Design and Optimization for the Occupant Restraint System of Vehicle Based on a Single Freedom Model

Throughout the vehicle crash event, the interactions between vehicle, occupant, restraint system (VOR) are complicated and highly non-linear. CAE and physical tests are the most widely used in vehicle passive safety development, but they can only be done with the detailed 3D model or physical samples. Often some design errors and imperfections are difficult to correct at that time, and a large amount of time will be needed. A restraint system concept design approach which based on single-degree-of-freedom occupant-vehicle model (SDOF) is proposed in this paper. The interactions between the restraint system parameters and the occupant responses in a crash are studied from the view of mechanics and energy. The discrete input and the iterative algorithm method are applied to the SDOF model to get the occupant responses quickly for arbitrary excitations (impact pulse) by MATLAB. By studying the relationships between the ridedown efficiency, the restraint stiffness, and the occupant response, the design principle of the restraint stiffness aiming to reduce occupant injury level during conceptual design is represented. Higher ridedown efficiency means more occupant energy absorbed by the vehicle, but the research result shows that higher ridedown efficiency does not mean lower occupant injury level. A proper restraint system design principle depends on two aspects. On one hand,the restraint system should lead to as high ridedown efficiency as possible, and at the same time, the restraint system should maximize use of the survival space to reduce the occupant deceleration level. As an example, an optimization of a passenger vehicle restraint system is designed by the concept design method above, and the final results are validated by MADYMO, which is the most widely used software in restraint system design, and the sled test. Consequently, a guideline and method for the occupant restraint system concept design is established in this paper.

The Paradox of “Mobility” and the Crisis of the Modern Human Rights Concept

The idea of human rights and the dynamics of reality have been shaped by one another throughout history.Together,they develop the character of an era.Through the observation of the human rights crisis caused by the CoViD-19 pandemic,"mobility"can be derived from the connections of space,behavior and values as an analytical concept,identifying and investigating those historic events and their milestone impact on the idea of human rights.by further applying mobility in the deconstruction of modernity,one can reveal a paradox in the globalization process,and deduct and explain the crisis of modern human rights concepts.The solution to the crisis calls for the return of autonomy in modern state and society,especially the state’s independent and political guidance for citizens in balancing diverse values.

Upholding Equality and Unity Among Ethnic Groups, and Freedom of Religious Belief

Since the founding of the People＇s Republic of China, the Chinese government, to ensure equality and unity among ethnic groups and achieve their common development, has formulated a series of ethnic and religious policies on the basis of the actual situations of the various ethnic groups and religions, and these policies have been continuously enriched and improved in practice.

Exploring Differences between American and Chinese Concept of Education

Along with the advance of society and technology, education is becoming increasingly important than ever before. It determines in a large measure the success or failure of a nation in the global competition. However, different countries have different concept of education. In this paper, the author will make a brief sketch of some differences between American and Chinese concept of education.

Study on the Evolution of the Contemporary Political Values in China and the United States and the Enlightenment

The importance of setting up a correct political value is self-evident. In the era of many changes, it is necessary for Chinese people to not only learn the advanced concepts and experience from other countries and also constantly absorb nutrition from traditional Chinese culture. Also, the inappropriate composition in the political values should be rethought and criticized profoundly, so that not only the political values of Chinese people can give a reflection to the superiority of socialism, and also people＇s personality and vitality are fully respected and developed.

The Normative Connotation and Legal Guarantee of Market Economy in China’s Constitution

At this stage,the market economy has become an important force to promote China’s economic development.Consolidating the core of market economic development,namely,economic equality and economic freedom,is an inevitable requirement for upholding and improving China’s basic economic system,and it is also an important aspect of the country’s strong guarantee for market economic development.Therefore,it is necessary to research the meaning of the market economy in the constitution,and at the same time clarify the constitutional norms’obligation to guarantee the implementation of state agencies to provide adequate constitutional guarantees for the development of the market economy.

The Empirical Investigation and Improvement Path of Judicial Protection of Civil Litigation Rights in China

The close coupling of civil litigation rights and human rights mean how well litigation rights are realized can directly or indirectly affect the judicial protection of human rights.Therefore,human rights protection in the field of civil litigation should take the right of civil litigation as the starting point and core.Based on a sample questionnaire survey of judges and lawyers,this paper conducts an empirical analysis and proposes that the exercise of this right should be taken as the main line to build a comprehensive protection mechanism for this right to realize its role in providing an institutional guarantee for human rights protection.It specifies three aspects:first,the process of filing a case should uphold the freedom and equality of the right to initiate litigation,remove substantial obstacles that affect the filing of the case,and ensure access to justice for disadvantaged groups;second,the trial procedure should have strengthened checks and balances on judicial power to ensure the right of litigation is compromised,and respects the procedural subject status of the two parties to realize equal protection of both parties;the third is to promote the implementation and improvement of relief for this right in the supervisory procedure,clarify the boundary of its relief by procuratorial supervision,and enhance the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the relief.

The Spiritual Utopia Reflected in Out of Africa

The publication of Out of Africa in 1937 won Baroness K. Blixen-Finecke worldwide fame because the novel caused wide public concern among both critics and readers. The story unfolds a poetic picture which reveals the natural peace and harmony in Africa through the narrative angle of the heroine--Karen Blixen. In Out of Africa, the author, from multipoint viepoints, knits the legendary plot to display a picture of a community with the features of spiritual utopia, which is an ideal place for men to escape from the outside disturbance. The present paper, first, gives a brief introduction to the plot of the story. Then, it discusses the characteristics of spiritual utopian community on the African land from the following three perspectives： Karen Blixen is a pursuer to go after self-integrity so as to protect the harmony of spiritual utopian land in Africa; Africans are the paragons of self-integrity to pursue freedom on their homeland; and the western settlers are the dominators who have lost self-integrity in the spiritual utopian community because they have almost destroyed the ecological and social banlance on African land.

The Personalities of Jane Eyre Compared with Other Person

Jane Eyre is still loved by readers although 150 years so far, which is the famous British writer Charlotte Bronte's masterpiece. Compared to other person, we know the personalities of Jane Eyre vividly and her pure love with Mr. Rochester. As Cahill Gibran said"Beauty is a heart enflamed and a soul enchanted".

Freedom of Movement,Social Classes and Legal Equality in China

The problem of freedom of movement is a reflection of the much larger problem of social classes and legal equality in China.It is impossible for one to choose his birthplace,but everyone has a right to pursue happiness.If a person who is born in the countryside or in a small town or medium size city is barred from moving to a city or in a bigger city,the society in which he lives is extremely inequitable.

The American Way—A Brief Introduction to American Culture

The main values and believes of the Americansare:a.freedom(or individualism),the price paidfor it is self-reliance;b.equality of opportunity,the price paid for itis competition;c.inaterial wealth,the price paid for it is hardwork.These can be called the“theme”of life.Thesethemes cover different fields such as religion,family,life,education,business and politics.The followingare all embodied in American culture:

Character Analysis of Jane Eyre

This thesis analyses Jane Eyre' s character. No matter what Jane met, no matter where she was, she always rebelled against that unfair society, she never gave up to try her best to get free, independent, fair life and true love. By unremitting efforts she finally got dignity, freedom and true love.

Feminism Demystified-history and Beyond

The study explores Feminism by focusing broadly on its history and further examining using Marxism and critical discourses by other feminists.Feminism refers to the idea that women and men ought to have equal rights.In 1734,the Swedish Civil Code gave women more rights,most notably prohibiting husbands from selling their wives’possessions without their approval.In her 1790 essay“On the equality of the sexes,”American women’s rights campaigner Judith Sargent Murray claimed that women are just as bright as men.British author Mary Wollstonecraft responded to philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau and other 18th-century Enlightenment intellectuals who did not extend their concepts of freedom to women in her 1792 book A Vindication of the Rights of Women.She challenges the idea that women are less logical than males and opposes the injustice.“Who made man the exclusive judge?”she demands.However,Frenchman Charles Fourier coined the term“feminisme”in 1837,marking the beginning of the concept of feminism.The Victorian Social Convention exalted and imposed the domestic roles of wife and mother on most married middle-class women in 19th-century Britain.Career aspirations were restricted because they were not allowed to receive an education on par with that of males.In The Communist Manifesto,German philosophers and revolutionary political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels contend that a bourgeois man regards his wife as nothing more than an apparatus of production.According to Engles,the family is at the core of the violence and oppression that women experience.Marxist feminists saw capitalism and patriarchy as the two fundamental systems that supported the subjugation of women.The British writer and social theorist Harriet Taylor Mill underlined that a lady who could support the family financially and had a good education would be respected by her husband and treated as a partner.However,men utilize rape as a means of controlling women,as seen by the social inequities that still affect women today.It’s shocking to learn that rape was a taboo topic until 1975 when Susan Brownmiller authored Against Our Will:Men,Women,and Rape.There was a notion that said women’s sexuality encourages rape,hence the guilt was frequently placed on the female victims.Nonetheless,postcolonial feminists such as Chandra Talpade Mohanty contend that regardless of their status as powerful or marginal,wealthy or not,women residing in non-Western nations are presumed to be impoverished,uninformed,uneducated,sexually restricted,tradition-bound,and victims.FGM(female genital cutting)has been a custom for at least 2,500 years,still practiced in thirty countries,mostly in Africa,Indonesia,and the Middle East.It is not connected to chastity and purity,guaranteeing that women remain virgins until marriage and remain faithful afterward.In this essay,Finally,I have looked at how women have faced discrimination in a variety of settings,including the home and the workplace,for millennia due to their gender.

罗马法复兴与近代欧洲的自由主义传统

自由主义是一个近现代的概念,但也有古代渊源。古代罗马的法律观、人性观、政治观中都具有近代自由主义的元素,这些古老的思想通过罗马法的复兴运动重新回到了中世纪,给社会带来了深刻的变革。16—18世纪罗马法复兴的新浪潮更是直接促进了古典自由主义的诞生。17世纪以来,古典自由主义学者基于前述研究成果论述了自由主义的人性观、财产观与法治观,构建了西方的自由主义传统。回顾自由主义的发展历史,可以发现罗马法的复兴既是自由主义连续发展的关键,也给予了自由主义新风格。它不仅是学术上的复古运动,同时也对西方社会变革产生了深远的影响。

“平等”比“自由”更重要——作为思想史文本的《伤逝》

从清末“罗兰夫人热”到五四“娜拉热”可知,清末以来的女性启蒙思想进入“‘自由’压抑‘平等’”的思维之中。鲁迅《伤逝》延续清末何震关于男女平等的思考,批判清末以来“‘自由’遮蔽‘平等’”的现象,反对将“性别权力问题”转化为“新旧等级问题”的启蒙思路。而且鲁迅在《伤逝》中对男女间“温习旧课”的思考,否定了“五四”时以强者为中心的爱情自由变迁观,反思“‘自由’压抑‘平等’”思维所带来的现实破坏性。同时《伤逝》凸显“家务平等”在自由爱情、婚姻中的重要性,提出日常家务的性别属性并非女性专属,强调“家务平等”与“经济平等”“精神平等”同等重要。总之,作为思想史文本的《伤逝》是近现代女性主义思想走向成熟的标志之一。

罗马法复兴与近代欧洲平等思想的成长

在欧洲大陆权利意识尚未觉醒的时代,承继古希腊思想精髓的古罗马已然具有了反抗贵族压迫和改善奴隶生活的平等理想。随着中世纪对罗马法研究的恢复,罗马精密的律法在得以复现的同时,近代欧洲关于平等的思想也得以塑造。从意识到不平等的存在到古代希腊罗马阐发关于万物平等的理想,从斯多葛学派肯定平等的现实可能性到将法律—政治权利的平等引入现实,平等理论的谱系随着欧洲思想史的演变而展开。罗马法复兴运动除去了蒙在人们眼前的封建荫翳,唤醒了人们对平等的渴望,为无数追求人类进步的繁星指明了方向。在现实意义之上,罗马法的研究不仅打破了中世纪法律思想的沉寂,也拉开了欧洲近代化的帷幕。得益于罗马盛期强大的统治力和规整的法典化形式,罗马法内含的平等基因也为拥有近似历史渊源的欧洲各国所吸收,近代欧洲平等思想在漫长的罗马法复兴运动中得以成长。

1+X证书制度下职业教育类型化发展的内涵、特征及实践路径

推动职业教育类型化发展是职业教育革新和高质量发展的现实诉求。基于动力、过程及目标向度,其具有需求多元性、实践独特性与跨界包容性三种本质特征。1+X证书制度下,全面实现我国职业教育类型化创新发展,需要落实“育训并重”举措,畅通职业教育类型化内部发展渠道;构建职业教育公共服务机制,打造高技能人才“蓄水池”;贯彻“三新”理念,创新培育高质量职教师资队伍。

Development of a Circuit-theory Based Transmission Cost Allocation Method by Orthogonal Projection and Equal-sharing Principle

This paper presents a new solution to the problem of transmission cost allocation to its users.The proposed technique utilizes modified Z-bus theory,equivalent current injection and impedance of the generators and loads,and is developed by the equal-sharing as well as the orthogonal projection principle.The procedure is performed in three steps.First,the modified Z-bus theory is used to calculate the contribution of the users into the network bus voltages as well as the branch currents.Then,the equal sharing principle is confirmed by the game theory solutions and is subsequently applied to identify the users’contributions into the branch power flows.After that,the orthogonal projections of the contributions are calculated and the concept of effective contributions is suggested.The proposed methodology provides the percentage shares of the users on the network complex variables,which help to better assess the contributions.A 2-bus and the IEEE 30-bus test system are used to validate the proposed technique.Finally,the proposed methodology is applied to the polish 2383-bus system to emphasize its applicability to large practical systems.

冷战语境中的1961年美国黑人自由乘车运动及其影响

1960年,肯尼迪在总统大选中的一系列民权改革承诺、大量非洲国家的独立以及入座运动的成功,刺激了美国民权运动直接行动的发展。1961年春,争取种族平等大会的领导人詹姆斯·法默发起自由乘车运动。与之前的民权斗争不同,自由乘车运动招募富有牺牲精神的志愿者,深入美国南部腹地州,挑战州际交通中的种族隔离。该运动利用冷战的国际语境,在美国种族隔离最严重的地区造成一种危机四伏的局面,引起国际社会的广泛关注。自由乘车运动的开展,恰逢肯尼迪总统第一次出国访问,将与苏联领导人赫鲁晓夫会谈之际,这迫使极为重视冷战外交的肯尼迪政府不得不回应美国黑人的民权诉求,废除州际交通中的种族隔离。自由乘车运动表明,在冷战中制造民权危机,不仅能在种族隔离严重的南部腹地州获胜,还可以迫使美国政府把民权改革放到重要的议事日程上。这对民权运动的参与者来说是一种巨大的鼓舞,并推动民权斗争进一步激进化。

社会主义的平等主义何以消解“三难困境”——G.A.科恩对约瑟夫·卡伦斯伦理方案的辩护与拓展

在《拯救正义与平等》一书中,G.A.科恩在回应和驳斥罗尔斯主义者为不平等辩护的“帕累托论证”过程中,针对反平等主义的“三难困境”即自由、平等与帕累托最优(效率或福利)何以相容进行了深入的讨论。值得注意的是,科恩并未直接驳斥三难困境,而是把约瑟夫·卡伦斯的伦理解决方案视为消解三难困境的一个例证,并极力为之辩护。在此基础上,科恩借助“平等主义风尚”的伦理承诺,回应了“新三难困境”,进一步拓展了卡伦斯伦理方案中的自由维度。梳理和阐明反平等主义的“三难困境”及其消解方案,进而把握G.A.科恩与卡伦斯的思想的内在关系,有助于我们更好地理解G.A.科恩的社会主义平等主义理论的复杂性。