The eligibility criteria,training content,and scope of practice for prescriptive authority for midwives:a modified Delphi study

Objective:To investigate the necessary eligibility criteria for prescriptive authority for midwives,gather suggestions from experts on training content for prescriptive authority for midwives,and explore the scope of practice of their prescriptive authority in certain circumstances.The results of this study could serve as a reference for the development of policies on prescriptive authority for midwives.Methods:Based on a literature search and semistructured interviews,a modified Delphi method was first used to conduct 2 rounds of expert consultation on eligibility criteria and training content for prescriptive authority for midwives.This stage included nursing experts(20)and medical experts(16)engaged in midwifery in many tertiary Grade A hospitals in China.Subsequently,consultation on the scope of practice of prescriptive authority for midwives was conducted with nursing experts(18)and medical experts(14)engaged in midwifery in many tertiary Grade A hospitals in China.The suggestions from the experts were analyzed using statistical methods to confirm the eligibility criteria for prescriptive authority,training content,circumstances,scope of practice for prescriptive authority,and the prescription forms.Results:Among the consulted experts,70.59%(the highest acceptance rate)considered an undergraduate degree to be the minimum educational requirement for midwives to be eligible for prescriptive authority,85.29%(the highest acceptance rate)considered the supervisor nurse to be the minimum technical position experience necessary for midwives to be eligible for having prescriptive authority,and 50%(the highest acceptance rate)considered 5 years to be the minimum number of years of experience in the specialty for midwives to be eligible for prescriptive authority.The applicants should at least be practicing at Grade C hospitals,which was the consensus among 91.18%of the consulted experts.Among the consulted experts,100%,100%,97.06%,94.12%,and 94.12%agreed that the applicants should have knowledge in pharmacology,laws and ethics,nursing,diagnostics,and midwifery,respectively.The consulted experts confirmed 22 related course topics and identified 6 specific circumstances in which the midwives could partially practice prescriptive authority,including uterine atony,excessive uterine contraction,postpartum hemorrhage,premature rupture of fetal membranes,normal labor,and neonatal asphyxia.Under these 6 circumstances,the consulted experts commonly agreed that there were 20 medication prescriptions and 13 auxiliary examination prescriptions that could be prescribed by midwives.Of these prescriptions,51.5%were independent prescriptions,30.3%were protocol prescriptions,and the remaining 18.2%were both independent and protocol prescriptions.Conclusions:Midwives who have an undergraduate degree,supervisor nurse position,and 5 years of practice in Grade C hospitals are considered eligible to apply for prescriptive authority.Partial prescriptive authority could be granted after regulated training in fundamental theories and practices,which could improve the independence and professionalism of midwifery.

Investigating Efficacy of “Working Memory Training Software” on Students Working Memory

The aim of the present study is developing “Working Memory Training Software”, and investigating its content validity and the efficacy of this computerized cognitive training on students working memory. This study is in R & D research category, and it is performed in a semi-experimental design. Its data were collected from students of the third grade (30), fourth grade (30), and fifth grade (12) of primary school. After specifying the software content validity by asking expertise opinions, and investigating these opinions through Spearman Test (rs = 1), these children attended in intervention program for 10 sessions. The subtests of working memory in “Tehran-Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale” and “Wechsler intelligence scale for children” were conducted in all three groups on the pre-test and post-test. After elimination of the pre-test effect, Paired-Samples T-Test on total scores of subtests of working memory in “Tehran-Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale” (t = 10.869, df = 71, r = 0.967 & P < 0.05) and in “Wechsler intelligence scale for children” (t = 16.809, df = 71, r = 0.983 & P < 0.05) reveals a significant difference in post-test scores. Based on this study the Working Memory Training Software has proper psychometric properties and causes significant improvement in students working memory performance.

Continuity of Natural Science Education in the System of“School-University”

At the present time,new state compulsory standards for school education,standard curricula,and curricula have been developed.The programs of higher and postgraduate education do not take into account changes in educational curricula of secondary education.The future specialists of pedagogical universities are teachers of the school.Therefore,graduates of universities on pedagogical specialties,including scientific direction,should be profoundly aware of the content of subjects studied in secondary education.It is very important to understand the need to ensure the continuity of educational curricula of higher pedagogical and general secondary education in conditions of updating the content of education.The relevance of the research topic is due to the lack of continuity in the educational programs of higher pedagogical and general secondary education in conditions of updating the content of education;discrepancy of professional competences of young pedagogical staff,graduates of higher educational institutions,to the conditions of the updated content of school education;the lack of fundamental and applied research to date,considering the theoretical and methodological foundations for ensuring the continuity of natural science education in the“school-university”system in the context of updating the content of education;the need for the research in the context of the implementation of the State Program for the Development of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2016-2019,which indicates an increase in the prestige of the profession of teachers and an increase in their quality.These theoretical and methodological bases for ensuring the continuity of educational programs of higher pedagogical and secondary education in conditions of updating the content of education will make it possible to introduce changes in the educational curricula of higher and postgraduate education for the training of pedagogical personnel.

基于临床思维培养的中药学课程教学实践

中药学课程对高校培养中医学专业人才中医临床思维具有重要意义。教师需不断提升教学能力和专业素养,重新认识中药学课程地位,积极采用线上线下相融合的混合式教学模式。教材内容整合重排,融入中医经典与名家经验及医案,传承中医药认知思维及文化,补充教材内容之不足,并积极开展第二课堂,提高应用题型测试考核比例,以优化拓展教学内容,增强教学内容的临床实用性、引导性,提升学生的思想、思考、思辨能力,提高中医思维的高度、宽度及深度。

Co-Training——内容和链接的Web Spam检测方法

Web spam是指通过内容作弊和网页间链接作弊来欺骗搜索引擎,从而提升自身搜索排名的作弊网页,它干扰了搜索结果的准确性和相关性。提出基于Co-Training模型的Web spam检测方法,使用了网页的两组相互独立的特征——基于内容的统计特征和基于网络图的链接特征,分别建立两个独立的基本分类器;使用Co-Training半监督式学习算法,借助大量未标记数据来改善分类器质量。在WEB SPAM-UK2007数据集上的实验证明:算法改善了SVM分类器的效果。

Analysis of “Reading and Writing Book （Book I）” of “21st Century College English”

The quality of course books decides the quality of teaching. It is important to evaluate course books. The author analyzes "Reading and Writing Book" of "21st Century College English" based on the Nuttal’s reading model. Firstly, this model is presented in the open- ing part. Secondly, then the author discusses suitability of the course book from its content variety, authenticity and the training of language skills. Thirdly, how Nuttal’s reading prin- ciples and reading skills are reflected in such book is analyzed. Based on the discussion and analysis, conclusions are drawn that it is suitable for reading instruction; many of the reading principles and reading skills are well embodied and trained in this book. Finally suggestions are presented in the conclusion part. These suggestions include: 1) this book should be adopted more authentic materials such as poems, advertisements, recipes, travel guidebooks and so on; 2) teachers may present and train students’ reading skills systematically; 3) teachers should provide more and better non-linear text, such as col- ored pictures, reference book list, etc.

走向公平与卓越:三十多年来我国中小学校长培训政策的演进

通过对1989年至2024年间我国颁布的关于中小学校长培训政策的各类文本进行分析发现,中小学校长培训政策对校长的角色定位兼具教育者、管理者、领导者和教育家多重角色,培训目标强调忠诚性,培训课程内容从通识性培训转向以素质教育实施为主导的专题培训,培训方式由单一走向多元,从重视理论教学到以实践教学为主,形成了以分级管理为特点的四级校长培训管理体系以及从“闭环式”走向“开放式”格局的四级培训提供体系,中小学校长培训经费与制度也有了较强的保障。

雪上项目训练分期研究评述及启示

训练分期是对运动训练过程进行有目的和针对性的设置与控制模型。通过文献资料调研,在梳理越野滑雪、冬季两项、跳台滑雪、北欧两项、高山滑雪和单板滑雪运动员竞技表现影响因素的基础上,评述上述项目的年度训练分期特征。在一般准备期,越野滑雪、冬季两项、北欧两项宜采用经典分期模式,可分阶段加入短期高强度耐力板块训练或高原训练;高山滑雪和单板滑雪宜采用不同素质板块分期组合的形式。特殊准备期,各项目的总负荷量均有所降低,其中越野滑雪提高高强度耐力并降低中等强度耐力;冬季两项减少力量和速度,并保持中低强度射击;北欧两项减少低强度耐力;跳台滑雪加强爆发力并避免体重增加;高山滑雪和单板滑雪在保持多种能力板块转化之后,以维持性训练为主。比赛期,各项目均以专项训练为主,但身体素质训练存在差异,越野滑雪可选择高低强度耐力训练的变化组合;冬季两项加强高强度射击并保持一定的低强度力量和耐力练习;北欧两项保持极限强度练习;跳台滑雪加强力量维持训练;高山滑雪和单板滑雪的训练密度和低强度耐力训练有所增高。

人工智能生成内容的著作权客体性思考——兼论作品判定的独创性标准选择

以基于转换器的生成式预训练模型(GPT)为代表的高阶人工智能凭借其强大的智能型内容生成机制,使得内容产品生产中的技术占比不断上升,人的直接投入占比相对下降,传统著作权法作品的独创性要求、权利人本原则等基本理论受到冲击。面对人工智能生成内容(AIGC)可作品性问题,基于自然人智力投入的创造性本质理论和闭合性作品概念显得力不从心。在过程视角下(主观标准),人工智能内容生成过程符合人类创作的思维特征;在结果视角下(客观标准),人工智能生成内容具有著作权作品的外观形式和信息消费功能,符合著作权作品的本质属性。如果人为割裂人工智能生成内容与著作权作品在产生过程和实质作用上的同质关系,强行区分人工智能生成内容和自然人创作作品的法律性质,则有悖著作权法因应技术发展调整信息消费品利益的制度旨趣,最终将导致著作权法律秩序的混乱。

以胜任力为导向的临床护士呼吸治疗培训目标与内容的构建研究

目的在医院呼吸治疗师数量无法满足临床需求的情况下,构建具有科学性和实用性的护士呼吸治疗培训目标与内容,为今后探索医院内培养护士承担呼吸治疗工作提供基础。方法以“Knowledge(知识)、Skill(技能)、Ability(能力)和Other Attributes(其他特质)”为框架,基于文献回顾、半结构式访谈、德尔菲法确定护士呼吸治疗培训目标与内容。结果2轮专家函询问卷的有效回收率为95%(20/21)、100%(20/20),第二轮函询专家的权威系数为0.912。培训目标包含一级条目3项,二级条目24项;培训内容包含4项一级条目(呼吸专业理论知识、呼吸专业治疗技能、职业能力及专业素质、呼吸治疗质量控制与改进)、16项二级条目、81项三级条目。结论本研究构建实用、科学、符合临床需求的护士呼吸治疗培训目标与内容,可为呼吸治疗相关培训及工作的开展提供参考。

阐释学发展与中国学术批评生态的建构

文学阐释学成为近年来的学术前沿和热点,它对当前学术批评生态的建构具有重要启示和影响。学者围绕理论问题展开深入而持久的争鸣,取得了很多学术共识;论争走向精细化,理论探讨专业且深入;期刊与学者协作,共同推动学术走向繁荣;学术研讨的形式丰富多样,走向多元化和国际化,并呈现出开放、包容、对话的鲜明特征。阐释学发展在批评的形式与内容上都极具典范性、示范性,对推动中国当前学术批评生态的建构意义重大、启迪深远。

精神科临床药师培训

精神科临床药师培训属于岗前专业培训,中国医院协会药事管理专委会对培训基地及带教老师都有既定的要求。精神科临床药师培训的理论课和实践技能培训有其自身特点。作为中国医院协会的精神科临床药师培训基地,上海市精神卫生中心结合培训大纲的要求,建立了信息化的临床药学工作与带教路径,使学员在学习理论和技能的同时,尽快掌握药学服务方法,提升临床思维能力,成为合格的精神科临床药师。在国家“三医联动”改革的推动下,精神科临床药师的工作将越来越受到医院和社会的认可、重视。

环境生物类课程本科生教学改革与实践

课堂教学改革是影响课堂教学效率及课程改革结果的核心环节,也是培养解决生态环境问题的复合型人才的重要切入点。选择环境生物类课程体系作为对象,在分析目前课程教学现状的前提下,从课程内容、课堂教学手段与方法、教学资源构建进行了系统分析,并提出课程引入视频、案例及实践项目强化教学内容,在理解课程内部、课程体系、教学内容与教学实践之间关系的基础上丰富教学手段与方法,同时积极利用电子资源,拓宽学生视野。最后对已取得的初步成效及其下一步存在的问题进行了分析和思考。

基于OBE理念的应用型本科院校一流专业建设研究

该文从人才培养目标制定、毕业要求设计、课程体系建设和教学模式改革等方面进行OBE理念下一流专业建设实施路径研究,并制定一流专业评估体系,评价一流专业的建设成效,为高校的专业建设、人才培养及成效评价提供重要的借鉴。

生成式人工智能及其教育应用的基本争议和对策

本文是对联合国教科文组织《生成式人工智能教育与研究应用指南》的系列解读第二篇,着重讨论生成式人工智能及其教育应用引发的基本争议。“基于工作过程”技术缺陷,生成式人工智能已引发加速数据贫穷、技术不透明导致服务辖区内治理缺失、未经许可搜集训练用数据、模型架构不可解释、基础模型不理解真实世界、生成的信息污染互联网、强势价值观投射、助长违法性深伪等多重争议。生成式人工智能会对平等、包容、学习主体能动性、价值观及语言文化多样性、知识建构的多元性等教育核心价值产生直接而深远的冲击,而这些核心价值应被秉承为考证生成式人工智能教育适用性的逻辑基点。决策者和实践者应遵循“优先管制、确保包容、引导应用”的逻辑路径,强化全系统监管法规和执法能力,确保教育生成式人工智能生态系统安全可信、自主可控、本地适用,进而通过能力建设和实践指导等措施引导合理的教育应用实践。

行政法如何应对生成式人工智能--基于算法、训练数据和内容的考察

生成式人工智能具有更复杂的算法,需要海量训练数据,能够作为内容生产者与用户共同生产新内容,因而带来或放大了行政法层面的治理难题,包括算法黑箱、算法控制权分散化、高质量训练数据短缺、训练数据合法性,以及内容治理等。尽管国家制定了《生成式人工智能服务管理暂行办法》,但它受制于效力位阶,不足以解决行政法层面的治理难题。为此,在算法方面,宜创设面向用户的算法说明义务和新的算法安全评估制度,并根据算法控制主体之间的关系构建相应的监管制度。在训练数据方面,完善公共数据开放制度,建立训练数据备案制度和合法性信任机制。在内容治理方面,区分生产环节和传播环节的内容治理,内容生产环节的规制宜宽松,内容传播环节的规制宜严格。

人工智能中的大语言模型

自然语言处理是人工智能的重要内容,大语言模型是自然语言处理的突出成果。本文描述了大语言模型的发展历程,分别介绍了预训练模型、Transformer模型、动态词向量嵌入模型ELMO、双向编码表示模型BERT、生成式预训练模型GPT等大语言模型的基本原理与结构,最后讨论大语言模型与翻译活动之间的关系以及大语言模型的内容治理问题。大语言模型不仅推动自然语言处理取得工程方面的成功,更深刻改变了过去的语言知识生产方式,使语言研究从单学科迈向多学科。这种变革和创新无疑将推动语言学发展。

腹膜透析同伴教育者培训内容清单的构建研究

目的构建腹膜透析同伴教育者培训内容清单。方法通过文献回顾法和对肾内科医护人员、腹膜透析患者的访谈,初步拟定腹膜透析同伴教育者培训内容清单。选取来自8个省份的15名专家作为函询对象,于2023年9月—11月对其进行2轮函询,最终形成腹膜透析同伴教育者培训内容清单。结果2轮专家函询有效问卷回收率均为100%;专家权威系数分别为0.92、0.95;肯徳尔和谐系数分别0.357和0.384(P<0.001)。最终形成的腹膜透析同伴教育者培训内容清单由3个一级条目、14个二级条目、66个三级条目构成。结论本研究构建的腹膜透析同伴教育者培训内容清单具有较好的科学性和可靠性,可为腹膜透析同伴教育者培训工作的开展提供参考。

哈尔滨工业大学力学中的数学方法课程思政教学研究

习近平总书记在全国高校思想政治工作会议上发表的重要讲话明确指出,高校立身之本在于立德树人。因此,高校要坚持把立德树人作为中心环节,将思想政治工作贯穿教育教学全过程,实现全程育人、全方位育人,努力开创我国高等教育事业发展新局面。力学中的数学方法课程涉及固体力学、流体力学等多个领域,具备基础性强、覆盖面广、课时较长等特点,有利于从知识结构、思想教育方面对学生进行教育。该文针对力学中的数学方法课程所蕴含的思政要素和德育功能进行挖掘、提炼,从教学内容、教学设计、教学方法等方面进行构思设计,旨在通过该课程推进人才全面培养,助力一流学科建设。

高校学生工作在创新人才培养中的育人路径探索

高校学生工作肩负着培养全面发展时代新人的重任,创新人才培养也是高校学生工作的重要职责。当前,学生工作存在主体职责认知偏差、教育指导方式落后、专业师资缺乏、育人环境建设不足等问题。高校学生工作应通过改革培养内容和方式、营造校内外支持性环境、提供相应制度保障等方式培养学生的创新意识、创新精神、创新能力和创新人格,充分加强其在创新人才培养中的育人效能。