China and the Changing Global Economic Order

A better understanding of China’s modernization presents an insight into a changing world.AS China has developed,so too has the global economy.For the past 200 years or so,the structure of the global economy was dominated first by the British empire,and more recently by the U.S.as the global economic hegemon.This system of center-and-peripheries is now decentering,with a diversification of networks and connections creating a multinodal system of value growth and circulation.

Global energy transition revolution and the connotation and pathway of the green and intelligent energy system

The essence of energy system transition is the"energy revolution':The development of the"resource-dominated"energy system with fossil energy as the mainstay has promoted human progress,but it has also triggered energy crisis and ecological environment crisis,which is not compatible with the new demands of the new round of scientific and technological revolution,industrial transformation,and sustainable human development.It is in urgent need to research and develop a new-type energy system in the context of carbon neutrality.In the framework of"technique-dominated"new green and intelligent energy system with"three new"of new energy,new power and new energy storage as the mainstay,the"super energy basin"concepts with the Ordos Basin,Nw China as a representative will reshape the concept and model of future energy exploration and development.In view of the"six inequalities"in global energy and the resource conditions of"abundant coal,insufficient oil and gas and infinite new energy"in China,it is suggested to deeply boost"China energy revolution',sticking to the six principles of independent energy production,green energy supply,secure energy reserve,efficient energy consumption,intelligent energy management,economical energy cost;enhance"energy scientific and technological innovation"by implementing technique-dominated"four major science and technology innovation projects',namely,clean coal project,oil production stabilization and gas production increasing project,new energy acceleration project,and green-intelligent energy project;implement"energy transition"by accelerating the green-dominated"four-modernization development',namely,fossil energy cleaning,large-scale new energy,coordinated centralized energy distribution,intelligent multi-energy management,so as to promote the exchange of two 80%s"in China's energy structure and construct the new green and intelligent energy system.

Remnants of an Powerful Ancient “Dynasty”:Material Cycle and Biomineralization in Modern Seafloor Hydrothermal System

The origin of ancient banded iron formation （BIF） has remained unclear for a long time. How the precipitation process occurred and what the environmental condition was have been widely discussed among scientists, because the period when the major BIFs deposited （-2.8 to 1.8Ga） is the same time when biosphere and atmosphere significantly changed. Based on the discovery of modern seafloor hydrothermal vents, it is possible that reductive environment controlled by vent system is related to the environment where BIF was deposited. According to matter source.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RISE AND DECLINE OF ANCIENT LOULAN TOWN AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

Located in the central Asia, ancient Loullan Town was a place of strategic importance to the ancient SilkRoad. According to the historical records, it was flourishing during the period from the second century B. C. to the thirdcentury A. D. However, it was disrecorded suddenly 1400 years ago. Until 1900 it was discovered by a Swedish exploration party. The ruins of Loulan is situated on the west bank of Lop Nur Lake and the delta of the Tarim River (40°29’55’’N, 89°55’22"E), and occupies an area of 108 240 m2. Two main tributaries of the Tarim River passed by its northernand southern sides respectively and converged into Lop Nur Lake about 100 km eastward. Human civilization of the Loulan Town had been developed in the Stone Age, which was revealed by a lot of stone implements found in the ration, andthe discovery of the corpse of "Loulan Beauty" proved the continuity of economic development. During several centuriesaround the Christian era, Loulan had become a place of strategic importance on the Silk Road because its superior geographical position and natural conditions. The decline of ancient Loulan Town was caused by natural change of the rivercourses and rapid environmental deterioration.

Late Holocene Moisture Changes in the Core Area of Arid Central Asia Reflected by Rock Magnetic Records of Glacier Lake Kalakuli Sediments in the Westernmost Tibetan Plateau and their Influences on the Evolution of Ancient Silk Road

The evolution of Ancient Silk Road(ASR) was deeply influenced by late Holocene moisture changes in Arid Central Asia(ACA). Nevertheless, controversies in Holocene moisture change pattern of ACA and poorly–constrained age models of related studies have made the discussion about late Holocene moisture changes in ACA and their influences on the evolution of ASR difficult. Recently, a high–resolution age model during the late Holocene was established for Kalakuli Lake, a small glacier lake located in the core area of ACA. A thorough rock magnetic investigation was carried out on Kalakuli Lake sediments based on this age model. The magnetic mineral assemblage of Kalakuli Lake sediments is still dominated by primary magnetite despite minor diagenetic effects. Comparisons of rock magnetic records to parameters previously used as indicator of glacier fluctuations suggest that clastic input to Kalakuli Lake was high(low) and magnetic grain size is relatively larger(smaller), when glaciers on Muztagh Ata advanced(retreated). The ARM/SIRM ratio, a magnetic grain size proxy, is directly related to lake hydrodynamics, which are ultimately controlled by glacier fluctuations on Muztagh Ata as the result of regional moisture changes. Late Holocene moisture changes indicated by the ARM/SIRM ratio are consistent with cool/wet and warm/dry oscillations indicated by the unweighted average of biomarker hydrogen isotopic data of the C26 and C28 n–alkanoic acids in a previous study about Kalakuli Lake, most moisture change records of the core area of ACA and winter insolation of the Northern Hemisphere, but opposite to Asian monsoon evolution. Given Asian monsoon and the westerlies are mutually inhibited, we propose that late Holocene moisture changes in the core area of ACA were controlled by the intensity of Asian monsoon versus the westerlies under the governance of solar insolation. Generally increased moisture since the late Holocene indicated by the ARM/SIRM ratio favored cultural exchange and integration between the western and the eastern Eurasia, which paved the way for the formation of ASR. Coincidence between significant increase in moisture at ~200 BC suggested by the ARM/SIRM ratio and the formation of ASR indicates moisture as an important factor that facilitated the formation of ASR. The onsets of three prosperity periods of ASR in the history generally correspond to periods when moisture was relatively high, nevertheless, stagnant periods of ASR do not coincide with periods when moisture was relatively low in the core area of ACA. Disorganized correlations between stagnant periods of ASR and moisture changes in the core area of ACA suggest that moisture is not the decisive factor influencing the evolution of ASR.

Enlightenment of Modern Interior Design from the Interior Decoration of Ancient Huizhou Vernacular Dwellings

Through analyzing the basic structure of ancient Huizhou vernacular dwellings and the spatial order of interior decoration,this study rethought profoundly about modern interior design and put forward the inheritance of traditional methods in interior decoration.

Three Development Stages for the Tibetan Family and Tibet's Modernization——A Survey of Social Changes in Tibet in Last 50 Years

I Since 1990, as a person in charge of key research projects of the China Tibetology Research Center, I have had opportunities almost every year to conduct field surveys on anthropology in Tibet together with my colleagues. Our investigations focus on the family. The purpose of our surveys is to see social changes in Tibet during the 50 years after the Democratic Reform through the study of the family as a social cell.

The Principle of Authenticity and the Protection and Renewal of the Qujiang Site in Ancient Chang'an

In order to explore the protection and renewal law of historic sites in the process of contemporary urban construction, combined with the protection and renewal practice of Qujiang garden cultural landscape heritage sites in ancient Chang'an, this paper analyzed the authenticity in the protection and renewal of different historic sites, and explored the possibility of flexible use of the concept of authenticity in the process of protection and renewal of historic sites.

The Ancient and Modern Silk Roads in a Historian’s Eyes

FOUR years ago, the publication of a book created a great sensation in Western media. The Silk Roads: A New History of the World written by the Oxford University professor of history Peter Frankopan quickly topped bestseller lists in the English world after its launching.

Research on the Space Quality Change of Ancient Luanzhou Town

Restoration and protection of ancient towns is an essential approach and a material carrier of inheriting cultural context,realizing economic transformation,revitalizing the tertiary industry,building a strong county and making a better life for peoples.This paper took Ancient Luanzhou Town in Luanzhou City,Tangshan of Hebei for example,used Photoshop to compare different elements of the town in pictures taken from Baidu Street View in 2014 and 2016,and calculated weights and scores of different elements using yaahp software.Based on this,the paper analyzed the space development tendency of Ancient Luanzhou Town,evaluated the changes of its space quality,and proposed suggestions for the improvement of space quality.

Change of ancient hydrology net in Northeast China Plain

Comparing with lithofacies palaeogeography of several great plains,the authors analyzed four great plains in Quaternary diastrophism,the sedimentary facies,sedimentary environment and their evolution from the independent embryonic and river system of ancient Heilongjiang finally to the Halar highland,Songnen Plain,Sanjiang Plain,the Xingkai Lake Plain and various river systems,collected the unification outside the system of Heilongjiang River to release into the sea,south ancient Xialiao River finally piracy Dongliao River,Xialiao River had released into the sea the ancient water law vicissitude and the evolved rule.

Abrupt Climate Change around 4 ka BP:Role of the Thermohaline Circulation as Indicated by a GCM Experiment

A great deal of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic evidence suggests that a predominant temperature drop and an aridiflcation occurred at ca. 4.0 ka BP. Palaeoclimate studies in China support this dedution. The collapse of ancient civilizations at ca. 4.0 ka BP in the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia has been attributed to climate-induced aridification. A widespread alternation of the ancient cultures was also found in China at ca. 4.0 ka BP in concert with the collapse of the civilizations in the Old World. Palaeoclimatic studies indicate that the abrupt climate change at 4.0 ka BP is one of the realizations of the cold phase in millennial scale climate oscillations, which may be related to the modulation of the Thermohaline Circulation (THC) over the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, this study conducts a numerical experiment of a GCM with SST forcing to simulate the impact of the weakening of the THC. Results show a drop in temperature from North Europe, the northern middle East Asia, and northern East Asia and a significant reduction of precipitation in East Africa, the Middle East, the Indian Peninsula, and the Yellow River Valley. This seems to support the idea that coldness and aridification at ca. 4.0 ka BP was caused by the weakening of the THC.

Plant Breeding for Harmony between Modern Agriculture Production and the Environment

The world population is estimated to be 9.2 billion in 2050. To sufficiently feed these people, the total food production will have to increase 60% - 70%. Climate models predict that warmer tem-peratures and increases in the frequency and duration of drought during the present century will have negative impact on agricultural productivity. These new global challenges require a more complex integrated agricultural and breeding agenda that focuses on livelihood improvement coupled with agro-ecosystem resilience, eco-efficiency and sustainability rather than just on crop productivity gains. Intensifying sustainability agro-ecosystems by producing more food with lower inputs, adapting agriculture to climate change, conserving agro-biodiversity through its use, and making markets to work for the small farmers are needed to address the main issues of our time. Plant breeding has played a vital role in the successful development of modern agriculture. Development of new cultivars will be required while reducing the impact of agriculture on the environment and maintaining sufficient production. Conventional plant breeding will remain the backbone of crop improvement strategies. Genetic engineering has the potential to address some of the most challenging biotic constraints faced by farmers, which are not easily addressed through conventional plant breeding alone. Protective measures and laws, especially patenting, must be moderated to eliminate coverage so broad that it stifles innovation. They must be made less restrictive to encourage research and free flow of materials and information. Small farmers have an important role in conserving and using crop biodiversity. Public sector breeding must remain vigorous, especially in areas where the private sector does not function. This will often require benevolent public/private partnerships as well as government support. Active and positive connections between the private and public breeding sectors and large-scale gene banks are required to avoid a possible conflict involving breeders’ rights, gene preservation and erosion. Plant breeding can be a powerful tool to bring “harmony” between agriculture and the environment, but partnerships and cooperation are needed to make this a reality.

MODERNIZATION PROCESS IN HISTORICAL ASIAN CITIES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SEOUL,TOKYO AND BEIJING

As ancien capitals, Beijing, Seoul and Tokyo share many commoncharacteristics, but Beijing and Seoul lagged much behind Tokyo from wid19th century to mid-20th century in terms of development level. During thepast four decades Seoul and Beijing have devoted every theft to aeceleratetheir modernization process. This paper intends to make a brief review and tosummerize some similarities of the basic feaures in respects ofindustrialization and urbanization.

Sedimentary Features of Shallow Ancient River Channels on the Northern Shelf of the South China Sea

Quaternary buried ancient river channels are widespread in the shallow-level sediments of the northern shelf of the South China Sea. The sedimentary sequence mainly of fluvial deposits comprise an important component part of the low-stand system tract and transgressive system tract in the study region. The plannar variation and spatial association of the sedimentary features such as incised valley fillings, deltaic foreset wedges and block slides of shelf-marginal fans reflect the palaeogeographic environment during the fall of the regional sea level in the northern part of the South China Sea. Based on the high-resolution seismic reflection data and gelogical data from boreholes, the present paper makes an integrated interpretation of the Quaternary ancient river channels in the shallow sediments of the study area, studies the sedimentary features of the ancient channels such as their spatial distribution, seismic facies reflection indicators, sedimentary facies and sand -body types, and discusses their formational setting and evolutionary model, with the main purpose to render a service to the hydrocarbon resources exploration and development and marine engineering in the northern shelf of the South China Sea.

Framing climate strategy of the oil industry of China:A tailored approach to ecological modernization

China has announced its ambitious targets of attaining a carbon peak before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.Although China is a developing country,its oil sector plays a key role in carbon emissions and thus has a responsibility toward climate change.It is very important to understand the role of the oil industry of China in climate governance.This raises the following question:how have oil companies in China framed and tailored their climate strategies?By employing the concept of ecological modernization as a theoretical framework,this study observes the driving forces of climate policies,low-carbon energy,advanced technologies,and market mechanisms by collecting and analyzing reports published by three oil companies.The main findings are that state-owned oil companies in China have adopted the ideas and institutions of national climate strategies,low-carbon energy systems,and emerging financial and market tools.The analysis of the reports reveals that the main motives for the climate strategies of the companies are China’s administrative system,international climate cooperation,the transformation of the energy mix,and emerging market mechanisms.

The Socio-Economic and Political Structure of the Peasantry in the Tanzimat Reform Era

Modernization occurs through societies adopting and sustaining reforms that have socio-economic and political implications for individuals of that society. It is impossible for reforms that are ineffective on economic and political lives of large social classes, and that even have negative effects on such lives to achieve a social basis. During the Tanzimat era, although the Ottoman society lacked land ownership, small farmers and agricultural labourers who earned their living from the land served the elite class. In other words, the peasantry was the backbone of the Ottoman society. In this paper, the changes of the socio-economic and political structure of the peasantry were investigated during the modernization of the Tanzimat era during 1839-1876. The research was based on descriptive methods consisting of literature and archive reviews. As a result, although the Tanzimat era has modern civilization characteristics, there were no positive effects on social-economic and political conditions of the peasantry and moreover, the conditions for the peasantry greatly worsened.

China's transition to a low-carbon economy and climate resilience:The impact of sustainable modernization indicators

While sustainability is widely recognized as a necessary path for development and climate change mitigation,there is no consensus on this concept’s goals and future aspirations.Advocates of a green economy believe that economic growth is a prerequisite for long-term progress and the modernization of society.This entails gradually transitioning to a more sustainable economy and addressing carbon emissions.Therefore,there is a need for the scientific community to investigate how different forms of modernization affect carbon emissions.This study examines the impact of modernization on carbon emissions in China,the world’s largest developing economy,focusing on five indicators of sustainable modernization:ecological modernization,agricultural modernization,digitalization,industrialization,and urbanization.The study analyzes data from 31 Chinese provincial-level regions between 2005 and 2020,using the GeoDetector technique to explore the effects of these indicators on carbon emissions.The spatial analysis reveals a distinct“core-periphery”structure of carbon emissions.The findings demonstrate that ecological modernization and digitalization contribute to reducing emissions.On the other hand,industrialization and urbanization have a positive influence on carbon emissions.Interestingly,agricultural modernization initially increases carbon emissions in the short term but has a diminishing effect in the long term.

Evolution of the historical polder landscape in the ancient Danyang wetland,lower Yangtze River,China,during the last 3000 years

Polder is a type of irrigation field unique to the lower Yangtze River of China.It is a product of long-term and ingenuous human modifications of wetland landscapes.In the pre-Qin Period,3000 years ago,the poldered area of eastern Wuhu city was once a large lake called the ancient Danyang wetland.The introduction of agricultural civilization and polder technology to the area during the Wu and Yue Kingdoms period gradually transformed it into an agricultural area.With an accelerating rate of land reclamation under a changing late-Holocene regional climate,the ancient Danyang wetland became an aquatic system strongly influenced by intensifying anthropogenic activities.In this study,based on field survey data,historical documents,and remote-sensing and archaeological data,we reconstructed the spatial distribution of the polder landscape over the last 3000 years and identified their structural diversity.We found that polder landscapes began to emerge in the Spring and Autumn Period,land reclamation intensified in the Three Kingdoms and developed rapidly in the Song Dynasty before eventually reaching the peak from the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The relocation of historical sites to low-altitude areas also marked the expansion of poldered fields from the center of the wetland to the southeast and northwest.The development and evolution of the polder landscape are related to regional climate conditions,changing social and economic statuses,and the development of agricultural technology in the Song Dynasty and succeeding periods.

Climate Changes and Sustainability

Climate change is the phrase used to describe long-term changes in temperatures and weather patterns. Changes in the atmosphere and their interactions with diverse geologic, chemical, biological, and geographic variables are the main contributors to this cyclical adjustment of the Earth’s climate. Such changes may be induced purposefully, because of burning fossil fuels, clearing forests, and raising animals, or they may be natural, brought on by significant volcanic eruptions or variations in the sun’s activity. By significantly increasing the amount of greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere, this heightens the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming. This work includes several additional theoretical and practical explanations of sustainable development. The theoretical work encompasses hundreds of researches that identify requirements for how development routes might satisfy sustainable development (SD) criteria using economic theory, complex systems approach, ecological science, and other techniques. The agreements made by the Parties in various nations across the world will consider a wide range of perspectives about what would be considered undesirable effects on the environment, the climate system, sustainability, economic growth, or food production.