Insights into the size effect of ZnCr_(2)O_(4)spinel oxide in composite catalysts for conversion of syngas to aromatics

Direct conversion of syngas to aromatics(STA)over oxide-zeolite composite catalysts is promising as an alternative method for aromatics production.However,the structural effect of the oxide component in composite catalysts is still ambiguous.Herein,we investigate the size effect by selecting ZnCr_(2)O_(4)spinel,as a probe oxide,mixing with H-ZSM-5 zeolite as a composite catalyst for STA reaction.The CO conversion,aromatics selectivity and space-time yield(STY)of aromatics are all significantly improved with the crystal size of ZnCr_(2)O_(4)oxide decreases,which can mainly attribute to the higher oxygen vacancy concentration and thus the rapid generation of more C1oxygenated intermediate species.Based on the understanding of the size-performance relationship,ZnCr_(2)O_(4)-400 with a smaller size mixing with H-ZSM-5 can achieve32.6%CO conversion with 76%aromatics selectivity.The STY of aromatics reaches as high as 4.79 mmol g_(cat)^(-1)h^(-1),which outperforms the previously reported some typical catalysts.This study elucidates the importance of regulating the size of oxide to design more efficient oxidezeolite composite catalysts for conversion of syngas to value-added chemicals.

Catalytic effect in lithium metal batteries: From heterogeneous catalyst to homogenous catalyst

Lithium metal batteries are regarded as prominent contenders to address the pressing needs owing to the high theoretical capacity.Toward the broader implementation,the primary obstacle lies in the intricate multi-electron,multi-step redox reaction associated with sluggish conversion kinetics,subsequently giving rise to a cascade of parasitic issues.In order to smooth reaction kinetics,catalysts are widely introduced to accelerate reaction rate via modulating the energy barrier.Over past decades,a large amount of research has been devoted to the catalyst design and catalytic mechanism exploration,and thus the great progress in electrochemical performance has been realized.Therefore,it is necessary to make a comprehensive review toward key progress in catalyst design and future development pathway.In this review,the basic mechanism of lithium metal batteries is provided along with corresponding advantages and existing challenges detailly described.The main catalysts employed to accelerate cathode reaction with emphasis on their catalytic mechanism are summarized as well.Finally,the rational design and innovative direction toward efficient catalysts are suggested for future application in metal-sulfur/gas battery and beyond.This review is expected to drive and benefit future research on rational catalyst design with multi-parameter synergistic impacts on the activity and stability of next-generation metal battery,thus opening new avenue for sustainable solution to climate change,energy and environmental issues,and the potential industrial economy.

The causes and environmental effects of land use conversion during agricultural restructuring in Northeast China

During the last decade of the 20th century, extensive conversion inagricultural land use took place in Northeast China. The goal of this study is to ascertain itsspatial distribution and regional differentiation, determine its causes, and analyze itsenvironmental impact. Especially we attempt to elucidate how institutional constraints havefacilitated the change at a time of agrarian restructuring when newly emerging free market washybridized with the former planned economy. Information on six categories of land use was mappedfrom interpretation of Landsat TM images recorded in 1990, 1995 and 2000. Most of land use changestook place during the first half of the decade, coinciding with abrupt and chaotic changes ingovernment directives. Farmland was changed mainly to woodland, water body and built-up areas whilewoodland and grassland were converted chiefly to farmland. Spatially, the change from farmland towoodland was restricted to the west of the study area. The change from grassland to farmland tookplace in the grazing and farming interlocked west. These chaotic and occasionally conflictingchanges were largely caused by lack of stability and consistency in agricultural land use policiespromulgated. They have exerted adverse impacts on the local environment, including land degradation,increased flooding, and modified climate regime.

The impact of cropland conversion on environmental effect in the Loess Plateau: a pilot study based on the national experimental bases

Conversion of cropland to forestry and grassland is an important method to reduce soil erosion and improve the biophysical environment in the Loess Plateau. The feasibility, methods, and environmental effects of cropland conversion were studied based on 11 typical watersheds of national experimental bases instead of different geographic areas of the Loess Plateau. Between 1986 and 2000, cropland, sloping cropland and non-agricultural land decreased by 8%, 92.5% and 8% respectively, while forestry increased by 15.7%. The land use change not only decreased annual soil erosion by 74%, but also increased vegetation coverage by 100% and improved the soil condition and biodiversity. This can be achieved by building basic farmland, increasing capital and scientific input, and planting trees and grasses according to the natural biophysical restrictions.

Welfare effects of rural-urban land conversion on different aged land-lost farmers:exemplified in Wuhan city

Rural-urban land conversion is a universal phenomenon in the rapid process of economic development and urban growth.The welfare of farmers who lost their farmland attracted a widespread concern within the society and academia.However,further research about differentiated policies according to the characteristics of different farmer groups is still need to be conducted.This article divides the land-lost farmers into three age groups:younger than 45,45-65,and more than 65.It proposes a welfare index system including eight functional areas based on different age groups of affected farmers,taking four districts of Wuhan City as case study area.Fuzzy mathematics method is used to derive the aggregated welfare effect index.Our analysis show that the overall welfare levels of land-lost farmers of all age groups declined,but with a varying degree,with the level of welfare in those farmers who are 45-65 years old,younger than 45 years old,and older than 65 years old decreased by 18.7%,16.6%,and 12.7%,respectively.The direction and degree of effects on the functional activity index varies among different groups.Economic conditions,living environment,health,and social participation of all age groups decrease while social security and housing conditions increase.On the other hand,development opportunities,social communication,and leisure have different changing directions in different age stages.These results call for differentiated and tailor-made compensation policies for land-lost farmers,towards improving the welfare levels of all farmers and reduce the disparity among them.

Effect of sintering temperature on luminescence properties of borosilicate matrix blue–green emitting color conversion glass ceramics

The color conversion glass ceramics which were made of borosilicate matrix co-doped(SrBaSm)Si2O2N2:(Eu^3+Ce^3+) blue-green phosphors were prepared by two-step method in co-sintering. The change in luminescence properties and the drift of chromaticity coordinates(CIE) of the(SrBaSm)Si2O2N2:(Eu^3+Ce^3+) blue-green phosphors and the color conversion glass ceramics were studied in the sintering temperature range from 600℃ to 800℃. The luminous intensity and internal quantum yield(QY) of the blue-green phosphors and glass ceramics decreased with the sintering temperature increasing. When the sintering temperature increased beyond 750℃, the phosphors and the color conversion glass ceramics almost had no peak in photoluminescence(PL) and excitation(PLE) spectra. The results showed that the blue-green phosphors had poor thermal stability at higher temperature. The lattice structure of the phosphors was destroyed by the glass matrix and the Ce^3+ in the phosphors was oxidized to Ce^4+, which further caused a decrease in luminescent properties of the color conversion glass ceramics.

Facet effect on the reconstructed Cu-catalyzed electrochemical hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) towards 2,5-bis(hydroxymethy)furan (BHMF)

The electrochemical hydrogenation of HMF to BHMF is an elegant alternative to the conventio nal thermocatalytic route for the production of high-value-added chemicals from biomass resources.In virtue of the wide potential window with promising Faradic efficiency(FE) towards BHMF,Cu-based electrode has been in the center of investigation.However,its structure-activity relationship remains ambiguous and its intrinsic catalytic activity is still unsatisfactory.In this work,we develop a two-step oxidation-reduction strategy to reconstruct the surface atom arrangement of the Cu foam(CF).By combination of multiple quasi-situ/in-situ techniques and density functional theory(DFT) calculation,the critical factor that governs the reaction is demonstrated to be facet effect of the metallic Cu crystal:Cu(110) facet accounts for the most favorable surface with enhanced chemisorption with reactants and selective production of BHMF,while Cu(100) facet might trigger the accumulation of the by-product 5,5'-bis(hydroxy methy)hydrofurion(BHH).With the optimized composition of the facets on the reconstructed Cu(OH)_(2)-ER/CF,the performance could be noticeably enhanced with a BHMF FE of 92.3% and HMF conversion of 98.5% at a potential of -0.15 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(vs.RHE) in 0.1 M KOH solution.This work sheds light on the incomplete mechanistic puzzle for Cu-catalyzed electrochemical hydrogenation of HMF to BHMF,and provides a theoretical foundation for further precise design of highly efficient catalytic electrodes.

Improving the energy efficiency of surface dielectric barrier discharge devices for plasma nitric oxide conversion utilizing active flow control

Improving energy efficiency in plasma NO removal is a critical issue.When the surface dielectric barrier discharge(SDBD)device is considered as a combination of multiple plasma actuators,the induced plasma aerodynamic effect cannot be ignored,which can affect the mass transfer,then affect the chemical reactions.Five SDBD devices with different electrode arrangements are studied for NO conversion.They correspond to different flow patterns.We find that the energy efficiency in an SDBD device with a common structure(Type 1)is 28%lower than that in SDBD devices with a special arrangement(Types 2–5).Two reasons may explain the results.First,fewer active species are produced in Type 1 because the development of discharge is hindered by the mutually exclusive electric field forces caused by the symmetrically distributed charged particles.Second,the plasma wind induced by the plasma actuator can enhance the mass and heat transfer.The mixing of reactants and products is better in Types 2–5 than Type 1 due to higher turbulence kinetic energy.

Laser-assisted Simulation of Dose Rate Effects of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Devices

Laser-assisted simulation technique has played a crucial role in the investigation of dose rate effects of silicon-based devices and integrated circuits,due to its exceptional advantages in terms of flexibility,safety,convenience,and precision.In recent years,wide band gap materials,known for their strong bonding and high ionization energy,have gained increasing attention from researchers and hold significant promise for extensive applications in specialized environments.Consequently,there is a growing need for comprehensive research on the dose rate effects of wide band gap materials.In response to this need,the use of laser-assisted simulation technology has emerged as a promising approach,offering an effective means to assess the efficacy of investigating these materials and devices.This paper focused on investigating the feasibility of laser-assisted simulation to study the dose rate effects of wide band gap semiconductor devices.Theoretical conversion factors for laser-assisted simulation of dose rate effects of GaN-based and SiC-based devices were been provided.Moreover,to validate the accuracy of the conversion factors,pulsed laser and dose rate experiments were conducted on GaN-based and SiC-based PIN diodes.The results demonstrate that pulsed laser radiation andγ-ray radiation can produce highly similar photocurrent responses in GaN-based and SiC-based PIN diodes,with correlation coefficients of 0.98 and 0.974,respectively.This finding reaffirms the effectiveness of laser-assisted simulation technology,making it a valuable complement in studying the dose rate effects of wide band gap semiconductor devices.

Effect of conversion from cyclosporine A to tacrolimus on patients with chronic allograft nephropathy

Objective To investigate the effect of conversion from cyelosporine A ( CsA ) to tacrolimus ( Tac) on chronic allograft nephropathy ( CAN) . Methods 153 CAN patients undergoing kidney transplantation received CsA,mycophenolate mofetil ( MMF) and

The mid-long term effect of conversion from cyclusporine to trcrolimus in patients with kidney

Objective To verify the efficacy and safety of conversion from cyclosporine ( CsA) to tacrolimus ( Tac) in renal transplant recipients. Methods The clinical data of conversion from CsA to Tac in renal transplant recipients were retrospectively analyzed. In 97 petients undergoing kidney transplantation,there were 62 cases of chronic al-

煤储层含气性深度效应与成藏过程耦合关系

埋深是影响煤层气富集程度的综合要素,理解含气性深度效应是认识深浅部煤层气赋存状态与聚集机制的重要基础。基于煤层气勘探现状,在剖析鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气探井资料的基础上,综合常规-非常规油气成藏地质学理论,探讨了煤层含气量、饱和吸附量、含气饱和度深度效应及其与成藏过程的耦合关系。煤层气成藏是构造沉降阶段生烃供气和回返抬升阶段相态转化、逸散的耦合结果,体现为自封闭成藏和浮力成藏的深度耦合,含气性变化存在饱和吸附量转折和游离气滞留两个关键深度界限,且二者不具备绝对同步性:(1)饱和吸附气量是煤在特定温压条件下的固有属性,不受保存条件的严格限制,其随深度的演化过程是控制相态转换的基础,压力梯度和变质程度补偿效应会引起现今区域饱和吸附量转折深度(带)的明显滞后。(2)游离气的运聚成藏与改造定型受控于地层回返抬升阶段的遮盖条件,涉及埋深-构造-水动力场三元耦合效应及浮力、储盖层毛管力的综合影响,抬升幅度小且改造强度弱时方可具备游离气滞留保存条件,滞留深度以浅地层封闭性降低,游离气普遍散失。鄂尔多斯盆地东缘柳林-延川南一带煤层总含气量随埋深增大近乎线性增高,深部收敛趋势不明显,不同变质程度煤理论饱和吸附量转折深度为1600~2200 m,但煤阶的区域分异致使原位饱和吸附量随埋深持续增大;大宁-吉县区块游离气滞留临界深度约2000 m,2500 m处含气饱和度平均约120%,3000 m处含气饱和度预计可达136%。不同地区煤层气成藏背景和地质条件存在差异,含气性深度效应需具体分析,分析重点应聚焦于甲烷相态转换、地层封闭条件的时空演化对现今气、水分布的综合影响,以实现深部煤层气的分区分带评价和高效开发设计。

基于风险补偿效应的银行转股型永续债优化设计与定价

效应是衡量金融产品设计成败的重要依据。研究对永续债内蕴的风险补偿效应进行剖析与量化,并以风险补偿效应的控制为依据对转股条款进行优化设计:特别考虑了“部分转股”的情景,即在轻度财务困境时可实施部分转股,弥补了现有条款“一刀切”式的全部转股方式的弊端。进一步,给出了与所设计的转股条款相适宜的各利益方权益价值的结构化定价方法,并构建了可体现各利益方激励相容性的确定转股比例的约束优化模型,以充分体现发行方与投资者之间的“共建共享”特征。数值分析结果表明:适宜的转股条款设计可较好地控制风险补偿效应,既兼顾了永续债投资者的利益,又保护了发行银行股东的权益,且有利于提高发行银行的价值;所设计的转股条款在多种情景下均具有良好的可实施性,进而有望为永续债市场的良性发展提供有益的决策参考。

基于柔性铰链结构的大口径压电快摆镜

为了解决压电作动器驱动的快速反射镜因压电作动器伸长量较小,导致快速反射镜偏转角过小的问题,该文提出了一款新型快速反射镜设计方案。采用三级杠杆式柔性铰链放大机构实现压电作动器位移的放大,采用柔性轴承作为快摆镜的运动关节实现快摆镜的大角度定轴偏转。通过理论推导和有限元仿真对快摆镜的最大偏转角度、等效应力、谐振频率以及振型进行分析。实验结果表明,所设计的快摆镜可以实现大于2 mrad的镜面偏转,满足大范围、高精度的光束定位要求。

高功率水平阵列半导体激光器干冰冷却性能的研究

本研究设计了一种针对高功率半导体激光器散热问题的干冰微粒喷雾冷却散热器,并利用FLUENT软件对其热流场进行了模拟仿真。得出:入口带有多出口喷嘴的散热器,冷流体在针柱的扰动后对高功率半导体激光器的散热效果最好。干冰流速为0.5 m/s,稳定后的温度为24.79℃。实验测试与模拟仿真结果对比,得出最大相对误差分别为8.3%、8.8%。此外,与微通道水冷相比,干冰冷却降温的激光器整体温度低,电光转换效率高,沿垂直条宽方向温度分布均匀,热应力减小,“smile”效应减弱。研究结果为开发高功率水平阵列半导体激光器干冰冷却打下基础。

基于名义粒径的砂岩颗粒破碎强度及颗粒集合抗剪强度的尺寸效应研究

对单颗粒和颗粒集合分别进行单轴压缩试验和直剪试验,探究不同尺寸、含石量和最大粒径下颗粒强度特征。基于Weibull统计模型建立颗粒强度尺寸效应公式,统计单颗粒名义粒径尺寸占比并推出级配曲线,再将名义粒径级配曲线与颗粒集合级配曲线对比,得到颗粒集合中特征粒径与名义粒径转化关系,由此得到从单颗粒推广到颗粒集合的强度尺寸效应公式,并检验公式适用性。结果表明:砂岩颗粒强度具有明显的尺寸效应;强度尺寸效应公式可以更好地预测天然级配堆石料的强度参数,对实际工程具有一定的指导意义。

基于类电磁诱导透明效应的极化转换滤波器

在太赫兹频段基于类电磁诱导透明效应(electromagnetically induced transparency,EIT)提出了一种高效率极化转化滤波器,通过非对称结构激励了多能级明模路径,在传统EIT干涉效应的基础上,获得了正交的圆极化转换窗口.通过两组具有相似共振频率的明模相互干涉产生透射窗口,然后构造非对称结构来实现TE和TM极化下的透射窗口偏移,从而实现双频点极化转换.该超材料的单元结构由4个开口T型金属谐振组成.通过分析表面电流分布、频率响应特性以及入射角特性,探究了其工作机理.研究结果显示,该设计在不同极化下实现了电磁诱导透明现象.随后,基于两个入射极化的EIT共振,在0.692 THz处实现了线极化到右旋圆极化转换和0.782 THz处实现了线极化到左旋圆极化转换,透射系数分别为0.7和0.68.这种基于EIT的极化转化具有低损耗和超薄的特点,在紧凑型天线、衍生雷达相控阵和军事工业探测器领域有潜在应用价值.

不同水分管理条件下硫素对稻田土壤磷素有效性的影响研究

为了探究不同水分管理条件下硫素对水稻土壤磷素有效性的影响,采用室内土壤模拟培养试验,共设4个处理:淹水(YS)、淹水+硫磺(YS S)、干湿交替(GS)以及干湿交替+硫磺(GS S),通过测定土壤pH、Eh、Fe^(2+)、Olsen-P、无机磷组分、有机磷组分和磷酸酶活性,并对各数据进行相关性进行分析。结果表明,土壤Olsen-P含量在30 d时达到峰值,培养60 d时,YS S处理Olsen-P含量最高,相较于YS提高10.65%;培养60 d时,YS S处理和GS S处理中Fe-P含量均高于未添加硫磺处理组;淹水条件下添加硫磺能够降低土壤pH值,较空白处理降低0.05个单位;同时能显著降低土壤Eh值,较空白处理降低12.85%,即淹水条件下硫磺的添加促进S向S~(2-)还原;YSS处理中LOP和MLOP含量显著提高,而MSOP含量显著降低;淹水条件下添加硫磺增加土壤中酸性磷酸酶活性。本研究表明,在淹水处理条件下添加硫磺更有利于土壤中Ca-P和O-P向Fe-P有效转化,有效提高土壤LOP和MLOP含量,提高水稻土的供磷能力,以此提高水稻土中磷的有效性。

某三级甲等医院专利状况分析及对策研究

目的了解郑州大学第一附属医院2013—2022年专利申请和授权情况,发现专利管理工作中存在的问题,并探讨对策。方法统计医院2013—2022年专利数据,对专利申请和授权情况、授权专利类型分布、专利技术领域、有效率和转化情况进行分析。结果2013—2022年医院共申请专利5145件,获授权专利3385件。2013—2016年申请量和授权量持续上升,2016—2019年迅猛增长,并在2020年达到顶峰,随后申请量和授权量均下降;发明授权权利占比较低,实用新型授权专利占比较高;无效专利占授权专利总数的31.99%,且专利转化率低。结论医院专利申请量较大,但高质量专利申请占比较低,整体趋势并不乐观。建议建立完善的专利管理体系,加大经费扶持力度,完善专利奖励制度,加强专利管理人才队伍建设,建立高价值专利培育体系,健全专利转化平台建设。

级联声光器件与回音壁模式微腔实现非对称传输

本文提出利用级联声光效应器和耦合回音壁模式微球腔的方案来实现非对称传输效果,并进行理论和实验验证.实验中利用加热拉锥的方式制备了两段式光纤,可同时实现声光效应的激发和回音壁模式的耦合.利用光纤中声光效应将纤芯基模中的矢量模式转换到包层高阶模式,由于基模中不同矢量模式转换包层模式的矢量模式也不同,从而产生类似双折射效果,使输出的包层模式产生偏振变化.而后通过耦合回音壁模式微腔将包层模式转换回纤芯基模.由于回音壁模式的偏振选择效果,使得相反方向入射光能量具有不同的透射特性,其传输隔离度可达17 d B.此外,对两个方向传输的透射率随偏振角度变化进行测试,测得声光效应带来的偏振变化约为80°.本文的非对称传输方案继承了声光器件响应迅速、调谐性良好的优势,同时具有全光纤结构和无工作阈值的特点,在光开关、光隔离器等场景具有重要的应用潜力.