An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of the Contract Book of the Civil Code on Labor Dispute Trial Practices:A Study of Four Hundred Judgments

Interpretation(I)of the Supreme People’s Court of Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Labor Dispute Cases allows for the application of pertinent laws and regulations,including the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the“Civil Code”),in labor dispute cases.This has resolved the controversy over the relationship between civil law and labor law in academic and practical communities.In view of this development,we examined four hundred judicial documents,analyzing the focal points of disputes,the reasoning behind judgments,applicable laws,and judgment results.Our study identified seven impacts of the Contract Book of the Civil Code on labor dispute trial practices,exploring the underlying logic behind these changes and proposing policy suggestions to promote consistent judgments across jurisdictions,enhance judicial credibility,and encourage employers to govern enterprises in compliance with the law while empowering employees to safeguard their rights in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.

How does the Civil Code Process the Civil and Commercial Relations According to the Insurance Law

The relationship between the civil law and commercial law is a long-standing issue of controversy in the area of private law, and it is also an issue of unavoidably legislative selection during the codification the civil code in almost every country. Since the founding of the People Republic of China, China has carried out the codification of civil code for four times, and since the part^s eighteen plenary session officially proposed the ＇codification of civil code＇, the issue of the civil and conmaercial relation draws the attention again, either unification or division of civil and commercial law directly affects the system and content of the civil code, and affects how to process the relationship between the civil law and commercial law during the codification of the civil code as well. The codification of the civil code should not only consider the legislative tradition of the civil and commercial legislation and the current legal system, but also pursue characteristics of the commercial law, in a system of combining civil and commercial law, through adding commercial law into the general principle of civil law; the existing commercial law should be separately retained.

Generation method of GPS L1C codes based on quadratic reciprocity law

A new code concept is used for the L1 civil（L1C） signal of the global positioning system（GPS）.The generation of L1C codes is quite different from the generation of traditional ranging codes.Thus,it is necessary to find a method for the correct generation to pave the way for future research.L1C codes are based on only one Legendre sequence which consists of Legendre symbols.To calculate these Legendre symbols,the Euler criterion is always used to evaluate quadratic residues.However,due to the great length of L1C codes,this procedure causes overflow problems.Therefore,the quadratic reciprocity law,some related theorems and properties are introduced to solve the problems.Moreover,if the quadratic reciprocity law,some related theorems and properties are used to calculate different Legendre symbols,the combination modes may vary,which causes a complex generation process.The proposed generation method deals with this complex generation process effectively.In addition,through simulations,it is found that the autocorrelation features of obtained Legendre sequences and L1C codes are in accordance with theoretical results,which proves the correctness of the proposed method.

The Construction of Gender in Modern Chinese Law： Discrepant Gender Meanings in the Republican Civil Code

This article examines the intersection of law, gender, and modernity during the transitional Republican era （1912-49）. It approaches the topic through a critical reading of the Republican Civil Code of 1929-30, and related commentary on the code by Chinese legal experts. By analyzing the gender assumptions embodied in several newly emergent categories of legal regulation, including legal personhood, minimum marriage age, consent, domicile, surnames, marital property, and child custody, the article＇s line of questioning reveals how gender meanings helped to shape modem concepts like universality, equality, and freedom. The findings illustrate the ways in which Republican civil law broke with late imperial legal and gender norms tied to Confucian patrilineal ideology and in addition established new legal and gender meanings that helped to consolidate Chinese politics on a republican basis and to reconfigure modem gender difference on a conjugal basis.

A Historical Perspective on the Unification of Private Law and the Future of the Civil Code

China has a long tradition of legal codification. In looking at the unification of private law, we need to follow three historical threads： the historicity of law, the rationality of private law and the rules governing the growth of private rights. Following on from and amending the Draft Civil Law of 2002, we can use restorative methods to formulate a nine-part civil code suited to China＇s national circumstances. The nine parts comprise the General Principles of Civil Law; Marriage and Family Law; the Law of Succession; Real Rights Law; Intellectual Property Law; Contract Law; Employment Contract Law; Tort Liability Law; and the Law of the Application of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relations. With this goal in mind, we can adopt a four-step legislative process： firstly, integrate the Marriage Law and the Adoption Law to form a unified Marriage and Family Law; secondly, include Employment Contract Law as a separate section of the civil code; thirdly, include Intellectual Property Rights Law as a separate section of the civil code; and fourthly, amend the General Principles of Civil Law so as to integrate Personal Rights, the General Principles of Property Rights （the General Principles of Obligation）, the General Principles of Commercial Law, etc. The civil code formed on this basis possesses historicity, flexibility and contemporaneity, and would become an important constituent in the restatement of Chinese civil life and the remolding of the Chinese system of law.

知识产权客体兜底规范的内在关系及适用逻辑——以《民法典》第123条与《著作权法》第3条的适用为分析视角

《民法典》对知识产权客体类型的立法取向秉持法定主义立场,而现行《著作权法》对作品类型的规范选择却经历了由“作品类型法定”到“作品类型开放”的重大转变,致使两法客观呈现权利客体类型开放与封闭的立法模式差异。实践中应揭示这种假性矛盾的本质,厘清私权部门种属概念间错位类比的逻辑误区,明确过渡性知识产权基本规范对各知识产权单行法特殊性问题的解释缺失,以《民法典》与《著作权法》之间互为“表里”的“隔代”调适关系为逻辑基础,支撑知识产权客体相关规范在司法适用中的实践展开。即以作品类型扩张的现实表现和法律解释经验为起点,以民事私权的价值理念为根基,秉持审慎开放、体系化解释和司法确认优先原则,在具体案件中依照知识产权权属定位、著作权权属定位、作品类型定位的逻辑层次,在权利客体兜底款项启用时严格把握相对开放的审慎裁判思路。

“Fundamental Rights and Private Law” in China

The Qi Yuling case is a crucial juncture in the study of “fundamental rights and private law” in China, yet relevant research is underpinned on two clues. The first is that the increasing interest in the “constitutionalization of private law” worldwide provides knowledge resources and reference materials for scholars in China;the second is the understanding and exploration of the judicial application of the Constitution since the 1980s. Among them, such concepts as “the Constitution has direct legal effect” and “the Constitution needs to be implemented by the people” could have directly affected the Qi Yuling case. Focusing on such topics as the case of Qi Yuling, judicial enforcement of the Constitution, and the compilation of the Civil Code, scholars discussed the ways and scope for inclu ding fundamental rights in private law based on their experience abroad. They also looked into specific issues, covering how fundamental rights affect civil acts and the private law effects fundamental rights like personality rights, equali ty rights, freedom of speech, and protection of personal information. In the context of promoting the full implementation of the Constitution in the new era, “fundamental rights and private law” is still a field with great potential in both practice and theory.

论集体公益性建设用地使用权的法律构造

集体公益性建设用地使用权的法律供给严重不足,学者观点又存在较大分歧。在“房地一体”登记下,集体土地所有权的代表行使主体享有独立的集体公益性建设用地使用权,并应平等、补充适用《土地管理法》与《民法典》。界分村级组织集体公益性建设用地使用权的登记主体是村民委员会还是农村集体经济组织,应尽量登记给村民委员会。集体公益性建设用地使用权的设立宜采取拨用而非划拨的方式,并经登记生效;其不能抵押,但可以在不降低公益效用的前提下,经政府机关批准和集体成员民主议定,采取转让、互换等方式处分。集体公益性建设用地使用权因集体公益收回应当符合比例原则,因经营性转化应当明确转化的条件、程序、方式和收益分配。

社会主义核心价值观融入民法典的生成逻辑和实践向度

社会主义核心价值观与民法典形成相互影响、相互塑造的互构逻辑:社会主义核心价值观通过奠定思想灵魂塑造民法典的中国特色;民法典通过设定私法秩序形成社会主义核心价值观的运行规则。社会主义核心价值观融入民法典的生成逻辑包括德法合治的历史传统、法律和价值的耦合关系、民法典人民至上的价值旨归。社会主义核心价值观主要从立法、执法、司法、守法等不同层面融入民法典,具有宣示国家价值目标、引领社会价值取向、明确个人价值准则的重要作用。进一步厘清社会主义核心价值观融入民法典实践向度的具体方式和边界,有助于发挥社会主义核心价值观引领法治建设的重要作用。

《民法典》动产与权利担保制度的商法属性解释论

《民法典》第388条对功能主义担保立法模式的引入,使动产和权利统一担保体系具有了较为鲜明的商法属性。但囿于民商合一的立法体例,其商事元素大多隐藏在民事规范之下,不得彰显。现行担保体系对商事担保的特殊性及商事交易实践需求不能及时作出回应,对商事交易实践造成影响。故而民商合一的立法体例需通过法律适用在实质上实现一般化一体规制,特殊化区分规制的立场。对此,商法视角的引入极为必要。商事担保以效益优先为价值理念,以功能主义为底层逻辑,在制度设计上具有更多的商事元素。利用区分原则,对担保体系中的民商事担保规范进行区分、整合,以形成担保体系“形式民商合一,实质统分结合”的体例。同时,商法思维的适用应兼顾商事规范的个性及民事规范的稳定,从而对动产和权利统一担保体系的商法属性作出回应,以期促进商事金融的发展创新。

《民法典合同编通则解释》的理解与适用

原《合同法》及相关司法解释废止后时隔三年,《民法典合同编通则解释》在各界期盼中发布施行。在适用范围上,《民法典合同编通则解释》既适用于合同纠纷案件,也适用于非合同纠纷案件,除非依其性质不能适用;在覆盖内容上,《民法典合同编通则解释》内容丰富、亮点纷呈、形式创新,条文与司法案例配套同步出台,可形成组合效应;在时间效力上,《民法典合同编通则解释》可以溯及既往;在思维方法上,《民法典合同编通则解释》尊重立法原意,不作创新性续造,思路清晰,结构合理,方法科学。此外,为帮助正确理解适用《民法典合同编通则解释》的相关条款,还对譬如从无到有的情势变更条款的前世今生、前因后果及其与不可抗力的区别和联系作了梳理分析,并提出了修改完善《海商法》的立法建议。

论清偿型以物抵债协议产生的选择权——以《合同编通则解释》第27条为中心

《合同编通则解释》第27条规定的“债务履行期限届满后所达成的以物抵债协议”属于“清偿型以物抵债协议”。该条在总结司法实践经验的基础上,围绕对债权人的保护,将以物抵债协议规定为诺成合同,确立了清偿型以物抵债协议生效后新旧债并存的规则。在解释当事人之间达成的以物抵债协议时,应当采取两步走的方式:第一步是确定当事人是否有以新债代替旧债的合意,第二步是在不能确定合同发生变更时,出现新旧债并存的局面。在新旧债并存时,该条并未明确债务人的选择权,但该条规定与民法典第515条选择之债的规定是一致的,该条规定内容可以解释为在新旧债并存时,债务人享有选择权。同时,该条也确认了,在债务人不履行新债务时债权人的选择规则,并与民法典第515条规定保持了一致。债务人不履行新债时债权人有选择权。债权人一旦行使选择权,债务人就应当履行相应的债务。通过选择权的行使将使选择之债变成简单之债。

普遍服务义务及其私法实现——兼论《民法典》第494条内蕴的公法与私法关系

《民法典》第494条规定了三种强制缔约方式,其第2款为落实普遍服务义务最重要的私法措施。普遍服务义务的性质为最终由国家对公民承担的行政给付义务,并非市场主体的义务。其正当性源于技术革新和经济发展对“体面和有尊严的生活”的新要求、因国家职能变迁而兴起的“担保国家”观念、部分基础设施的自然垄断属性等。普遍服务义务的设置需厘定公私畛域,防范企业不当扩张自然垄断的范围,从而阻碍市场化进程。依我国现行法,特定企业承担的普遍服务义务为法定义务,并非其社会责任。我国有必要承认间接强制缔约理论,在所有公共事业领域类推适用电力、电信和邮政领域的普遍服务规范。普遍服务的义务人应获得基金补贴,而不应通过其业务获得交叉补贴。普遍服务义务的实现程度受经济能力和技术水平的双重限制,故强制要约义务原则上不宜强制履行;在强制承诺时,相对人的要约必须合理。违反强制承诺义务的,义务人应承担缔约义务,因此给对方造成损失的,应承担侵权责任。

论横琴粤澳深度合作区规则衔接的示范法路径:以合同法为例

从粤港澳大湾区到横琴粤澳深度合作区,在“一国两制”原则下构建统一营商环境的过程中,民商事法律制度及规则的衔接已经成为区域经济一体化发展的现实需求和必然趋势。在践行法律衔接的过程中,除了灵活使用冲突法规则、加强跨境司法合作等方式外,通过起草示范法来推进不同法域间民商事规则的趋同对国家区域法治的发展具有长远的意义。本文以合同法领域为例,通过梳理、比较及归纳内地与澳门特别行政区法律制度中的“同类项”,探索通过示范法路径实现琴澳民商事规则衔接的可能性。

彩礼返还规则司法适用的困境与突破

彩礼是古代婚姻缔结的必经程序,后作为一种民间婚嫁习俗存在已久。近年来,随着天价彩礼的出现以及离婚率的增加,彩礼返还纠纷日益增长,但立法的缺失和现有司法解释的模糊造成了司法实践的困境。通过分析《民法典》实施以来彩礼纠纷高发地区的生效判决文书,发现司法适用中普遍存在着彩礼返还范围不同、彩礼返还比例不一、认定给付人生活困难标准缺位等问题,导致同案异裁现象严重,伤害司法权威。当前,需要从明确彩礼返还范围、建立彩礼返还比例体系、确立给付人生活困难标准三个方面入手,积极建构彩礼返还规则的司法突破路径,让司法为民更加精细化。

《民法典》实施视角下的网络涉警舆情应对研究

《民法典》赋予公安机关相当广泛的民事管理和服务职责。《民法典》的颁布实施,对公安机关的执法办案工作和民警的处警能力水平提出了新的更高要求。当前,公安机关贯彻实施《民法典》面临着知识储备相对不足、执法理念存在偏差和媒体应对能力欠缺等问题和挑战。推动公安工作理念升级,切实涵养民警民法素质,规范民警执法行为,提升舆情应对处置能力,既是公安机关贯彻实施《民法典》的内在要求,也是有效遏制网络涉警舆情滋生蔓延的必要举措。

生态环境损害救济的路径调适及入典规则安排

目前我国生态环境损害救济路径包括以行政命令、行政处罚为主的行政执法路径,政府部门提起的政府索赔路径,以及环境民事公益诉讼路径。多路径并存的制度体系并非井然有序,存在法理基础逻辑障碍、制度衔接不畅、相关主体角色错位等困境。构建途径畅通的生态环境损害救济路径,持续改善环境治理,是当前促进我国生态环境保护与治理现代化的重要课题。法典化塑造的特定背景中,生态环境损害救济路径仍面临入典规则如何安排的新挑战。厘清生态环境损害救济路径中行政执法、政府索赔与环境民事公益诉讼的关系,尊重行政执法的首次判断权,以行政执法为首要选择,政府索赔次之,而环境民事公益诉讼作为补充。为保证路径内部逻辑一贯,并处理好路径之间的衔接,必须类型化区分生态环境损害赔偿路径,最大程度发挥制度合力。

法治政府建设中民法典适用研究

民法典以其基本法律的属性对我国法治政府建设起着规范作用。法治政府在内涵建设上需要秉持人民至上的价值理念、权利保障的基本要求、依法行政的运行规则、公私协同的治理模式。民法典是法治政府建设的基本法律依据,是正确处理政府与市场、公法与私法的关系的标尺。它强化了法治政府建设的价值目标,推动着良法善治的政府治理实现。当前,法治政府建设对民法典的适用需要进一步解决民事主体权利保护,公权与私权、政府与市场的协调融合,以及社会公序良俗维护等方面的问题。因此,法治政府建设需要以继续完善立法、规范行政行为、遵从民法优先的冲突解决机制等方面作为民法典适用的关键。

民法典时代承包地“三权分置”再立法论

承包地“三权分置”的法律表达未严格遵循私法逻辑,导致入法、入典后出现诸多评价矛盾和规范冲突,表现为耕地、林地和草地作为本质不同的承包地难以一体适用“三权分置”规则体系;土地经营权兼具债权属性和物权特征,将其定位为一元化的债权或者物权存在解释限度;土地承包经营权主体在农户和农户家庭成员之间摇摆;土地承包经营权的“身份性”与其可转让性、承包期内不得调整承包地、保护进城落户农民财产权利之间均存在矛盾冲突。应适时重启承包地“三权分置”立法论研究,在《民法典》内外体系约束下,重构承包地“三权分置”权利体系,细致梳理耕地、林地和草地可得适用的规范群,明确土地承包经营权为集体成员的家庭成员所共有,祛除土地承包经营权的身份属性,赋予出租方式设立的土地经营权以部分物权效力,以真正巩固和完善农村基本经营制度,发展新型农村集体经济。

中国民法语境下“合同效力”的层次性

从《民法典》与《民法典合同编通则解释》就行政审批对合同效力的影响、无权处分的法律后果等所作的规定看,“合同效力”在我国民法上具有明显的层次性。广义的合同效力与广义的合同拘束力属同义语,是法律对当事人合意的认可和保护,其前提是合同具备有效要件,即“依法成立”。因此,合同无效与合同不成立并无实质区别。但是,为了准确描述合同已依法成立但未生效的法律状态,我国民法有时是在狭义上使用合同拘束力的概念,并将其与狭义的合同效力概念区别开来:前者指当事人于合同依法成立后不得擅自撤销或者解除合同,并不得违反诚信原则恶意阻止条件成就或消极对待报批义务;后者则指当事人一方得基于合同请求对方履行约定的义务,即履行效力。此外,由于我国民法上的买卖合同不仅包含当事人发生债权债务关系的意思,而且包含当事人移转所有权的意思,因此,还应将买卖合同的效力进一步区分为履行效力与移转效力。“合同效力”的此种层次性,既是现代交易阶段化的必然产物,也是中国民法体系特色的重要表现。