon neutrality target was proposed,many countries have been facing severe challenges to carbon emission reduction sustainably.This study is conducted using a tripartite evolutionary game model to explore the impact of the central environmental protection inspection(CEPI)on driving carbon emission reduction,and to study what factors influence the strategic choices of each party and how they interact with each other.The research results suggest that local governments and manufacturing enterprises would choose strategies that are beneficial to carbon reduction when CEPI increases.When the initial willingness of all parties increases 20%,50%—80%,the time spent for the whole system to achieve stability decreases from 100%,60%—30%.The evolutionary result of“thorough inspection,regulation implementation,low-carbon management”is the best strategy for the tripartite evolutionary game.Moreover,the smaller the cost and the larger the benefit,the greater the likelihood of the three-party game stability strategy appears.This study has important guiding significance for other developing countries to promote carbon emission reduction by environmental policy.展开更多
Mr.Jiang Zcmin,Gencral-Seerctary of the Cen-tral Committee of the Chincse Communist Party and.Chairman of the People's Republic of China,in a rC-ccnt spcech cm phasized that the family planning pro-gramme should b...Mr.Jiang Zcmin,Gencral-Seerctary of the Cen-tral Committee of the Chincse Communist Party and.Chairman of the People's Republic of China,in a rC-ccnt spcech cm phasized that the family planning pro-gramme should be strictly and effectively im plemented in 1994,a year of crucial importance for promoting re-form and opening and thc drive lowards.modernization.To makc continucd contributions to the sociocconomic development in the country,we must fulfil the plan for controlling population growth..The spcech was delivcred at the anua!National Fo-rum on Family Planning Work convened jointly by the Party's Central Committcc and the Statc Council.展开更多
Maltese Local Councils are required to prepare financial reports compliant with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Through documentary research, this study examined the suitability of this requireme...Maltese Local Councils are required to prepare financial reports compliant with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Through documentary research, this study examined the suitability of this requirement and implications for institutional relationships. This study showed that IFRS statements are problematic to produce and interpret at the local level of government, and that, on their own, they are undermining the control needs of the Central Government. This study highlighted the important role of financial reporting for accountability by showing that the use of financial reporting systems that do not fit the reporting entity may actually lead to avoidance of accountability by mystifying reality.展开更多
In July 1994,the CPC Central Committee and the State Council held theThird National Conference on Work in Tibet.During the conference, JiangZemin,General Party Secretary and State President,said that showing carefor,a...In July 1994,the CPC Central Committee and the State Council held theThird National Conference on Work in Tibet.During the conference, JiangZemin,General Party Secretary and State President,said that showing carefor,and providing aid to Tibet constituted the consistent policy of the Partyand the State,and the bounden duty of peoples of all ethnic groups in the country.展开更多
More than 50 officials from central government departments attended a human rights training class held in Nanchang,Jiangxi Province, on May 29-June 2. The class was sponsored by the State Council Information Office, d...More than 50 officials from central government departments attended a human rights training class held in Nanchang,Jiangxi Province, on May 29-June 2. The class was sponsored by the State Council Information Office, during which the trainees attended lectures given on China's human rights concepts and the current human rights conditions in the country, human rights theories and international human rights instruments and protection of human rights under the rule of law.展开更多
On May 23,1991,Li Tieying,Headof the CentralGovernment Del-egation that had been sent tomark the 40th anniversary ofthe peaceful liberation ofTibet, declared publicly:"TheCentral Government willinvest 1 billion Y...On May 23,1991,Li Tieying,Headof the CentralGovernment Del-egation that had been sent tomark the 40th anniversary ofthe peaceful liberation ofTibet, declared publicly:"TheCentral Government willinvest 1 billion Yuan for thecomprehensive developmentof the central part of the three-river valley area in Tibet."展开更多
Internet courts in the 1.0 era achieved initial success in"online trial"and facilitation of the people's access to judicial services,yet lacked the particularity that special courts should have in terms ...Internet courts in the 1.0 era achieved initial success in"online trial"and facilitation of the people's access to judicial services,yet lacked the particularity that special courts should have in terms of organization,cases and procedures,making them difficult to fulfill the function of governance of network society.Compared with rule and management,governance has the features of decentralization,broad scope,and co-construction of rules.Features of network society are in line with the structure of social governance theory.To fulfill their function of governance of network society,internet courts in the 2.0 era,as the integrator of multiple centers and cyberspace as well as the analyzer of internet rules,need to improve in terms of organization,cases and procedures:In terms of organization,consider upgrading internet courts to be intermediate courts and identifying them as cross-region courts in cyberspace;in terms of cases,redefine the essence and extension of"online cases"with elements including wholly cyberspacerelated civil and commercial dispute resolution,new business format management on internet platforms,and governance of data-related rights;and in terms of procedures,improve Internet courts'case selection procedures,judgement effect extension procedures,investigation procedures for independent evidence collection of internet cases,and automatic enforcement procedures ensuring the instant enforcement of judgment,so as to promote a mature and complete legal framework for cyberspace governance.展开更多
According to the consensus view, central banks reached a high level of independence by the end of last century. This paper argues that as a result short-term political considerations applied during the appointment pro...According to the consensus view, central banks reached a high level of independence by the end of last century. This paper argues that as a result short-term political considerations applied during the appointment process of central bank decision-makers, their actual independence was at a lower level already that time. The global f'mancial crisis created new tasks for central banks and forced a review of the meaning of independence. The paper argues that central banks should be responsible for safeguarding fmancial stability and their macro-prudential activity can only be executed in cooperation with governments. However, interest rate policy decisions must remain free of political influence. The novelty of this paper lies in showing the conflictual relationship of the various roles of central banks. The paper concludes that the duality of independence and cooperation represents a major uncertainty in the operation of central banks. As a result of the greater degree of politicisation of the activities of central banks, their de facto independence in interest rate policy making may further shrink in the future. The paper also shows that India represents a unique case of central bank independence. In most countries, de jure independence is higher than de facto. India is one of the very rare countries where the reverse is the case.展开更多
基金the financial support from the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(2022M720131)Spring Sunshine Collaborative Research Project of the Ministry of Education(202201660)+3 种基金Youth Project of Gansu Natural Science Foundation(22JR5RA542)General Project of Gansu Philosophy and Social Science Foundation(2022YB014)National Natural Science Foundation of China(72034003,72243006,and 71874074)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023lzdxjbkyzx008,lzujbky-2021-sp72)。
文摘Since the carbon neutrality target was proposed,many countries have been facing severe challenges to carbon emission reduction sustainably.This study is conducted using a tripartite evolutionary game model to explore the impact of the central environmental protection inspection(CEPI)on driving carbon emission reduction,and to study what factors influence the strategic choices of each party and how they interact with each other.The research results suggest that local governments and manufacturing enterprises would choose strategies that are beneficial to carbon reduction when CEPI increases.When the initial willingness of all parties increases 20%,50%—80%,the time spent for the whole system to achieve stability decreases from 100%,60%—30%.The evolutionary result of“thorough inspection,regulation implementation,low-carbon management”is the best strategy for the tripartite evolutionary game.Moreover,the smaller the cost and the larger the benefit,the greater the likelihood of the three-party game stability strategy appears.This study has important guiding significance for other developing countries to promote carbon emission reduction by environmental policy.
文摘Mr.Jiang Zcmin,Gencral-Seerctary of the Cen-tral Committee of the Chincse Communist Party and.Chairman of the People's Republic of China,in a rC-ccnt spcech cm phasized that the family planning pro-gramme should be strictly and effectively im plemented in 1994,a year of crucial importance for promoting re-form and opening and thc drive lowards.modernization.To makc continucd contributions to the sociocconomic development in the country,we must fulfil the plan for controlling population growth..The spcech was delivcred at the anua!National Fo-rum on Family Planning Work convened jointly by the Party's Central Committcc and the Statc Council.
文摘Maltese Local Councils are required to prepare financial reports compliant with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Through documentary research, this study examined the suitability of this requirement and implications for institutional relationships. This study showed that IFRS statements are problematic to produce and interpret at the local level of government, and that, on their own, they are undermining the control needs of the Central Government. This study highlighted the important role of financial reporting for accountability by showing that the use of financial reporting systems that do not fit the reporting entity may actually lead to avoidance of accountability by mystifying reality.
文摘In July 1994,the CPC Central Committee and the State Council held theThird National Conference on Work in Tibet.During the conference, JiangZemin,General Party Secretary and State President,said that showing carefor,and providing aid to Tibet constituted the consistent policy of the Partyand the State,and the bounden duty of peoples of all ethnic groups in the country.
文摘More than 50 officials from central government departments attended a human rights training class held in Nanchang,Jiangxi Province, on May 29-June 2. The class was sponsored by the State Council Information Office, during which the trainees attended lectures given on China's human rights concepts and the current human rights conditions in the country, human rights theories and international human rights instruments and protection of human rights under the rule of law.
文摘On May 23,1991,Li Tieying,Headof the CentralGovernment Del-egation that had been sent tomark the 40th anniversary ofthe peaceful liberation ofTibet, declared publicly:"TheCentral Government willinvest 1 billion Yuan for thecomprehensive developmentof the central part of the three-river valley area in Tibet."
基金This article is the mid-term research result of the project"Systematic Research on Types of Litigation"of the National Social Science Fund of China(No.20BFX085).
文摘Internet courts in the 1.0 era achieved initial success in"online trial"and facilitation of the people's access to judicial services,yet lacked the particularity that special courts should have in terms of organization,cases and procedures,making them difficult to fulfill the function of governance of network society.Compared with rule and management,governance has the features of decentralization,broad scope,and co-construction of rules.Features of network society are in line with the structure of social governance theory.To fulfill their function of governance of network society,internet courts in the 2.0 era,as the integrator of multiple centers and cyberspace as well as the analyzer of internet rules,need to improve in terms of organization,cases and procedures:In terms of organization,consider upgrading internet courts to be intermediate courts and identifying them as cross-region courts in cyberspace;in terms of cases,redefine the essence and extension of"online cases"with elements including wholly cyberspacerelated civil and commercial dispute resolution,new business format management on internet platforms,and governance of data-related rights;and in terms of procedures,improve Internet courts'case selection procedures,judgement effect extension procedures,investigation procedures for independent evidence collection of internet cases,and automatic enforcement procedures ensuring the instant enforcement of judgment,so as to promote a mature and complete legal framework for cyberspace governance.
文摘According to the consensus view, central banks reached a high level of independence by the end of last century. This paper argues that as a result short-term political considerations applied during the appointment process of central bank decision-makers, their actual independence was at a lower level already that time. The global f'mancial crisis created new tasks for central banks and forced a review of the meaning of independence. The paper argues that central banks should be responsible for safeguarding fmancial stability and their macro-prudential activity can only be executed in cooperation with governments. However, interest rate policy decisions must remain free of political influence. The novelty of this paper lies in showing the conflictual relationship of the various roles of central banks. The paper concludes that the duality of independence and cooperation represents a major uncertainty in the operation of central banks. As a result of the greater degree of politicisation of the activities of central banks, their de facto independence in interest rate policy making may further shrink in the future. The paper also shows that India represents a unique case of central bank independence. In most countries, de jure independence is higher than de facto. India is one of the very rare countries where the reverse is the case.