Research on the Low-carbon-high-value Agriculture Technology in the Comprehensive Improvement of Intra-county Environment Pollution——Taking the Development of Cultivation and Breeding Industry in the Ecological Cyclic Agricultural Garden in Shaoshan Irri

The comprehensive improvement strategy of intra-county environment pollution in the city and countryside was searched.By the research method which combined the microscopic view,the macroscopic view with the dynamic perspective,the seriousness of rural water quality,soil and atmospheric pollution in Xiangxiang,Xiangtan and the surrounding areas in Shaoshan irrigated area was revealed.The control measure which was 'four-dimensional pollution in the city and countryside'—— low-carbon-high-value agriculture and the technology innovation was proposed.The low-carbon-high-value technology innovation industrialization demonstration in three parts which included the pre-production,mid-production and post-production deep-processing of cultivation and breeding industry in the ecological cyclic agricultural garden in Shaoshan irrigated area was the driving force.We tried to propel the low-carbon ecological cultivation and breeding industry which included the paddy rice,grass,tree,medicinal herbs and pig,cow,chick,duck,fish.We wanted to relieve the structural unbalance of previous cultivation and breeding industry,'cheap grain hurting the farmers' and the short-leg problem of social-economic-ecological benefit.The results showed that the low-carbon-high-value agricultural system was a poly-generation technology system which promoted the multi-level and grading utilization,saved the energy,reduced the consumption and cleaned the production based on the ecology.

Ecological Compensation Design of Residential Environment in Small Towns

In view of the current situation of the residential environment in small towns,some methods of ecological compensation design were discussed,such as the improvement of planting quality,the selection of suitable tree species,reasonable construction and management methods,expansion of space and so on.Meanwhile,some rational suggestions were put forward on strengthening the ecological and cultural construction of residential areas and enhancing residents' awareness of environmental protection.

Problems of Marine Ecological and Environmental Compensations of Oil Spill in China

In recent years, the frequent occurrences of marine oil spills have already become one of the major reasons threatening the marine ecological safety of China. In the event of oil spill, oth-er than taking the necessary emergent measures aiming specifically at the damage to the marine ecology and environment, using legal means to assure that the damage liabilities are borne by the respon-sible persons to protect the national interests are also very neces-sary. This paper advances five recommendations regarding the development of a system for ecological legal compensations from the standpoint of the current status of legislation and execution of the laws on compensation of oil spill polluting marine ecosystem. These five recommendations include: determination of the status of juristic action in marine ecological and environmental compen-sations in accordance with the laws, determination of plaintiff of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of the four basic principles in the le-gal actions of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of assessment technical standard of marine ecological and environmental damages in ac-cordance with the laws, and determination of the scope of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws.

Ocean ecological compensation mechanism in Liaoning area from the angle of ecological civilization——based on analysis of Dalian's cooperative governance

How to speed up the establishment of marine ecological compensation and the ecological compensation system is inevitable choice from ocean country to marine power.Therefore,construction of marine ecological compensation mechanism is the effective means which incentives marine ecosystem services supply,improves the quality of marine ecology,and promotes the ocean to the green transformation.Combined with Dalian maritime case study in Liaoning Province,three dimensional interactive marine ecological compensation mechanism,the compensation frame work,path and operation mechanism were built up.Suggestions on accelerating the legislation process;perfecting the management system;establishing proper system for both incentive constraint and reward-punishment;increasing the source of Ocean Ecological Compensation funds;accelerating On the study of the Ocean Ecological Compensation Mechanism in Liaoning Area from the Angl-e of Ecological Civilization Based on Case Analysis of Dalian.

Analysis on the System of Compensation for Eco-environmental Damage

The eco-environmental damage compensation system is not only an important part of the central government's Overall Plan for the Reform of Ecological Civilization System and special plan,but also a blank point and weak link in the construction of eco-environmental protection system.From the construction of ecological civilization system,the fragility of ecological environment and the history of past damage,the comparative analysis of relevant laws and regulations,and the connotation of the concept of ecological environment,this paper expounds the importance,urgency and necessity of the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system and the technical complexity of damage compensation judgment.In accordance with the local legislation and practical cases in the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system in Shaanxi Province,this paper puts forward legislative and policy suggestions to accelerate the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system.

Review on the Theory of Ecological Environment Damage Assessment

In the rapid industrialization and urbanization of China,the damage of ecological environment hinders the people's pursuit of good environmental quality.As a technical means of ecological environment protection,the assessment of ecological environment damage has been attached great importance by all walks of life.However,there are still some problems in the current practice of environmental damage assessment.Therefore,based on the understanding of ecological environment damage assessment and related concepts,this study systematically studies the theory of ecological environment damage assessment.Based on the research,it can be seen that the assessment of ecological environment damage is the inevitable product of social and economic development and the promotion of environmental protection awareness,and ecological environment damage belongs to the subordinate concept of"environmental damage".The assessment of ecological environment damage includes the assessment of ecological damage and environmental damage,paying attention to the interests of human society and the unclaimed pure environment and pure ecological damage.The assessment of ecological environmental damage determines the goal and direction for the construction of environmental damage compensation system.This study enriches the theory of environmental damage assessment and provides theoretical reference and method basis for environmental damage assessment.

Thoughts on the Promotion and Application of Green Buildings in the Ecological Environment of Colleges and Universities

With the establishment of environmental protection system,protecting the ecological environment and reducing the use of energy consumption have become the mainstream idea in the development structure of green buildings.In the university construction projects,we must also uphold the principle of improving the ecosystem of colleges and universities,and strengthen the level of energy conservation and consumption reduction,to achieve a win-win situation in ecological civilization and university building management.This paper analyzes the value of green building in the ecological environment of colleges and universities and discusses the specific application and application path,for reference only.

Study on Consistent Agricultural Compensation Standards for Ecosystem and Ecological Value

Chinese and international studies on agricultural ecological compensation standards fall into two categories:While some focus on the cost of ecological protection,others proceed from the value of ecological services.Cost and value are two aspects of an integrated input-output system,but most existing studies on both types of compensation standards are independent of each other.Drawing upon the reasonable elements from both types of studies to overcome each other’s one-sidedness,this paper has created a“model of consistent compensation standards for the ecosystem and ecological value,”integrating the research approaches for both types of compensation standards under the same analytical framework.Through the application and analysis of this model,this paper has verified the model’s theoretical and practical significance in correcting the one-sidedness of each type of research.The principles and methodologies for creating the model may be further extended to research on agricultural ecological compensation standards under different conditions.In some circumstances,the ability of relatively redundant resources to create ecological value is overlooked.To address this problem,this paper employs a linear programming(LP)sensitivity analysis instrument to correct the model’s initial optimal solutions and arrive at consistent compensation standards that satisfy the consistency between ecosystem and ecological value,thus perfecting the theoretical and methodological system created by this paper for research on agricultural ecological compensation standards.

Integrated Assessment of Mineral Resources and Environmentin Mid-South of Shandong Province

On the bases of the field survey and a large number of testing data, we process the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the mine environment in the mid south of Shandong Province using the following grade Ⅰ factors:the surface subsidence in mining area, the three wastes of mine industries, the pollution sources, the surface water pollution, the underground water pollution and the air pollution. By means of emitting factor judgment and water quality indexes, we locate pollution sources, main pollutants, pollution type and pollution grade in the study area. Using the MAPGIS, we draw a zonality map of the mine environment. This paper attempts to offer a concrete example, including valuable assessment method, data and conclusion, for the assessment of mine environment from the integrated assessment of mineral resources and mine environment. This research is oriented towards the sustainable development and the ecological environment optimization.

耕地保护补偿制度的定位反思与规范重构

研究目的:探析耕地保护补偿制度的立法定位,准确把握耕地保护补偿制度的调整范畴,为正在制定的《耕地保护法》关于“国家建立耕地保护补偿制度”提供具体的立法建议。研究方法:规范分析法和制度目标分析法。研究结果:(1)耕地保护补偿制度在认识论层面,耕地权利设限与补偿的法权基础模糊;在本体论层面,耕地保护补偿的内涵外延尚存争议;在价值论层面,生态供益与增益的激励属性无从彰显。(2)耕地具有资源利益和生态利益一体两面共存的属性,《耕地保护法(草案)》相关条款仍是在“资源—管制”立法理念下的产物,存在显著构造缺陷。(3)以补偿目的为基准,该制度涵盖耕地资源存续补偿与耕地生态保护补偿;以补偿属性为基准,该制度包括耕地保护填平补偿与耕地保护奖励补助。研究结论:建议通过“一般规定+具体制度群”的立法模式在《耕地保护法》中完善耕地保护补偿制度,从而实现该制度维护粮食安全和生态安全的目标定位、价值导向和功能预设。

煤矸石资源化利用现状与进展

在实现“碳达峰与碳中和”目标的背景下,煤炭作为国家能源安全的基石,其绿色开发对我国经济建设和社会发展起到了至关重要的作用。然而,在煤矿开采及分选加工过程中,煤矸石作为煤炭主要伴生副产物,已成为我国急需处理的大宗固废之首。然而,目前煤矸石的综合利用率仍处于较低水平,尚未形成较为规范可行的研究体系。因此,针对煤矿开采与煤矸石堆积所造成的水、大气与土壤环境污染问题,通过煤矸石在生产能源、有价金属回收、建筑材料生产与其他方向的资源化利用的相关研究进展,结合煤矸石在防止重金属污染、土壤修复、防止水土流失等方面的应用,最后提出了煤矸石资源化利用未来的发展方向,根据整体进行规划与资源整合,不仅有大量用于常规目的的煤矸石资源化利用方向,同时还有用于生产高附加值产品的特殊用途,通过两者相结合,实现煤矸石的综合化和资源化利用,为其“减量化、资源化、循环化”发展提供借鉴。总之,煤矸石资源化利用是我国煤炭产业转型升级的重要方向,也是实现绿色可持续发展的必由之路。只有通过不懈的努力和持续的创新,才能更好地解决煤矸石堆积问题,推动煤矸石资源化利用向更加高效、环保、可持续的方向发展,为我国经济社会可持续发展做出更大的贡献。

基于改进三维生态足迹模型的珠江—西江经济带生态补偿价值测度及分区研究

生态补偿机制构建难点在于厘清补偿主客体、评估补偿优先时序及精准测算补偿标准,构建科学有效的生态补偿机制有助于流域上下游生态保护责任合理分配。本文以珠江—西江经济带地级市为研究单元,将改进三维生态足迹模型与生态系统服务价值估算相结合,测度2005—2020年各市生态补偿价值与标准,引入生态补偿优先级,最终划定优先支付、潜力支付、平衡、潜力受偿及优先受偿5类分区。结果表明:1)2020年经济带生态补偿赤字为288.09亿元,广州支付价值最高为185.14亿元,人均生态补偿标准为987.92元,仅崇左获生态补偿,受偿价值为0.68亿元,人均受偿标准为32.62元。2)广州、佛山与南宁长期为优先支付区;崇左长期为优先受偿区;肇庆、柳州及百色近年转为潜力支付区;来宾、贵港、梧州与云浮为平衡区;经济带优先受偿区与潜力受偿区逐步转为优先支付区、潜力支付区与平衡区。3)广州、佛山及南宁应率先支付生态补偿平衡经济带区际生态保护责任,协调区际生态保护共治关系;应优先给予崇左生态补偿以实现生态保护受益,获得生态环境治理的经济支持。

跨行政区河流水环境生态补偿方法研究

现行的水环境区域补偿方案存在补偿要素和范围不全面、补偿标准制定不合理及不到位、滞后于经济社会和生态环境的动态变化等不足。针对以上问题,以江苏省常熟市为研究对象,对现行的水环境区域补偿办法进行改进,结合区域经济发展与水环境管理要求,以行政区划为基本单元,根据断面水质浓度、区域用水与排污量等考核指标,提出了综合跨界断面水质类别、过量用水与超标排污等多要素的动态化阶梯水环境生态补偿测算方法。上述方法适用于跨区域之间及区域内,旨在解决现行补偿方案中存在的问题,使补偿标准更为科学合理,从而提升水环境治理水平和效果,促进水生态环境可持续发展。

基于CVM的城市河道改造生态环境价值评估

从城市河道改造的生态环境价值评估角度,分析了条件价值评估法(CVM)在城市河道改造生态环境价值评估中的应用原理和依据,构建了基于CVM的城市河道改造生态环境价值评估模型,并以上海市黄浦江加高堤防替代建闸方案为例对黄浦江河道改造的生态环境价值进行了评估。结果表明:期望均值法和三相定价法计算得到的总支付意愿分别为120.6亿元/a和118.5亿元/a,总受偿意愿为130.8亿元/a和151.2亿元/a,总受偿意愿与总支付意愿的比值大于1;仅从生态环境价值方面看,相对于加高堤防方案,民众更希望政府投资建闸。

论自然资源国家所有权损害赔偿制度

自然资源国家所有权的规定在《中华人民共和国宪法》《中华人民共和国民法典》,以及自然资源各单行法中都有体现,是构成自然资源国家所有权损害赔偿的法益基础。《中华人民共和国种子法》《中华人民共和国畜牧法》等条款中规定国家对自然资源享有主权,主权当然应包括所有权的内容。因自然资源种类差异,在其国家所有权受损时赔偿救济规范和结果不尽相同。因自然资源国家所有权的传统行政、民事、刑事等救济方面均存在不足,环境公益诉讼又不足以涵盖自然资源国家所有权损害救济的范围。需从山水林田湖草沙系统化治理的角度,对自然资源国家所有权兼具公私属性予以认识,并进行相关利益衡平考量。对于自然资源国家所有权损害提起生态环境损害赔偿已有规定,并出现了一批相关司法案例。生态环境损害赔偿制度体现和公权和私权的结合,海洋自然资源和生态损害公益诉讼奠定了基调,自然资源国家所有权损害可直接适用生态环境损害赔偿制度。在适用生态环境损害赔偿诉讼程序时可与环境公益诉讼合并审理,有利于节约立法、执法和司法成本,是最优选。

野生动物相关生态环境损害赔偿制度的适用性分析

非法侵害野生动物资源不仅会造成野生动物资源自身的损害,还会引起野生动物生态功能退化等生态损害。司法实践中,野生动物相关生态环境损害往往不能得到全面救济。明晰行政索赔主体的职责,可以避免由于职责不清导致行使赔偿请求权时出现管辖范围不清、互相推诿的情况;认定损害赔偿范围综合考虑时间限度、空间限度、注重质量限度及多种主客观因素、区分野生动物生态环境修复费用和生态环境服务功能损失费用,可以最大限度地覆盖非法侵害野生动物资源造成的全部损害,实现野生动物维护生态系统平衡、保护物种、保持生物多样性、保存基因等多种生态功能丧失的完全赔偿;建立司法行政部门统一管理,司法鉴定、社会鉴定并存的多元化鉴定机制,能够统一鉴定标准、保证鉴定质量、维持鉴定秩序,科学合理地确定野生动物资源的生态损害价值;针对能够恢复生态功能的野生动物相关生态环境损害采用生态修复的责任方法,比单纯的金钱赔偿更有利于维持生物多样性、保护野生动物资源。

基于GEP的区域生态补偿标准研究——以江西省为例

开展区域生态补偿标准研究是新时代生态文明建设的重要任务。以江西省11市为研究区,开展生态系统服务功能价值核算,结合区域生态系统服务外溢情况和经济发展水平,构建区域生态补偿方案,确定生态补偿金额,促进生态受益区和生态外溢区利益共享。结果表明:(1)2020年江西省GEP为41 399.21亿元,调节服务产品价值占总价值的76.60%。(2)江西省生态系统服务价值高值区位于赣州市、九江市、吉安市、上饶市,低值区位于景德镇市、鹰潭市、萍乡市、新余市。(3)南昌市、新余市应开展生态支付,赣州市、吉安市和抚州市应率先接受生态补偿,其余地市应暂缓生态支付或生态补偿。(4)南昌市和新余市的生态支付金额占地方财政收入比例为0.59%和0.13%,属于财政可接受范围,可行性较高。研究结果可为江西省区域生态补偿标准测算和生态补偿机制建设提供参考,推动江西省区域生态经济协调发展。

生态环境损害赔偿诉讼制度研究

我国生态环境损害赔偿是从长江、黄河跨行政区域流域治理开始的,经历了对跨行政区域生态补偿制度实践的反思与探索,建立了流域源头生态环境的纠纷解决机制。对于跨区域流域水污染纠纷解决的途径,法律主张采取协商与协调相结合的办法。《民法典》规定生态环境侵权适用惩罚性赔偿制度。要构建完善的生态环境损害赔偿诉讼制度体系,需要建立生态环境损害政府索赔诉讼制度,确立前置程序是检察机关履行环境公益诉讼的范式,规范生态环境损害赔偿制度的协同模式。要完善侵权惩罚赔偿司法适用制度体系,就需要构建生态环境损害适用惩罚性赔偿的民事公益诉讼制度,刑附民公益诉讼案件惩罚性赔偿的民事适用制度,生态环境侵权案件惩罚性赔偿的司法适用制度。

论生态环境损害赔偿制度的法理基础与规范构造

理解生态环境损害赔偿制度,须从环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的整体视域展开,同时,还要厘清生态环境与自然资源、生态环境损害与损害赔偿、赔偿请求权与赔偿诉权等核心概念。既有理论将自然资源国家所有权作为生态环境损害赔偿中的实体权利基础,然而,不论是公权说、私权说,还是二阶结构说、三层结构说,都不周延。因为生态环境损害赔偿制度存在二元构造,即赔偿请求权区别于赔偿诉权,赔偿请求权中基于自然资源所有权的物上请求权区别于侵害生态环境的侵权之债请求权,赔偿诉权中程序意义上的提起生态环境损害赔偿诉讼区别于实体意义上的救济自然资源所有权。这种二元构造客观上源于生态环境中单体自然资源的结构面向与整体生态功能的功能面向存在区分,其学理基础在于承继和发展了传统所有权的解释范式,其核心内容是对生态环境类的损害进行类型化。为此,该制度可从两个方面予以展开。长期而言,须仰仗制定中的生态环境法典规定生态环境损害赔偿的系列内容;当务之急,则是借助司法解释促进这些内容的适度法制化。

生态环境损害修复与补偿机制研究

生态环境权是神圣不可侵犯的人格权。生态修复是对受损的生态系统进行全面整治,需要完善环境区域生态损害协同治理制度,划定生态保护红线实施源头治理制度。区域生态环境协同治理的实质,是对人心的约束和对法律的调整。要构建完善的生态环境损害修复机制,就要构建生态环境部门履职责任清单机制,为生态环境修复目标的实现提供法律依据,始终坚持以生态修复为重心的修复责任理念,构建生态环境修复的法律责任体系。需要完善生态环境损害的补偿机制,生态保护补偿是调节环境损害、保护生态环境主体之间利益关系的制度安排。生态修复责任是救济生态环境损害的主要方式,必须建立流域多元化横向生态补偿长效机制,扩大流域生态补偿规模需要遵循生态补偿制度和规则。实施生态损害修复工程需要遵循生态系统的内在规律,把握生态修复的系统性、完整性和原真性内涵,不断提升生态修复和环境治理能力的现代化水平。