A Review: Language Awareness from the Perspective of Vocabulary Variation and Change

Language awareness refers to the consciousness of what language is and how language works.The process of establishing or developing language awareness should be a discovery of language use by learners themselves,maybe under the guidance of teachers.In this way,language awareness is considered not only as a linguistic term,but also a pedagogical approach.Just like society,change is also constant in the world of language.This paper aims to provide a reflection on language awareness from the angle of vocabulary variations and changes.

A Study of Educational Change as Culture Change--a Comparison of the Grammar-Translation Method and Communicative Language Teaching Method

The world is complex and increasingly changing.The old education theory and the education model are greatly impacted,and it is difficult to meet the challenge of social change.To adapt to the changing society,education must conform to the social changes,grasp the direction of change,to seek a new position.This paper uses the theory of"educational culture"to explain the change from the Grammar Translation Method(GTM)to the Communicative Language Teaching(CLT)method.Two different teaching methods are two different concepts,representing two different cultural connotations.

On How to Guess Meanings of Unknown Words in Reading Materials the Importance of Context

While reading plays a very important role in English study, many English language learners find it very difficult to fully comprehend some reading materials on account of many unknown words in them. This essay mainly discusses one technique of guessing meanings of new words according to context clues, thus emphasizing the importance of context.

Effect of Decadal Changes in Air-Sea Interaction on the Climate Mean State over the Tropical Pacific

Collaboration of interannual variabilities and the climate mean state determines the type of E1 Nifio. Recent studies highlight the impact of a La Nifia-like mean state change, which acts to suppress the convection and low-level convergence over the central Pacific, on the predominance of central Pacific （CP） E1 Nifio in the most recent decade. However, how interannual variabilities affect the climate mean state has been less thoroughly investigated. Using a linear shallow-water model, the ef- fect of decadal changes of air-sea interaction on the two types of El Nifio and the climate mean state over the tropical Pacific is examined. It is demonstrated that the predominance of the eastem Pacific （EP） and CP E1 Nino is dominated mainly by relationships between anomalous wind stresses and sea surface temperature （SST）. Furthermore, changes between air-sea interactions from 1980-98 to 1999-2011 prompted the generation of the La Ninalike pattern, which is similar to the background change in the most recent decade.

The Theory of Meaning on Language Philosophy in Vocabulary Acquisition

The theory of meaning is the focus of philosophy of language,which involves the meaning that words and phrases express.At the same time,it also includes the meaning that sentences express.By researching the theory of meaning of philosophy of language,people absorb merits among different schools,and study how the theory of meaning is reflected in second language acquisition,especially in vocabulary acquisition.

LOW FREQUENCY VARIABILITY OF INTERANNUAL CHANGE PATTERNS FOR GLOBAL MEAN TEMPERATURE DURING THE RECENT 100 YEARS

The TEEOF method that expands temporally is used to conduct a diagnostic study of the variation patterns of 1, 3, 6 and 10 years with regard to mean air temperature over the globe and Southern and Northern Hemispheres over the course of 100 years. The results show that the first mode of TEEOF takes up more than 50% in the total variance, with each of the first mode in the interannual oscillations generally standing for annually varying patterns which are related with climate and reflecting long-term tendency of change in air temperature. It is particularly true for the first mode on the 10-year scale, which shows an obvious ascending trend concerning the temperature in winter and consistently the primary component of time goes in a way that is very close to the sequence of actual temperature. Apart from the first mode of all time sections of TEEOF for the globe and the two hemispheres and the second mode of the 1-year TEEOF, interannual variation described by other characteristic vectors are showing various patterns, with corresponding primary components having relation with long-term variability of specific interannual quasi-periodic oscillation structures. A 2T test applied to the annual variation pattern shows that the abrupt changes for the Southern Hemisphere and the globe come closer to the result of a uni-element t test for mean temperature than those for the Northern Hemisphere do. It indicates that the 2Ttest, when carried out with patterns of multiple variables, seems more reasonable than the t test with single elements.

Quantifying the Mean Sea Level Change at the Gulf of Finland Coast Caused by the Realistic Portion of the Global Warming Forcing

Quantifying the coastal mean sea level change causing by the winter positive phase of the North Atlantic oscillation index NAO＋ at the Gulf of Finland coast is of high priority for detecting and predicting the global warming impact in this region. Both boreal winter months and season of three long-term data station series of the coastal mean sea levels and the NAO indices were linked for two cases, i.e.： different periods and the 1977-1994 period. This study is dedicated to： （1） Detecting the exclusive impacts of the NAO＋; （2） Estimating the significant standard bivariate linear regression models; （3） Calculating the climatic linear trend coefficient by using three methods （OLS, GLS, Theil-Sen）; （4） Correcting the mean sea level series anomalies by using the significant linear regression equations as a function of NAO＋ anomalies, over the period 1977-1994; （5） Calculating the realistic linear trend caused as a function of NAO＋ for period 1977-1994 in the context of the realistic portion of the global warming. The results reveal that, the NAO＋ manifests their impacts on the coastal mean sea levels and its contribution in the configured linear trends. The realistic linear changes have detected and predicted. The Gulf of Finland coast showed the wannest regions in the context of the realistic portion of the global warming during the winters of the period 1977-1994.

The Implications of Language as a Complex Adaptive System

Integrating fields within and beyond linguistics,the CAS approach offers comprehensive insights that help define what language is,explain why language changes and reveal how language is acquired.Linguistic researches that appear to be unrelated can gain access to common grounds if they view language as a complex adaptive system which is historical,social and cognitive at the same time.This paper proposes that although CAS diverges from Generative Grammar,the values of Generative Grammar should not be overlooked,and the two models should seek to complement one another in order to see the whole picture of language.

Factors for the Major Changes in the English Language

本文阐述了引起英语变迁的历史因素-罗马人,条顿人,诺尔曼人的四次入侵;以及音变因素-e音的丢失和元音大转移。此外,印刷业的发展加速了拼写的标准化,十六、十七世纪英国文艺复兴极大地丰富了英语词汇。

Spatial and temporal relationships between precipitation and ANPP of four types of grasslands in northern China

Precipitation is considered to be the primary resource limiting terrestrial biological activity in water-limited regions. Its overriding effect on the production of grassland is complex. In this paper, field data of 48 sites （including temperate meadow steppe, temperate steppe, temperate desert steppe and alpine meadow） were gathered from 31 published papers and monographs to analyze the relationship between above-ground net primary productivity （ANPP） and precipitation by the method of regression analysis. The results indicated that there was a great difference between spatial pattern and temporal pattern by which precipitation influenced grassland ANPP. Mean annual precipitation （MAP） was the main factor determining spatial distribution of grassland ANPP （r^2 = 0.61, P 〈 0.01）; while temporally, no significant relationship was found between the variance of AN PP and inter-annual precipitation for the four types of grassland. However, after dividing annual preeipitation into monthly value and taking time lag effect into account, the study found significant relationships between ANPP and precipitation. For the temperate meadow steppe, the key variable determining inter-annual change of ANPP was last August-May precipitation （r^2 = 0.47, P = 0.01）; for the temperate steppe, the key variable was July precipitation （r^2 = 0.36, P = 0.02）; for the temperate desert steppe, the key variable was April-June precipitation （r^2 = 0.51, P 〈 0.01）; for the alpine meadow, the key variable was last September-May precipitation （r^2 = 0.29, P 〈 0.05）. In comparison with analogous research, the study demonstrated that the key factor determining inter-annual changes of grassland ANPP was the cumulative precipitation in certain periods of that year or the previous year.

An enhanced influence of sea surface temperature in the tropical northern Atlantic on the following winter ENSO since the early 1980s

Previous studies have revealed a connection between springtime sea surface temperature （SST） in the tropical northern Atlantic （TNA） and the succeeding wintertime El Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）. The present analysis demonstrates that the linkage between springtime TNA SST and the following ENSO experiences an obvious interdecadal change around the early 1980s, with the connection being weak before but significant after. After the early 1980s, springtime positive TNA SST anomalies induce an anomalous cyclone over the northeastern subtropical Pacific and an anomalous Walker circulation with a descending branch over the tropical central-eastern Pacific. This leads to anomalous cold SST in the northeastern Pacific and an anomalous anticyclone over the western-central tropical Pacific, with anomalous easterlies to the equatorward side. As such, springtime TNA SST anomalies are followed by wintertime ENSO after the early 1980s. In contrast, before the early 1980s, anomalous cold SST in the northeastern Pacific and related anomalous easterlies over the western-central tropical Pacific are weak, corresponding to springtime positive TNA SST anomalies and resulting in a weak linkage between springtimeTNA SST and the succeeding wintertime ENSO. Further investigation implies that the change in the TNA SST-ENSO relationship is probably due to a change in springtime mean precipitation over the tropical Atlantic and South America.

The Xu-Based Approach to Second Language Learning

This special issue provides an overview of the xu-argument, a newly emerging view on language acquisition. The view is new in that it makes two key points:i) language is acquired through xu, a Chinese word with a composite meaning of completion, extension and creation(CEC)(Wang, 2016), and ii) high efficiency in learning a language is achieved by xu.

Intraseasonal variability of summer monsoon rainfall over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin

This work investigates the boreal-summer intraseasonal variability(ISV)of the precipitation over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin(LYRB)during 1979–2016,based on daily Climate Prediction Center global precipitation data.The ISV of the summer monsoon rainfall over the LYRB is mainly dominated by the lower-frequency 12–20-day variability and the higher-frequency 8–12-day variability.The lower-frequency variability is found to be related to the northwestwardpropagating quasi-biweekly oscillation(QBWO)over the western North Pacific spanning the South China Sea(SCS)and Philippine Sea,while the higher-frequency variability is related to the southeastward propagating midlatitude wave train(MLWT).Moreover,not each active QBWO(MLWT)in the SCS(East Asia)can generate ISV components of the precipitation anomaly over the LYRB.The QBWO can change the rainfall significantly with the modulation of mean state precipitation,while the quasi-11-day mode mainly depends on the intensity of the MLWT rather than the mean precipitation change.These findings should enrich our understanding of the ISV of the East Asian summer monsoon and improve its predictability.

Hydro-meteorological characteristics of Chitral River basin at the peak of the Hindukush range

This paper presents the impact of mean maximum temperature on Chitral river basin situated at Chitral district and high altitude (>6000 m) peaks of the Hindukush range under changing climate in Pakistan. The analysis of Chitral River as one of the tributary of Kabul River—the second largest river of Pakistan—revealed that change in temperature has a profound influence on the snow/glacial melt in comparison to the mean monthly rainfall. This is because the studied river is faded by the snow and glacial melt and receives a lot of snowfall from winter (DecFeb) to pre-monsoon (April-May). In monsoon period (Jul-Sep), 30% of the time the discharge rate remains above the mean while 60% of the time the discharge is less than the mean in the pre-monsoon (April-May) period. It means that 10% of the time the discharge is in reach of 300% to 900% of the mean flow, showing a rise in water yield and river discharge rate due to increase in mean monthly maximum temperature. Due to this significant increase (p < 0.05), the glaciers start melting faster and disappear in early summer, hence, reducing their residency period to convert into ice. This shows the signals of changing climate transfer into hydrological changes in Pakistan. Our findings are important for agriculture, hydropower and water management sectors for future planning especially in dry season for sustainable food security and for operation of ydrological installations in the country.

The rigorous adjustment of the global mean sea level budget during 2005-2015

Global mean sea level budget is rigorously adjusted during the period 2005-2015.The emphasis is to provide the best estimates for the linear rates of changes(trends)of the global mean sea level budget components during this period subject to the constraint:Earth’s hydrosphere conserves water.The newly simultaneously adjusted trends of the budget components suggest a larger correction for the global mean sea level trend implicated by the other budget components’trends under the budget constraint.The simultaneous estimation of the linear trends of the budget components subject to the constraint for closure improves their uncertainties and enables a holistic assessment of the global mean sea budget,which has implications for future sea level science studies,including the future Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)Assessment Reports,and the US Climate Assessment Reports.

Rapid range expansion predicted for the Common Grackle(Quiscalus quiscula)in the near future under climate change scenarios

Background:Climate change due to anthropogenic global warming is the most important factor that will affect future range distribution of species and will shape future biogeographic patterns.While much effort has been expended in understanding how climate change will affect rare and declining species we have less of an understanding of the likely consequences for some abundant species.The Common Grackle(Quiscalus quiscula;Linnaeus 1758),though declining in portions of its range,is a widespread blackbird(Icteridae)species in North America east of the Rocky Mountains.This study examined how climate change might affect the future range distribution of Common Grackles.Methods:We used the R package Wallace and six general climate models(ACCESS1-0,BCC-CSM1-1,CESM1-CAM5-1-FV2,CNRM-CM5,MIROC-ESM,and MPI-ESM-LR)available for the future(2070)to identify climatically suitable areas,with an ecological niche modelling approach that includes the use of environmental conditions.Results:Future projections suggested a significant expansion from the current range into northern parts of North America and Alaska,even under more optimistic climate change scenarios.Additionally,there is evidence of possible future colonization of islands in the Caribbean as well as coastal regions in eastern Central America.The most important bioclimatic variables for model predictions were Annual Mean Temperature,Temperature Seasonality,Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter and Annual Precipitation.Conclusions:The results suggest that the Common Grackle could continue to expand its range in North America over the next 50 years.This research is important in helping us understand how climate change will affect future range patterns of widespread,common bird species.

Rhetoric and Meaning in Poetry： The Case of Zambia

This paper aims at showing how rhetoric and meaning in Zambian poetry interact. The work analyses the definition of poetry and gives the understanding that poetry is an artistic use of language that employs figurative language for maximum effect. The work also analyses rhetoric and concludes that the sole aim of rhetoric is to persuade the audience. The use of this rhetoric is later identified as a preoccupation of most poets. After studying a number of rhetorical devices used in poetry, the work has studied selected Zambian poems and focussed on the use of rhyme and alliteration in the poems. It has been shown that there is much use of rhyme but with limited use of alliteration. In both cases, the use is not so much to the contribution to the meaning in the poetry. The poets usually use these devices for the sake of beauty and not meaning. The paper therefore suggests that poets could undergo some formal training in composition while the art is also taught to the young while in their early years in schools.

On ＂not knowing what to say＂ in the Tragic Face of Another： Radical Phenomenology as Abysmal Consolation

These reflections address the disturbing phenomenon of ＂not knowing what to say＂ to someone who has experienced the immediacy of a traumatic event and who, nevertheless, seeks a word of consolation from us to ease the suffering. The author addresses the inadequacy of consolation as mere verbiage, and then brings to mind an expanded understanding of discourse-as-comportment to offer the possibility of deep consolation for the suffering other in the groundlessness of the tragic situation, which the author calls ＂abysmal consolation＂. In the realization that discourse is also the embodied consolation of being-with the suffering other in a shattered lifeworld, both sufferer and carer of souling are freed up to meet each other in a place that was heretofore presumed to be an alienated and speechless place.

The Influence of Weather and Climate Variability on Groundwater Quality in Zanzibar

Climate change and variability have been inducing a broad spectrum of impacts on the environment and natural resources including groundwater resources. The study aimed at assessing the influence of weather, climate variability, and changes on the quality of groundwater resources in Zanzibar. The study used the climate datasets including rainfall (RF), Maximum and Minimum Temperature (Tmax and Tmin), the records acquired from Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) Zanzibar office for 30 (1989-2019) and 10 (2010-2019) years periods. Also, the Zanzibar Water Authority (ZAWA) monthly records of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Ground Water Temperature (GWT) were used. Interpolation techniques were used for controlling outliers and missing datasets. Indeed, correlation, trend, and time series analyses were used to show the relationship between climate and water quality parameters. However, simple statistical analyses including mean, percentage changes, and contributions to the annual and seasonal mean were calculated. Moreover, t and paired t-tests were used to show the significant changes in the mean of the variables for two defined periods of 2011-2015 and 2016-2020 at p ≤ 0.05. Results revealed that seasonal variability of groundwater quality from March to May (MAM) has shown a significant change in trends ranging from 0.1 to 2.8 mm/L/yr, 0.1 to 2.8 μS/cm/yr, and 0.1 to 2.0℃/yr for TDS, EC, and GWT, respectively. The changes in climate parameters were 0.1 to 2.4 mm/yr, 0.2 to 1.3℃/yr and 0.1 to 2.5℃/yr in RF, Tmax, and Tmin, respectively. From October to December (OND) changes in groundwater parameters ranged from 0.2 to 2.5 mm/L/yr 0.1 to 2.9 μS/cm/yr, and 0.1 to 2.1℃/yr for TDS, EC, and GWT, whereas RF, Tmax, and Tmin changed from 0.3 to 1.8 mm/yr, 0.2 to 1.9℃/yr and 0.2 to 2.0℃/yr, respectively. Moreover, the study has shown strong correlations between climate and water quality parameters in MAM and OND. Besides, the paired correlation has shown significant changes in all parameters except the rainfall. Conclusively, the study has shown a strong influence of climate variability on the quality of groundwater in Zanzibar, and calls for more studies to extrapolate these results throughout Tanzania.