Predicting the Type of Crime: Intelligence Gathering and Crime Analysis

Crimes are expected to rise with an increase in population and the rising gap between society’s income levels.Crimes contribute to a significant portion of the socioeconomic loss to any society,not only through its indirect damage to the social fabric and peace but also the more direct negative impacts on the economy,social parameters,and reputation of a nation.Policing and other preventive resources are limited and have to be utilized.The conventional methods are being superseded by more modern approaches of machine learning algorithms capable of making predictions where the relationships between the features and the outcomes are complex.Making it possible for such algorithms to provide indicators of specific areas that may become criminal hot-spots.These predictions can be used by policymakers and police personals alike to make effective and informed strategies that can curtail criminal activities and contribute to the nation’s development.This paper aims to predict factors that most affected crimes in Saudi Arabia by developing a machine learning model to predict an acceptable output value.Our results show that FAMD as features selection methods showed more accuracy on machine learning classifiers than the PCA method.The naïve Bayes classifier performs better than other classifiers on both features selections methods with an accuracy of 97.53%for FAMD,and PCA equals to 97.10%.

Practice and Thinking of Grid Management to Promote Crime Prevention and Control in Urban Community

Practice and Thinking of Grid Management to Promote Crime Prevention and Control in Urban

Preliminary Study on Crime Prevention of Left-behind Children in Rural China

In the process of social and economic development in China,there appears the inevitable problem of crime of left-behind children.Extensive researches and disputes prove that it is,to a greater extent,a social phenomenon resulted from social factors. It is recommended to improve the treatment of migrant workers and solve the problem of school admission for their children,provide effective legal education for those left-behind children whose problem can not be solved in a short term,and supplement the guardianship role to control the crime rate of leftbehind children. Another more effective method is to resume effective control of people's social life through the rural cultural tradition,to fundamentally prevent crime of left-behind children.

Perceptions of People on Police Efficiency and Crime Prevention in Urban Areas in Malaysia

Crime cases from snatch thefts to murders, are becoming increasingly common in Malaysia according to the database of the Royal Malaysian Police （RMP）, the current overall Crime Index in Malaysia was 147,062 for 2013 compared with 65,237 in 1977. The database also revealed that the number of property crimes reported in this country has always exceeded the number of violent crimes. Although in 2013, crimes related to property are higher （117,687） than violent crime （29,375）, the gradual increase in the latter does worry Malaysians. Likewise, Malaysian Government had implemented a ＂safe community＂ concept, inspired by the Malaysian Crime Prevention Foundation （MCPF）, a non-government organization, as they were concerned that the threat of violent crime and non-violent crime would eventually reduce the quality of life for many individuals. The concept is very important to the public as it is perceived as improved safety for the public with less crime. This study analyzes the public safety through their perceptions on the effectiveness of the policeman and suggesting few prevention actions against crime. The data were collected using a self-administered survey questionnaire. Specifically, this study focuses on the more developed states in this country. From the cross tabulation analysis, the majority of respondents agreed that the police are effective in controlling crime. Approximately, 72.1% of respondents felt that the police are efficient in controlling crime.

Security Aspects of Gated Community Housing and the Concept of Safe Townships

Crime is often associated with urban development as urban areas tend to be at greater risk security-wise as compared with other areas. This is the reality of an increasing population crowding into the cities, and fomenting crime in the process. The physical design of the environment also contributes to the escalating crime rate, resulting in fear and anxiety among the residents. The ＂Safe Township＂ concept is an approach to resolving the issue of security in urban areas. It is an agenda within the concept of liveable cities that focuses principally on the problems of urban security. The development of properties within the concept of Gated Community housing is considered a step towards protecting residents in a residential area. The development of fenced Gated Community housing equipped with full-time security facilities is among the strategies in implementing the concept of the Safe Township. This paper discusses the security features in the Gated Community housing development as measures to combat crime in line with the implementation of the Safe Township concept. This study adopts an investigative methodology that combines theory with case studies. The compilation of data was made through literature search, interviews with representatives from the Town Planning Department and data were also collected through observations of Gated Community housing schemes in Johor Bahru.

On Problems of Multicomponent System Maintenance Modelling

We present an overview of some recent developments in the area of mathematical modeling of maintenance decisions for multi-unit systems. The emphasis is on three main groups of multicomponent maintenance optimization models： the block replacement models, group maintenance models, and opportunistic maintenance models. Moreover, an example of a two-unit system maintenance process is provided in order to compare various maintenance policies.

Crime Prevention in Ethnic Areas Focusing on Crime Prevention through Environmental Design

The purpose of this study is to consider crime prevention measures in ethnic areas focusing on Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) by an analysis of crime data and field survey. In this study, it was found that the main type of foreign crime that occurred in the research area was violence, and crimes committed by Koreans, which were mainly violence and crimes such as burglary, theft, robbery, and sexual offences, occurred steadily. Because it was found that crimes were related to the urban planning elements comprised of land use such as traditional market, inn, pub, and complicated space structure and the architectural design for natural surveillance and security facilities such as CCTV, lighting, alarm, and target hardening device, a new strategy for crime prevention design should include street environmental management, improvement of commercial facilities, and reinforcement security device of each buildings has to be spread through support of policy. In conclusion it was thought that CPTED would be a valuable measure to prevention crime and support community activities in ethnic area as expecting an improvement of physical environment and resident participatory for safer community.

Measuring Exterior Safety of Canadian Residential Neighbourhoods

A safety audit measures the safety of 36 exterior attributes of properties and streets in a low-density residential neighbourhood in terms of four principles of modern crime prevention through environmental design, namely, territoriality, natural surveillance, activity support and access control. Eighty-three residents have walked around each of their small neighbourhoods, and audited the safeties of its area, individual private properties, and adjacent area in daylight;and the safeties of its area, properties, and exterior lighting in darkness. Findings are that older-urban neighbourhoods’ overall safety percentages and attribute safeties in daylight and darkness were consistently lower than those in newer suburban, rural or small-town ones;and frequently lower than those in newer-urban neighbourhoods, or older suburban, rural or small-town ones. Recommendations are about improving 12 less safe or unsafe attributes by means of physical planning and environmental design. Also having identified those attributes, we speculate about replicating the safety audit via online Street Views of existing Canadian neighbourhoods.

An Analyze of Anti-Drug Policy and Its Effects of Enrique Pe?a Nieto’s Government in Mexico

The drug problem has gradually penetrated into Mexican politics,economy,culture,and other fields since the 20th century,and has become an important factor affecting Mexico’s development.Enrique Pe?a Nieto took office in 2012,and implemented a new anti-drug policy.His government has made reducing violence a major goal of the anti-drug operation,using the national gendarmerie to counter the drug violence,and reforming the judiciary to prevention crime.Enrique Pe?a Nieto’s anti-drug policy has achieved certain results at the beginning of his term.However,the weakness of the national gendarmerie,corruption,and the sluggish economic development have affected the anti-drug policy,and caused it to fail.The drug problem in Mexico is affected by multiple factors,and its solution is a long one.

Community Crime Prevention Initiatives, Collective Efficacy, and Criminal Investigations

While criminal investigations are usually conducted after the crime has been committed, these investigations can benefit from community crime prevention initiatives. The use of citizen volunteers, citizen awareness campaigns, community-driven research, and programs that facilitate effective police-community relations can aid the investigator in collecting testimony that might otherwise go unreported. Specific examples of how cases have been cleared due to the beneficial inclusion of citizen satisfaction research, crime prevention resources, and volunteer personnel demonstrate how community, crime prevention, and investigation of criminal behavior can be interlinked. The theme of this paper rests on the notion that the community＇s sense of collective efficacy, crime prevention efforts, and criminal investigation processes are not mutually exclusive, but instead should be considered as related aspects of the crime-fighting spectrum.

童年不良经历与犯罪关联性研究

童年不良经历是个体未来犯罪的潜在风险因素,已有研究表明其与犯罪行为具有正向关联性。但针对童年不良经历与重新犯罪间关系的研究较少,且不良经历的内部因素对重新犯罪的影响模式尚未明确。在生态系统理论、生命历程理论和逐级年龄非正式社会控制理论的指导下,通过对在押服刑人员和刑满释放人员的个别访谈和量表评估,深入认识和了解研究对象童年不良经历与其犯罪的潜在关联性,用“数”说话,循“数”治理,以实证方法发现家庭父母关系、教养方式、学校表现、越轨行为、同伴交往等影响因素都是重新犯罪的重要预测因子。通过聚焦个人成长经历劣势累积,提出家庭学校与犯罪的“共线性”关系、越轨行为与犯罪的“凝聚加持”关系,验证了发展犯罪预防理论中关于“生命早期的经历对于形成个体经验有关键性影响”的论述。最后,提出从家庭、学校和专门矫治教育入手的循证预防策略,从而实现犯罪预防的源头预防、法治预防、有效预防。

《刑法修正案(十二)》下行贿犯罪的均衡适用

《刑法修正案(十二)》对行贿犯罪的修改,旨在实现与受贿犯罪惩处的实质均衡,并增强行贿犯罪处罚条款的积极预防功能。这体现的是对行贿犯罪的预防性严惩,而非单纯对其进行严厉惩治。司法应遵循该修法精神指引,确保罪名适用的稳健性。为实现修正案关于贿赂犯罪的处罚均衡性目标,需要将预防性严惩的修法精神与宽严相济、从严治吏等一贯的刑事政策相结合,将“入罪认定总体稳健,量刑评价适度从严”作为新法适用方向。贿赂犯罪的保护法益为职务行为的自主决策权,对行贿犯罪的惩处力度取决于侵害该法益的具体形式,而非“受贿行贿同等罚”。新增的行贿罪从重处罚情节仅为量刑情节,应根据从重处罚的实质依据对各个情节进行目的性限缩解释,以确保司法适用的精确性与均衡性。

跨境电信网络诈骗犯罪的发展与对策

跨境电信网络诈骗作为高发犯罪之一,具有犯罪组织稳定化、诈骗手段多样化、主犯的隐蔽性与从犯的胁迫性等特征。近年来,我国持续加强跨境电信网络诈骗犯罪的打击力度,然而,目前对于打击跨境电信网络诈骗犯罪还存在着许多问题,例如国家之间的法律不一致、调查取证难度大,追缴资金困难,等等。为了有效遏制跨境电信网络犯罪,应当加强与各国的执法合作,加强边境管理,引导出境人员回流,完善赃款追缴机制,进行全链条打击,实施打击与预防犯罪并重等综合策略。

帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的司法误区与理论校正

帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪案件数量急速增长的背后,存在司法适用的若干误区。本罪立法已包含刑法干预早期化的思想,其司法适用不宜再过度强调预防性特征,应在绝对的共犯独立性和严格的共犯从属性之间寻找第三条道路,即正犯行为相对宽松的事实性制约。本罪被帮助行为和帮助行为的罪量要求,都在司法适用中被过度放低。被帮助行为的罪量要求只有在一对多共犯参与模式中才能例外性地放宽,帮助行为的罪量认定则应牢牢把握不法关联性,审慎对待银行卡流水金额这样的泛化标准。应当对本罪主观明知进行限制解释,适当收缩推定规则的适用,防止责任主义原则的弱化。本罪的司法认定应在积极治理网络犯罪和宽严相济刑事政策之间取得平衡。

心理学视域下的电信网络诈骗犯罪研究

目前复杂多变、高发频发的电信网络诈骗犯罪,已经严重威胁公民财产安全,给社会秩序造成了极大破坏。犯罪人与受害人的线上接触、电信网络诈骗犯罪的作案手法均借助了心理学的相关知识。基于心理学理论观点,从多个视角对电信网络诈骗犯罪的发生机制、作案手段、防控对策进行剖析和论证,并运用相关知识制定应对策略,可以弥补当前对电信网络诈骗犯罪学术研究上的不足,对有效打击电信网络诈骗犯罪具有重要意义。

轻罪诉讼模式转型:从“高效治罪”到“守法教化”

“高效治罪”模式是一种以诉讼效率为价值导向,旨在实现惩罚的及时性、必定性和附随后果的严厉性,以达到警示被告人和其他人员并使之不敢犯罪之目标的轻罪诉讼模式。在实践中这一模式存在着认罪自愿性难以保障、忽视社会治理效果、违反比例原则的缺陷。基于刑罚理念、司法制度、文化理念和社会政策的考量,我国的轻罪诉讼模式应当朝着“守法教化”的方向转型,即建立一个旨在帮助被告人认识到自己的错误并悔过自新,以此达到避免重蹈覆辙甚至精神洗礼的目标,进而重新社会化,回报家庭和社会的轻罪司法程序。具体而言,可以借鉴我国少年司法的制度和理念,从强制措施、处理方式、庭审形式、附随后果和社会参与的角度进行建构。

美国“犯罪”观念对英国普通法的传承与超越

犯罪观念不仅是刑法学科的问题,也是国家历史的一个组成部分。英美法系以判例法为主,重视经验和实用,因此两国至今未能颁布一部成文且统一的刑法典而对“犯罪”作出一致表述。美国作为英国的前殖民附属地,自然继承了普通法上的“犯罪”观念,这在犯罪的分类、构成要件和影响因素等方面均有所体现。而美国自独立战争胜利后制定的联邦宪法,助力其在刑法领域的改革与发展。从历史的角度来分析社会现象之一的犯罪,有助于我们把握美国各历史阶段下犯罪与宗教、道德、政权、经济之间的互动关系,探究美国独立后区别于英国普通法下犯罪观念的成果。

生物安全视野下动物次生品犯罪问题防治研究

生物安全是国家安全体系建设的重要组成部分。从生物安全视角对动物次生品安全进行研究发现,在动物次生品防治的过程中存在认识不清、防范意识缺失、管理体系不健全的问题,从而存在引发危害公共安全、资源泄露和恐怖主义犯罪等风险。为此,应当纠正认识偏差,确定风险防范原则,建立动物次生品流通管理机制,设定证据审查程序,切实有效地防范动物次生品犯罪的发生。

刍议逃税罪“不予追究刑事责任”条款的修正

近年来,公众人物逃税的数额之多、影响之大,屡屡将《刑法》关于逃税罪“不予追究刑事责任”条款置于风口浪尖。逃税罪“不予追究刑事责任”条款是否合理,至今存在争议,主要体现为肯定论与否定论。从刑法法理角度来看,该条款的设立有违刑法体系化,偏离了对宽严相济刑事政策的正确理解,消解了刑法的一般预防功能;从司法实务和行政实践观察,该条款采取的行刑反转模式已经显现弊端,导致逃税罪实际处理模式不一、公安机关与税务机关查税权力混淆。当前,应基于风险社会背景下的积极预防性立法理念,对该条款进行完善和修正,将“不予追究刑事责任”改为“从轻、减轻刑事责任”,同时设置条款适用的数额上限。