On the Variability and Correlation of Surface Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Observed in Hong Kong Using Trajectory and Regression Analyses

This paper investigates, the variability and correlation of surface ozone (Os) and carbon monoxide (CO) observed at Cape D'Aguilar in Hong Kong from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 1995. Statistical analysis shows that the average O3 and CO mixing ratios during the two years are 32±17ppbv and 305±191 ppbv, respectively. The O3/CO ratio ranges from 0.05 to 0.6 ppbv/ppbv with its frequency peaking at 0.15. The raw dataset is divided into six groups using backward trajectory and cluster analyses. For data assigned to the same trajectory type, three groups are further sorted out based on CO and NOX mixing ratios. The correlation coefficients and slopes of O3/CO for the 18 groups are calculated using linear regression analysis. Finally, five kinds of air masses with different chemical features are identified: continental background (CB), marine background (MB), regional polluted continental (RPC), perturbed marine (P*M), and local polluted (LP) air masses. Further studies indicate that O3 and CO in the continental and marine background air masses (CB and MB) are positively correlated for the reason that they are well mixed over the long range transport before arriving at the site. The negative correlation between O3 and CO in air mass LP is believed to be associated with heavy anthropogenic influence, which results from the enhancement by local sources as indicated by high CO and NOx and depletion of O3 when mixed with fresh emissions. The positive correlation in the perturbed marine air mass P*M favors the low photochemical production of O3. The negative correlation found in the regional polluted continental air mass RPC is different from the observations at Oki Island in Japan due to the more complex O3 chemistry at Cape D'Aguilar.

Variation characteristics of carbon monoxide and ozone over the course of the 2014 Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition

The concentrations of carbon monoxide and ozone in the marine boundary layer were measured during the 6th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition（from July to September, 2014）. Carbon monoxide concentration ranged between 47.00 and 528.52 ppbv with an average of 103.59 ± 40.37 ppbv. A slight decrease with increasing latitude was observed, except for the extremely high values over the East China Sea which may be attributed to anthropogenic emissions. Ozone concentration ranged between 3.27 and 77.82 ppbv with an average of 29.46±10.48 ppbv. Ozone concentration decreased sharply with increasing latitude outside the Arctic Ocean（during both the northward and the southward course）, while no significant variation was observed over the Arctic Ocean. The positive correlation between carbon monoxide and ozone in most sections suggests that the ozone in the marine boundary layer mainly originated from photochemical reactions involving carbon monoxide.

Carbon Monoxide Emission and Concentration Models for Chiang Mai Urban Area

An emission inventory containing emissions from traffic and other sources was complied. Based on the analysis, Carbon Monoxide （CO） emissions from traffic play a very important role in CO levels in Chiang Mai area. Analysis showed that CO emissions from traffic during rush hours contributed approximately 90% of total CO emissions. Regional Atmospheric Modeling System （RAMS） was applied to simulate wind fields and temperatures in the Chiang Mai area, and eight ca^es were selected to study annual variations in wind fields and temperatures. Model results can reflect major features of wind fields and diurnal variations in temperatures. For evaluating the model performance, model results were compared with observed wind speed, wind direction and temperature, which were monitored at a meteorological tower. Comparison showed that model results are in good agreement with observations, and the model captured many of the observed features. HYbrid Particle And Concentration Transport model （HYPACT） was used to simulate CO concentration in the Chiang Mai area. Model results generally agree well with observed CO concentrations at the air quality monitoring stations, and can explain observed CO diurnal variations.

A Numerical Study of Tropospheric Ozone in the Springtime in East Asia

The Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) coupled with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) is applied to East Asia to study the transport and photochemical transformation of tropospheric ozone in March 1998. The calculated mixing ratios of ozone and carbon monoxide are compared with ground level observations at three remote sites in Japan and it is found that the model reproduces the observed features very well. Examination of several high episodes of ozone and carbon monoxide indicates that these elevated levels are found in association with continental outflow, demonstrating the critical role of the rapid transport of carbon monoxide and other ozone precursors from the continental boundary layer. In comparison with available ozonesonde data, it is found that the model-calculated ozone concentrations are generally in good agreement with the measurements, and the stratospheric contribution to surface ozone mixing ratios is quite limited.

The Effect of the Hot Springs at the Umm Qeis Archaeological Site and Museum

Several recent studies have pointed out that northern parts of Jordan are exposed to high levels of the effect of the hot spring, which is widely known to have severe impacts on health, vegetation and structures. North Jordan has a wealth of ancient heritage including six out of the ten Decapolis Cities. Air pollution that comes out from the hot springs is alleged to deteriorate and erode buildings, structures, statues and monuments through acid deposition. Therefore, this research was conducted to assess air quality at Gadara, the capital of the ancient Decapolis and suggest mitigation measures that have to be adopted in order to save the ancient heritage against further deterioration. Measurements revealed that most criteria air pollutants including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide attain corresponding national ambient air quality standards. Atmospheric concentrations of NO are strongly linked to the amount of 03. Simultaneous exposure to SO2 and NO2 demonstrated that a catalytic reaction takes place which increases the rate of sulphate production after 30 h exposure.

Study of Surface Ozone over an American Station for a Period of 3.5 Decade

In this research paper we have evaluated the relation between surface Ozone (O3), Sun Spot Number (SSN) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) over an American station “Tutuila” for the long period of 35 years (1980-2015). It was analyzed that CO and O3 show an increasing trend over the maximum months of the year, whereas SSN shows decreasing trend throughout the year. We have concluded that, for O3 the increasing trend is found to be maximum in the month of December, whereas surprisingly just a month before it i.e., in November, the value was negative. We also analyze here the CO data for the same period. It is observed that the CO increases from January to June. Its increment is found to be minimum in January month and maximum in the month of April. After it, the CO shows the decay trend from July to September, and then again increases from October to December months. NO2 data of 11 years is also studied here and concluded that, the variation observed in March month is very small and is positive. In the same way, a positive trend is observed for NO2 data in June month, but in rest all the months the value is negative.

Prediction of the impact of air pollution on rates of hospitalization for asthma in Shiraz based on air pollution indices in 2007-2012

Objectives: This study was designed to determine the effects of air pollutants on emergency admissions for asthma, and to forecast the disease burden in Shiraz, Iran. Methods: The average daily concentrations of fine particles (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) were calculated from data reported by two air quality monitoring stations in Shiraz from the beginning of 2007 to mid-2012. Results: The numbers of patients admitted with asthma attack during this period were collected from four main university-affiliated hospitals. Admissions correlated strongly with the levels of PM10, SO2, CO and O3 during warm seasons (P<0.001), and with NO2 level during cold seasons (P<0.001). We forecast increasing trends in air pollutants and patient admissions in the year 2015. Conclusion: Our findings are further evidence of the effects of air pollutants on asthma exacerbations.

Asthma Hospital Admissions and Ambient Air Pollutant Concentrations in New York City

Air pollution is considered a risk factor for asthma. In this paper, we analyze the association between daily hospital admissions for asthma and ambient air pollution concentrations in four New York City counties. Negative binomial regression is used to model the association between daily asthma hospital admissions and ambient air pollution concentrations. Potential confounding factors such as heat index, day of week, holidays, yearly population changes, and seasonal and long-term trends are controlled for in the models. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) show the most consistent statistically significant associations with daily hospitalizations for asthma during the entire period (1996-2000). The associations are stronger for children (0 - 17 years) than for adults (18 - 64 years). Relative risks (RR) for the inter-quartile range (IQR) of same day 24-hour average pollutant concentration and asthma hospitalizations for children for the four county hospitalization totals were: NO2 (IQR = 0.011 ppm, RR = 1.017, 95% CI = 1.001, 1.034), SO2 (IQR = 0.008 ppm, RR = 1.023, 95% CI = 1.004, 1.042), CO (IQR = 0.232 ppm, RR = 1.014, 95% CI = 1.003, 1.025). In the case of ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM2.5) statistically significant associations were found for daily one-hour maxima values and children’s asthma hospitalization in models that used lagged values for air pollution concentrations. Five-day weighted average lag models resulted in these estimates: O3 (one-hour maxima) (IQR = 0.025 ppm, RR = 1.049, 95% CI = 1.002, 1.098), PM2.5 (one-hour maxima) (IQR = 16.679 μg/m3, RR = 1.055, 95% CI = 1.008, 1.103). In addition, seasonal variations were also explored for PM2.5 and statistically significant associations with daily hospital admissions for asthma were found during the colder months (November-March) of the year. Important differences in pollution effects were found across pollutants, counties, and age groups. The results for PM2.5 suggest that the composition of PM is important to this health outcome, since the major sources of NYC PM differ between winter and summer months.

胶州湾沉积物中一氧化碳的微生物产生及消耗研究

本研究通过测定一氧化碳(CO)原位浓度和地球化学参数并结合实验室培养实验,系统地探究了胶州湾沉积物中CO的产生及消耗过程。本文首次测定胶州湾沉积物孔隙水中CO的浓度在46.8~189.9 nmol·L^(-1),培养实验结果表明三甲胺及甜菜碱的添加明显促进了CO的生物产生,2-溴乙烷磺酸钠(Sodium 2-Bromoethanesulfonate,BES)及钼酸钠等抑制剂的添加对CO消耗没有明显影响,表明产甲烷过程和硫酸盐还原过程不是消耗CO的主要微生物过程。硝酸盐浓度的增加对CO消耗有明显的抑制作用。研究结果可以为深化海洋沉积物中CO生物地球化学循环及微生物介导的碳循环过程认知提供基础支撑。

全球气候变化对稻田温室气体排放和微生物群落影响的研究进展

稻田是二氧化碳(CO_(2))、甲烷(CH_(4))和氧化亚氮(N_(2)O)等温室气体的重要排放源之一,稻田温室气体产生与排放一直是研究关注的热点和重点。IPCC预测未来全球气候变化主要表现为气候变暖、大气CO_(2)浓度和近地层臭氧(O_(3))浓度升高,三者对稻田温室气体的排放具有不同程度的影响。稻田微生物群落对全球气候变化的响应也很敏感,进而直接或间接影响温室气体的排放。通过文献综述,总结了近年来全球气候变化对稻田温室气体排放和稻田微生物群落的影响、全球气候变化背景下稻田微生物对温室气体排放的效应以及稻田关键微生物在温室气体减排中的应用,指出未来应综合考虑多因子气候变化对稻田温室气体排放的影响并加强对其机制的研究,加强稻田微生物对温室气体排放调控效应和机制研究,以及筛选减排效果显著的微生物类群用以开发成熟的稻田温室气体减排微生物产品。

基于量子级联激光器的一氧化碳浓度传感器设计

该文探讨了利用中红外量子级联激光器技术进行一氧化碳浓度检测的方法。该方法基于一氧化碳分子对特定红外波长的吸收特性,通过测量激光通过待测气体后的光强变化,实现对一氧化碳浓度的精确测量。由于煤矿设备本安防爆要求,传感器能耗有一定限制。该文中激光器采用脉冲电流驱动和温度控制动态调整,降低了整机功耗。同时传感器实时监测气体温度和压力,结合随机森林回归算法,对激光光谱的测量结果进行修正和补偿,由此显著提高了一氧化碳浓度测量的精度和稳定性。

2023年8月6日德州地震地-气耦合响应分析

为探究2023年8月6日德州5.5级地震与大气参数之间的相关性,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、多普勒测风激光雷达以及Sentinel-5P卫星遥感资料对地震前后地表潜热通量、气溶胶光学厚度和CO柱浓度进行研究.结果发现:①地震前3d地表潜热通量(SLHF)出现一个高峰,峰值接近2018—2022年SLHF的平均值与标准差之和.②德州地震前3h内大气气溶胶的状态极不稳定,气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)变化异常显著,地震的影响逐渐消除后,恢复至震前水平.③与地震前相比,CO柱浓度在地震后明显增加,升高趋势出现在地震的前两天.这些大气参数的异常特征表明,德州地震发生前后岩石圈和大气层之间有相互耦合的联系.

成都市喘息婴幼儿呼出气一氧化氮水平与大气污染物浓度的相关性

目的:探讨喘息婴幼儿呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)水平与大气污染物浓度的相关性。方法:回顾性分析2019年1—12月在我院就诊且有喘息患儿的临床资料,根据不同年龄分为婴儿组(<12个月,1783例)和幼儿组(12~36个月,2354例),进行FeNO检测。收集成都市环境监测部门和气象局2019年1—12月每月PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、二氧化硫(SO_(2))、二氧化氮(NO_(2))、臭氧(O_(3))、一氧化碳(CO)和气象数据,并分析喘息婴幼儿FeNO水平与大气污染物浓度的相关性。结果:幼儿组喘息发生率、FeNO值均高于婴儿组(P<0.05)。婴幼儿FeNO值与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)浓度均呈正相关,与O3浓度及平均气温水平呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论:成都市喘息婴幼儿的FeNO水平与大气污染物浓度存在紧密的相关性,应告诫患儿家长在空气污染较重时减少外出,并持之以恒地推进大气污染综合整治。

某社区老年人冬季PM2.5和CO及O_3暴露水平评价

目的评价北京市某社区老年人冬季 PM2.5、CO 和 O_3三种污染物的暴露水平。方法于2007年11月28日-2008年1月17日,采用 PM2.5、CO 和 O_3个体采样器,对北京某社区老年人的10处主要活动场所(室内地点:居室、厨房、医院、菜市场、超市;室外地点:社区内室外、社区小花园、社区操场、交通要道旁、街边公园)进行污染物浓度监测,并采用活动日志收集该社区30名老年人的24 h 活动模式,对老年人 PM2.5、CO 和 O_3的24 h 个体平均暴露浓度进行计算和评价。结果老年人 PM2.5、CO 和 O_3的24 h 个体平均暴露浓度分别为(146.54±6.60)μg/m^3,(2.67±0.18)mg/m^3和(32.30±2.79)μg/m^3;不同性别老年人 CO 24 h 个体平均暴露浓度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而 PM2.5和 O_3 24 h 个体平均暴露浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论该社区老年人冬季 PM2.5的24 h 个体平均暴露浓度较高,而 CO 和 O_3的24 h个体平均暴露浓度较低,提示大气 PM2.5可能是冬季影响该社区老年人健康的主要污染物。

基于程序升温的煤自燃临界温度测试方法

针对绝热氧化法测试临界温度周期长的不足,以缩短测试时间为切入点,建立了利用CO浓度与温度的变化求解临界温度的计算模型,提出了基于程序升温条件下的煤自燃临界温度测试方法。在此基础上,采用课题组研制的实验设备对3种不同变质程度的煤样进行了实验计算,并将计算结果与绝热条件下所得的临界温度值进行分析比较。结果表明:基于程序升温方法得到的煤自燃临界温度与绝热方法的测试结果基本一致,且测试周期短,单个煤样测试时间不超过3.5h。

氢燃料气中CO和CO2对PEMFC性能的影响

采用耐受性曲线、极化曲线及循环伏安等电化学测试手段,分别考察了氢燃料气中含有0.2×10-6、0.4×10-6、0.7×10-6、1.0×10-6、5.0×10-6(体积比)CO或0.2%、3%、10%、20%CO2时,质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)性能的变化情况。研究结果表明,CO的存在会导致电池电压下降,并最终稳定在某值,通过分析电压下降程度与CO浓度的关系,认为使用含CO浓度≤0.4×10-6的氢燃料气运行PEMFC时,电压下降不超过10%,且能保持稳定运行。采用循环伏安法等手段研究了CO2对电池性能的影响机理,认为CO2的存在导致局部H2供应不足,电池出现反极和碳蚀现象,使Pt/C催化剂中C载体含量减少,故在中止通入CO2后电池性能不可恢复至初始水平。

基于无线传感器网络的CO监测系统设计

空气中低浓度一氧化碳的监测及如何将监测信号实时、低成本的传输到监测点是关心的问题,针对问题,研究了采用LED为光源,用调制加在法布里-珀罗腔上的驱动电压和单波长双光路差分吸收法相结合的方法来测量低浓度一氧化碳气体的光谱吸收型气体传感器.运用无线传感器网络实时监测、感知和采集网络分布区域内的一氧化碳浓度,利用CDMA网络实现远程监控.实现在线,实时监测,降低了成本,提高了效率.

LaFeO_3修饰和O_3处理对Au/Al_2O_3催化剂在CO氧化反应中热稳定性的影响

通过等体积浸渍法并分别经过H2和O3活化制备了系列1·1%Au/LaFeOx/Al2O3催化剂,考察了其在550℃经1·0%CO原料气处理后的CO氧化活性.Fe和La的引入虽然使1·1%Au/Al2O3的初始活性降低,但提高了其高温稳定性.在550℃经1·0%CO原料气预处理2h后,H2活化的1·1%Au/Al2O3在室温完全失活,而同样条件处理的1·1%Au/2%LaFeO3/Al2O3仍能将65%CO转化;这可能是由于LaFeO3以钙钛矿形式单层分散在Al2O3表面而导致的.O3活化能进一步提高催化剂的稳定性,在550℃经原料气预处理后,O3活化的1·1%Au/2%LaFeO3/Al2O3的活性高于1·1%Au/Al2O3和H2活化的1·1%Au/2%LaFeO3/Al2O3.1·0%CO原料气预处理10h后,H2活化的1·1%Au/2%LaFeO3/Al2O3完全失活,而O3活化的催化剂仍具有40%的转化率,这可能是由于O活化使得催化剂中存在部分氧化的金,增强了金属与载体间的相互作用.

中国西部本底大气中CO的连续测量

在中国西北部的瓦里关全球基准站 ( 36°1 7’N ,1 0 0°54’E ,381 0masl)建立了气相色谱 汞置换法大气CO连续测量系统 .组装调试和运行标定表明 ,色谱方法的基线稳定 ,分离度高 ,检测方法可靠 ,系统具有高自动化的操作性能和严格的质量控制 ,其设计完全符合世界气象组织 (WMO)全球大气本底测量的要求 .根据采样现场大气CO浓度的变化 ,采用经国际比对的CO标准气系列 ,用峰高外标法设定可调整的标准工作曲线计算环境CO浓度 ,系统对CO的检测限低至 1× 1 0 -9(V V) ,检测精度小于 0 .1 % ,准确度在± 0 .0 5%以内 ,可提供我国本底地区近地层大气CO连续而精确的现场测量结果 .

低浓度一氧化碳对小鼠神经行为功能的影响

目的研究低浓度一氧化碳（ Ｃ Ｏ） 的神经行为毒理学效应及限时最大容许浓度（ Ｍ Ａ Ｃ） 。方法４０ 只昆明小鼠随机等分为４ 组（ ｎ ＝ １０） ： Ａ 组（ 对照组，吸入空气） ， Ｂ 组（ 吸入３０ ｍｇ／ ｍ ３ Ｃ Ｏ） ， Ｃ 组（ 吸入３００ ｍ ｇ／ ｍ ３ Ｃ Ｏ） ， Ｄ 组（ 吸入６００ ｍｇ／ ｍ ３ Ｃ Ｏ） 。各组分置于０ ．５ ｍ ３ 容积的静式染毒柜中，持续染毒７２ ｈ 。在染毒前、中、后，测试小鼠在水迷宫的反应时和错误率及在开阔场的走格子数和排便次数。结果 染毒期间 Ｄ 组的竖立次数明显少于其他三组。脱离染毒环境后组间比较，反应时和错误率在第４ ～６ 天（６ ｄ） 出现与染毒前相反的变化，第７ ～９ 天（９ ｄ） 的错误率数值大小为： Ｄ 组＞ Ｃ 组＞ Ａ 组＞ Ｂ 组，反应时数值变化与错误率变化趋同；走格子数，第１ ～３ 天（３ ｄ） Ｃ 组明显大于 Ａ 组和 Ｄ 组，６ ｄ 时组间差异不显著，９ ｄ 时 Ｄ 组明显小于 Ａ 组和 Ｂ 组；排便次数，３ ｄ 时和９ ｄ 时组间差异不显著，但６ ｄ 时 Ｄ 组明显大于 Ａ 组和 Ｂ 组。染毒前后自身比较， Ｄ 组错误率染毒后一直升高，９ ｄ 时明显高于染毒前；走格子数， Ａ 组和 Ｂ 组９ ｄ 时明显高于染毒前。