Application value of dexmedetomidine in anesthesia for elderly patients undergoing radical colon cancer surgery

BACKGROUND Colon cancer presents a substantial risk to the well-being of elderly people worldwide.With advancements in medical technology,surgical treatment has become the primary approach for managing colon cancer patients.However,due to age-related physiological changes,especially a decline in cognitive function,older patients are more susceptible to the effects of surgery and anesthesia,increasing the relative risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD).There-fore,in the surgical treatment of elderly patients with colon cancer,it is of pa-ramount importance to select an appropriate anesthetic approach to reduce the occurrence of POCD,protect brain function,and improve surgical success rates.METHODS One hundred and seventeen patients with colon cancer who underwent elective surgery under general anesthesia were selected and divided into two groups:A and B.Group A received Dex before anesthesia induction,and B group received an equivalent amount of normal saline.Changes in the mini-mental state exami-nation,regional cerebral oxygen saturation(rSO2),bispectral index,glucose uptake rate(GluER),lactate production rate(LacPR),serum S100βand neuron-specific enolase(NSE),POCD,and adverse anesthesia reactions were compared between the two groups.RESULTS Surgical duration,duration of anesthesia,and intraoperative blood loss were comparable between the two groups(P>0.05).The overall dosage of anesthetic drugs used in group A,including propofol and remifentanil,was significantly lower than that used in group B(P<0.05).Group A exhibited higher rSO2 values at the time of endotracheal intubation,30 min after the start of surgery,and immediately after extubation,higher GluER values and lower LacPR values at the time of endotra-cheal intubation,30 min after the start of surgery,immediately after extubation,and 5 min after extubation(P<0.05).Group A exhibited lower levels of serum S100βand NSE 24 h postoperatively and a lower incidence of cognitive dysfunction on the 1st and 5th postoperative days(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The use of Dex in elderly patients undergoing radical colon cancer surgery helps maintain rSO2 Levels and reduce cerebral metabolic levels and the incidence of anesthesia-and surgery-induced cognitive dysfunction.

Anesthesia,Anesthetics,and Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Patients

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD)remains a major issue that worsens the prognosis of elderly surgery patients.This article reviews the current research on the effect of different anesthesia methods and commonly utilized anesthetics on the incidence of POCD in elderly patients,aiming to provide an understanding of the underlying mechanisms contributing to this condition and facilitate the development of more reasonable anesthesia protocols,ultimately reducing the incidence of POCD in elderly surgery patients.

Effects of oxygen concentration and flow rate on cognitive ability and physiological responses in the elderly

The supply of highly concentrated oxygen positively affects cognitive processing in normal young adults. However, there have been few reports on changes in cognitive ability in elderly subjects following highly concentrated oxygen administration. This study investigated changes in cognitive ability, blood oxygen saturation （%）, and heart rate （beats/min） in normal elderly subjects at three different levels of oxygen [21% （1 L/min）, 93% （1 L/min）, and 93% （5 L/min）] administered during a 1-back task. Eight elderly male （75.3 ＋ 4.3 years old） and 10 female （71.1 ＋ 3.9 years old） subjects, who were normal in cognitive ability as shown by a score of more than 24 points in the Mini-Mental State Examination-Korea, participated in the experiment. The experiment consisted of an adaptation phase after the start of oxygen administration （3 minutes）, a control phase to obtain stable baseline measurements of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation before the task （2 minutes） and a task phase during which the 1-back task was performed （2 minutes）. Three levels of oxygen were administered throughout the three phases （7 minutes）. Blood oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured during each phase. Our results show that blood oxygen saturation increased, heart rate decreased, and response time in the 1-back task decreased as the concentration and amount of administered oxygen increased. This shows that administration of sufficient oxygen for optimal cognitive functioning increases blood oxygen saturation and decreases heart rate.

Measuring the Cognitive Impact of Laughter on Elderly People with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Japan

Objective: To evaluate the effect of laughter on cognition in elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) through an appropriately designed intervention. Methods: The intervention involved watching a Japanese comedy routine (Manzai) for approximately twenty minutes, once a week for ten weeks. Participants were asked to paint, as a simple exercise, in addition to watching the show. Twenty-seven patients with MCI from the convalescent ward of a general hospital in the Kansai region of Japan. We measured cognition by evaluating five cognitive function domains before (baseline) and after the intervention. We used the Wilcoxon signed rank test, a distribution-free method, to compare baseline and post-intervention data. Ethical Consideration: Participants were given a document explaining the study. Only those who officially agreed to participate were enrolled. Results: Mean age of patients was 85.0 ± 2.8 years;average education was 8.6 ± 2.8 years. Three cognitive function domains had significantly different average scores after the intervention: 1) Exercise: 44.4 ± 8.9 points at baseline, 36.3 ± 10.2 post-intervention (p = 0.014);2) Word memory: 40.6 ± 7.2 at baseline, 43.1 ± 8.8 post-intervention (p = 0.002);and 3) Animal name recollection: 35.3 ± 8.4 at baseline, 38.1 ± 9.0 post-intervention (p = 0.003). Discussion: The intervention led to significantly higher cognitive scores in exercise, word memory, and animal name recollection domains, suggesting that interventions focused on laughter and simple exercise may improve cognition in elderly patients with MCI.

Cognitive behavioral therapy on personality characteristics of cancer patients

BACKGROUND The main treatment methods for cancer include surgery,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,targeted drug therapy and so on.Patients often feel anger,anxiety,depression,and other negative psychological reactions in the process of treatment.AIM To explore the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on the personality characteristics of cancer patients.METHODS According to the matching design requirements,150 cancer patients were divided into 3 groups based on sex,age,condition,and cultural background.Patients in the control group received conventional treatment.Patients in experimental group 1 received an intervention based on conventional treatment combined with cognitive behavioral therapy.Patients in experimental group 2 received family members'participation in addition to the treatment given in experimental group 1.An Eysenck personality questionnaire was used to investigate all the patients before and after the intervention,and the scores for psychosis,introversion,neuroticism,and concealment degree were analyzed.RESULTS Compared with the control group,for experimental group 1 and experimental group 2 before and after the intervention,the four dimensions of mental quality,neuroticism,introversion and concealment degree all decreased,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).After the intervention,there were no obvious or statistically significant differences(P>0.05)among the control group,experimental group 1,and experimental group 2 for two personality traits,psychoticism and neuroticism,both inside and outside degree and all four dimensions.CONCLUSION Simple cognitive behavioral therapy could not change the personality characteristics of cancer patients quickly,but the patients’personality characteristics were significantly improved after treatment.

Effects of Electroacupuncture Combined with General Anesthesia on Postoperative Neurocognitive Dysfunction and Inflammatory Factors in Elderly Patients: a Meta-analysis

Objective:To systematically review the effects of electroacupuncture on neurocognitive dysfunction and inflammatory factors in elderly patients after general anesthesia.Methods:Computer retrieval of EMBASE,The Cochrane Library,PubMed,Web of Science,CBM,CNKI,Wanfang Data,and VIP databases.The time limit was until April 17,2021.The literature on the effect of electroacupuncture on postoperative neurocognitive dysfunction in elderly patients was searched.Two researchers separately strictly screened and evaluated the included literature,and then analyzed them using RevMan 5.3 software.Results:Electroacupuncture improved the MMSE score on the first[SMD=2.08,95%CI(1.14,3.02),P<0.0001]and third days[SMD=0.87,95%CI(0.15,1.59),P=0.02]after surgery;the incidence of PNCD on the first[OR=0.37,95%CI(0.26,0.54),P<0.00001]and third days[OR=0.37,95%CI(0.25,0.56),P<0.00001]after surgery were reduced;IL-6 expression at the end of the operation[SMD=-0.96,95%CI(-1.88,-0.04),P=0.04]was reduced;accelerated the recovery time from anesthesia[SMD=-1.15,95%CI(-1.43,-0.87),P<0.00001];the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting[OR=0.39,95%CI(0.20,0.78),P=0.007]was reduced.Compared with the control group,the expression of IL-6 on the first[SMD=-0.24,95%CI(-0.83,0.36),P=0.43]and second days[SMD=-0.35,95%CI(-0.93,0.23),P=0.24]after operation,and the expression of TNF-αat the end of operation[SMD=-0.65,95%CI(-1.33,0.03),P=0.06]and the first day[SMD=-0.51,95%CI(-1.02,-0.01),P=0.05]after operation had no statistically significant difference.Conclusion:Electroacupuncture can effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative neurocognitive dysfunction and postoperative nausea and vomiting in elderly patients,and accelerate the recovery time from anesthesia.The difference in the frequency and duration of electroacupuncture may potentially affect clinical efficacy.

Effects of Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Static Aspiration Combined General Anesthesia on Postoperative Cognitive Function and Psychological State of Elderly Patients with Esophageal Cancer

Objective: To compare the effects of total intravenous anesthesia and static aspiration combined general anesthesia on postoperative cognitive function and psychological state of elderly esophageal cancer patients. Methods: From July 2020 to April 2021, 180 elderly patients who underwent radical esophageal cancer surgery in our hospital were randomly divided into 90 cases in the control group and 90 in the observation group. The control group used static aspiration compound general anesthesia, and the patients in the observation group used intravenous anesthesia to compare the cognitive function and psychological state of the two groups of patients. Results: There was no statistical difference in the cognitive function score of patients in the observation group 30 minutes before anesthesia, 1 h and 24 hours after anesthesia compared with that in the control group, P > 0.05;there was no statistical difference between the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) scores 30 minutes before and 24 hours after anesthesia in the observation group compared with the control group, P > 0.05;the cognitive function score of patients in the observation group of 4 h after surgery and 12 h after operation was significantly higher than that of the control group;the HAMA scores of patients in the observation group of 1 h, 4 h and 12 h after surgery were significantly lower than that of the control group, P Conclusion: The application of total intravenous anesthesia in elderly patients with esophageal cancer surgery can reduce the impact of anesthesia on their cognitive function and psychological state, which is worth popularizing and applying in clinical practice.

The Effect of Sleep and Cognition Enhancement Multimodal Intervention for Mild Cognitive Impairment with Sleep Disturbance in the Community-Dwelling Elderly

Dementia prevalence has soared due to population aging. In Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) as a pre-dementia stage, sleepdisturbances have raised much interest as a factor in a bidirectional relationship with cognitive decline. Thus, this studydeveloped the Sleep and Cognition Enhancement Multimodal Intervention (SCEMI) based on Lazarus’ multimodal approachand conducted a randomized controlled experiment to investigate the effects of the novel program on sleep and cognition inMCI elderly. The participants were 55 MCI elderly with sleep disturbances at two dementia care centers located in S-city,Gyeonggi-do, South Korea (n = 25 in the experimental group and n = 30 in the control group). The study period was fromNovember 01 to December 27, 2022. The experimental group received 8 sessions of SCEMI, 60 min per session once a week.The control group received general education and guidance using a simplified booklet on the sleep and cognitive improvement.For data collection, a self-reported questionnaire was used to investigate sleep quality, presleep arousal, cognitive function,stress, and depression. The results showed that, compared to the control group, the experimental group had significantlyimproved across all variables: sleep quality (U = 109.50, p < 0.001), presleep arousal (U = 11.50, p < 0.001), cognitive function(U = 72.00, p < 0.001), stress (U = 139.00, p < 0.001), and depression (U = 231.50, p = 0.015). Thus, the SCEMI appears topositively affect symptomatic improvement and delays the progression to dementia as an integrated intervention to enhancesleep and cognition in community-dwelling MCI elderly with sleep disturbances.

Evaluation of Montreal cognitive assessment for the differential diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease in elderly patients with more than 5 years of schooling: Data from a Brazilian sample

Background: Diagnostic investigation of dementia is based on a series of tests which lie the neuropsychological evaluations. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was developed as an instrument to recognize Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and initial cases of Alzheimer’s disease. The present study aims to evaluate the predictive value of Brazilian MoCA test version in a sample of elderly above 5 years of education. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 136 elderly, above 60 years old at least 5 years of education. Diagnostic criteria is based on clinical and neuropsychological data classified Alzheimer’s disease n = 52, MCI n = 45 e normal controls n = 39. MoCA test was compared with Cambridge Cognitive Examination, Mini-Mental State Exam, Verbal Fluency, Clock Drawing Test, Geriatric Depression Scale and Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire. Accuracy was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to compare the MoCA with the other tests. It was also used logistic regression analysis to identify the main risk factors for the diagnostic groups. Results: MoCA was the best test to differentiate Alzheimer’s disease cases from MCI with 86.5% sensitivity and 75.6% specificity. Furthermore, analyzes of correlation test showed that MoCA correlates robust way of already validated with other tests and wide application inBrazil. Conclusions: It can be concluded that MoCA is a good screening tool for investigation of MCI among the elderly in Brazil with over 5 years of schooling. Studies with larger numbers of participants are needed to further validate the test also for elderly people with low education.

Analysis of Cognitive Linguistics Phenomena and Associated Learning Capability in Smartphone Class for the Elderly

This research is based on writer’s experience of teaching about 30 elders in smartphone classes over the course of 6 months at a community in Shanghai.Cognitive linguistic phenomena in the teaching process are discussed.The elders’lack the lexicon and context of this internet age leads to low learning efficiency and inability of self-studying.The use of referential language accommodation,a specific kind of language simplification,by the teachers,poses potential psychological harm of to the elders.This research concludes that starting classes by“lexicon and context”as the basis for subsequent classes can solve both problems.The phenomenon and causes of elders’unconscious“egocentricity”are also discussed.Teachers should present understanding as tolerance may alleviate elder egocentricity.

Effect of anesthesia depth on the stress reaction and cognitive level in elderly patients underwent minimally invasive cholecystectomy

Objective: To observe the effect of anesthesia depth on the stress reaction and cognitive level in elderly patients underwent minimally invasive cholecystectomy in order to provide a basis for the selection of anesthesia depth. Methods: A total of 90 elderly patients with gallstone who were admitted in our hospital for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) were included in the study and randomized into the observation I, II, and III groups. Narcotrend (NT) was used to monitor the anesthesia depth during operation in the three groups, and the anesthesia depth was maintained at D0, D1, and D2 levels, respectively. The vital signs before anesthesia induction, before and after tracheal intubation, before and after operation, and extubation in the three groups were monitored and recorded. ACTH, COR, and TNF-α levels before anesthesia induction, before and after operation, 1 and 4 d after operation were detected. MOCA and MMSE were used to evaluate the cognition 1d before operation and 4d after operation. Results: The fluctuation of MAP and HR after tracheal intubation, before and after operation, and extubation in observation III group was the smallest. COR level before operation in observation I group was significantly higher than that in observation III group, while COR level after operation was significantly higher than that in the observation II and III groups, and COR level before and after operation in observation II group was significantly higher than that in observation III group. ACTH level before and after operation in observation I and II groups was significantly higher than that in observation III group. The comparison of TNF-α level at each timing-point among the three groups was not statistically significant. The comparison of MOCA and MMSE scores 1d before operation and 4d after operation among the three groups was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The anesthesia depth maintaining at D2 level for elderly patients during perioperative period of LC is more beneficial to maintain the stability of haemodynamics, and reduce the stress reaction.

A study of the clinical characteristics in patients with digestive tract cancer related cognitive impairment

Objective:The aims of this study was to explore the clinical characteristics of patients with digestive tract cancer-related cognitive impairment(CRCI),and provide reference for the comprehensive clinical understanding,early prevention and treatment.Methods:164 patients with digestive tract cancer were divided into CRCI group and non-CRCI impairment group based on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale(MOCA)and the Minimal Mental State Scale(MMSE).Baseline features,blood biochemical indexes,anxiety and depression were compared.Statistical analysis were carried out by SPSS software(version 20.0).Results:Among all the patients with CRCI,males were more common.Also,there were statistically differences in marital status,liver metastasis,hypertension,ferritin(FER),high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C),low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C),NK cells,anxiety and depression(P<0.05).Conclusion:Part of patients with digestive tract cancer have varied degrees of cognitive dysfunction.Marital status,hypertension,immune function,liver metastasis and serum lipid metabolism were the risk factors for patients with digestive tract CRCI.Early identification of CRCI is of great significance to ensure the integrity of treatment,improve the quality of life and prognosis for patients with digestive tract CRCI.

Effects of Surgical Anesthesia on Postoperative Cognitive Function of Elderly Patients

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients is a common complication after surgical anesthesia.The occurrence of complications is also related to many other factors,and the cause is still unclear.This paper reviews the influencing factors and corresponding measures for postoperative cognitive function of elderly patients caused by anesthesia.

Effect of infarct location and volume on cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with acute insular cerebral infarction

BACKGROUND The aging of the population has become increasingly obvious in recent years,and the incidence of cerebral infarction has shown an increasing trend annually,with high death and disability rates.AIM To analyze the effects of infarct location and volume on cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with acute insular cerebral infarction.METHODS Between January 2020 and December 2023,we treated 98 cases of elderly acute insula,patients with cerebral infarction in the cerebral infarction acute phase(3-4 weeks)and for the course of 6 months in Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale(MoCA)for screening of cognition.Notably,58 and 40 patients were placed in the cognitive impairment group and without-cognitive impairment group,respec-tively.In patients with cerebral infarction,magnetic resonance imaging was used to screen and clearly analyze the MoCA scores of two groups of patients with different infarctions,the relationship between the parts of the infarction volume,and analysis of acute insula cognitive disorder in elderly patients with cerebral RESULTS The number of patients with cognitive impairment in the basal ganglia and thalamus was significantly higher than that without cognitive impairment(P<0.05).The total infarct volume in the cognitive impairment group was higher than that in the non-cognitive impairment group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The infarct volumes at different sites in the cognitive impairment group was higher than in the non-cognitive impairment group(P<0.05).In the cognitive impairment group,the infarct volumes in the basal ganglia,thalamus,and mixed lesions were negatively correlated with the total MoCA score,with correlation coefficients of-0.67,-0.73,and-0.77,respectively.CONCLUSION In elderly patients with acute insular infarction,infarction in the basal ganglia,thalamus,and mixed lesions were more likely to lead to cognitive dysfunction than in other areas,and patients with large infarct volumes were more likely to develop cognitive dysfunction.The infarct volume in the basal ganglia,thalamus,and mixed lesions was significantly negatively correlated with the MoCA score.

Exergames： neuroplastic hypothesis about cognitive improvement and biological effects on physical function of institutionalized older persons

Exergames can be considered a dual task because the games are performed by a man-videogame interface, requiring cognitive and motor functions simultaneously. Although the literature has shown improvements of cognitive and physical functions due to exergames, the intrinsic mechanisms involved in these functional changes have still not been elucidated. The aims of the present study were（1） to demonstrate the known biological mechanisms of physical exercise regarding muscle adaptation and establish a relationship with exergames; and（2） to present a neurobiological hypothesis about the neuroplastic effects of exergames on the cognitive function of institutionalized older persons. These hypotheses are discussed.

Empty-nest elderly:mahjong and Chinese square dance for improving the cognitive function in the community

Objective: The elderly population has proliferated worldwide. The empty-nest family pattern has become predominant among the aging people, and they are more vulnerable to the development of cognitive disorders. However, there is no standardized service in the community nursing care that includes procedures on how to improve the cognitive function of the elderly. Meanwhile, the booming number of empty-nest elderly stimulates the community nurses to assume the responsibility for their care. All of these bring more difficulties and opportunities for community nurses who are dedicated to the prevention of geriatric cognitive disorders.Methods: The authors reviewed the literature related to "empty-nest elderly", "cognitive function","mahjong",and "Chinese square dance" in the Elsevier, Web of Science(WOS), China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Springer and PubMed databases. The study illustrates the utility possibility of an efficient and straightforward method for improving the cognitive function among the elderly in the context of community nursing care in China and even in the rest of the world.Results: Mental and physical activity contributes to cognitive fitness and may be beneficial in delaying cognitive decline. Mental activities, such as playing mahjong, and physical activities, such as the Chinese square dance, are common Chinese activities. Both of them can affect cognitive function in some way.Conclusions: China is experiencing one of its most severe aging problems. Community health personnel and related professionals may consider using mahjong and Chinese square dance to promote psychological health in empty-nest elderly individuals in the community.

Cognitive function correlations with apolipoprotein Eε4 single nucleotide polymorphism in 1000 elderly patients following general anesthesia A randomized controlled study

BACKGROUND： Cognitive dysfunction occurs in elderly patients following general anesthesia, and this might be associated with genetics. Studies have shown that the ε4 allele gene is closely associated with senile dementia. OBJECTIVE： To compare and analyze the correlations between cognitive dysfunction and single nucleotide polymorphism of apolipoprotein E （ApoE） following inhalation or intravenous anesthesia. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled study was performed. The patients were recruited from the Department of Anesthesia, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi＇an Jiaotong University, China between May 2005 and December 2008. Genetic analyses were conducted at the Departments of Neuroanatomy and Forensic Medicine, Medical Corlege, Xi＇an Jiaotong University, China. PARTICIPANTS： A total of t 000 patients of ASA I-II grade, without genetic connection, were enrolled in this study, comprising 520 males and 480 females, aged （70.1± 4.6） years and weighing （57.3 ± 7.5） kg. No patients suffered from cognitive dysfunction. METHODS： The patients were equally and randomly divided into intravenous anesthesia and gas anesthesia groups. Total intravenous anesthesia and inhaled anesthesia were used. Genomic DNA from whole blood was extracted. The ApoE gene was amplified by PCR. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of ApoE gene was analyzed. Cognitive function was evaluated by Mini-Mental State Examination （MMSE）. Patients scoring 〈 25 points were diagnosed with cognitive dysfunction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Correlation of ApoE gene frequency and ApoE ε 4 allele to MMSE scores was measured. RESULTS： MMSE scores in patients from the gas anesthesia group significantly decreased 3 days after surgery, compared with the intravenous anesthesia group. The proportion of patients that scored 〈 25 points was significantly greater in the gas anesthesia group compared with the intravenous anesthesia group 3 days after surgery. Reduced MMSE scores closely correlated with expression of the ApoE ε 4 allele in the gas anesthesia group （odds ratio = 2.83; 95% confidence interval was 1.25-6.39, P 〈 0.05）. However, decreased MMSE scores did not closely correlated with expression of the ApoE ε 4 allele in the intravenous anesthesia group （odds ratio = 0.96; 95% confidence interval was 0.37-2.39, P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Results demonstrated a correlation between cognitive dysfunction and ApoE single nucleotide polymorphism in elderly patients after gas anesthesia. However, no relationship between cognitive dysfunction and ApoE single nucleotide polymorphism was determined in elderly patients following intravenous anesthesia. Therefore, elderly patients, especially those expressing the ApoE ε4 gene, should be cautiously exposed to gas anesthesia.

The Association between Activity of Daily Living and the Combination of Alzheimer’s Disease and Cataract in Elderly Requiring Nursing Care

Some clinical and epidemiological studies have suggested that Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and cataract, may share common pathogenetic mechanisms, subsequently a positive association between the prevalence of AD and cataract, although other studies found no significant relationship between dementia and visual impairment including cataract in the elderly. Little is known about the association between Activity of Daily Living (ADL) and the combination of AD and cataract. To examine the association between ADL and the combination of AD and cataract, we performed a national survey in nursing care institutions in Japan, examining the decreased ADL in elderly with and without AD and cataract for 453 elderly aged 85.0 ± 8.13 years. The proportion, 43.5% of AD in subjects without cataract was significantly higher than that, 23.5% with cataract. Almost all ADL in AD with cataract was significantly lower than that without cataract, although all ADL in cataract patients receiving surgery in AD was significantly (all p < 0.002) higher than that in cataract patients without surgery in AD, as was confirmed by the multiple regression analysis incorporating into the relevant factors as independent variables. These results showed that ADL scores including cognitive functions decreased by cataract were increased by the surgery in the patients with AD. A significantly negative association between AD and cataract seen in our data, which was inconsistent with the previous result, might lead to the necessities of the clinical diagnosis for slight severity of cataract for patients with AD.

Analysis of the relationship between blood pressure variability and subtle cognitive decline in older adults

BACKGROUND Blood pressure variability(BPV)has been shown to be related to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in a number of studies.However,the relationship between BPV and subtle cognitive decline(SCD)has received minimal attention in this field of research to date and has rarely been reported.AIM To examine whether SCD is independently associated with changes in BPV in older adults.METHODS Participants were selected based on having participated in cognitive function evaluation and ambulatory blood pressure measurement at the Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between June 2020 and August 2022.The participants included 182 individuals with SCD as the experimental group and 237 with normal cognitive function as the control group.The basic data,laboratory examinations,scale tests,and ambulatory blood pressure test results of the two groups were analyzed retrospectively,and the relationship between SCD and BPV was subsequently evaluated.RESULTS Significant differences were observed between the two groups of participants(P<0.05)in terms of age,education level,prevalence rate of diabetes,fasting blood glucose level,24-h systolic blood pressure standard deviation and coefficient of variation,24-h diastolic blood pressure standard deviation and coefficient of variation.The scale monitoring results showed significant differences in the scores for memory,attention,and visual space between the experimental and control groups.Logistic regression analysis indicated that age,education level,blood sugar level,and BPV were factors influencing cognitive decline.Linear regression analysis showed that there was an independent correlation between blood pressure variation and SCD,even after adjusting for related factors.Each of the above differences was still significant.CONCLUSION This study suggests that increased BPV is associated with SCD.

The Multidimensional Description and Investigation of New Color Terms:A Metaphorical Cognitive Approach

This article studies the new color terms in Chinese.It first classifies the color terms from four linguistic aspects:pronunciation,grammar,semantics,linguistic context and the theory of "Four Worlds," namel,language,physics,culture,and psychology.It then summarizes all the characteristics of the new color terms.The study takes questionnaires as supplementary data,explores and proves the interactive relationship between metaphorical expression and cognitive psychology of new color words.The life span of such new color terms is also discussed.