The new economy of nature:can carbon pay for nature conservation? The case of the Hong Kong Country Parks

The Country Parks of Hong Kong occupy 40%of the total landmass of Hong Kong,and consists of vast areas of secondary woodlands,scrublands,grasslands,and reservoirs.That vegetation-and the soil underneathsubtract carbon from the atmosphere,which has a market value.The aim of this paper is to estimate the value of that carbon,to assess whether that value would be sufficient to pay for the upkeep of the Country Parks,and to compare that value to the costs of alternative ways to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide.To do this,we compare the land cover of 1978,1991,1997 and 2004 using remote sensing,and identify the three predominant land covers(woodlands,scrublands,grasslands) .We then estimate the amount and value of the carbon sequestered by the vegetation and soil of the Country Parks,and compare it to the budget available to the Agriculture,Fisheries and Conservation Department to run the Country Parks(HK$234 million in 2009/2010) .We extrapolate our results over 50 years,from 1978 to 2028.We conclude that by 2028 the carbon sequestered would be valued over HK$800 million,but the value of the additional carbon subtracted yearly would only cover approximately 7%of the total budget needed to run the Country Parks.We also conclude that because of the large budget allocated to the Country Parks,alternative methods of carbon sequestration-represented by the EU ETS price of carbon-are much cheaper.

Human Rights Protection in the Context of Ruling the Country by Law

At a conference in Beijing on December 4, 2012 marking the 30th anni- versary of the adoption of the current Constitution, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Xi Jinping pointed out, ＂To fully implement the Constitution is the primary task and the basic work in building a socialist nation ruled by law.＂ He also said, ＂A country ruled by law should be first ruled by the Constitution, and lawful governance should be based on the Constitution.＂

不法原因给付与侵占罪的成否

受领人将不法原因给付物据为己有的行为是否成立侵占罪,涉及法益保护、法秩序的统一性等诸多问题。肯定说不符合法益保护原则与法秩序统一性的原理,各种两分说所采取的区分标准不明确或者不合理,其结论也有悖于刑法的谦抑性。民法上的合法行为,不可能成为刑法上的违法行为,就此而言,刑法判断不应当具有独立性。民法上的违法行为,并不当然具有刑法上的违法性,在此方面,应当强调刑法判断的独立性。即使某种行为的合法性在民法上存在分歧,基于刑法的谦抑性,也不应将这种行为作为犯罪处理。质言之,只要给付者基于不法原因将财物交付给他人,即使其是否属于不法原因“给付”在民法上可能存在争议,也不应将受领人的行为认定为侵占罪。

论WTO体制下的碳关税贸易措施及其应对

随着低碳经济的发展,美国等发达国家制定的碳关税措施,使WTO调整环境问题的宪法性原则、具体规则以及一些专门协定受到了强有力的冲击。为此,WTO应积极寻求改革,确立环境规则优先、加强环境规则的可操作性,同时也应该借鉴北美自由贸易协定组织框架内的环境保护机制,强化CTE在WTO组织结构中的地位和作用,实现对碳关税措施的有效规范。与此同时,发展中国家应该充分利用自由贸易区机制、联合国框架和低碳国际标准的制定来突破碳关税对贸易的限制。

WTO成立后国际反倾销案件的国别与行业分析

WTO成立以后,传统贸易壁垒保护国内产业的作用进一步减弱,反倾销以其有效性和合法性成为各国频繁使用的贸易保护手段。通过考察1995—2006年国际反倾销数据,针对国别差异和所涉及行业,分析了国际反倾销的新趋势与特点,比较了发达国家和发展中国家反倾销特点的差异;此外,对东亚和我国所遭受的异乎寻常的反倾销给予重点关注,指出应对针对我国的国际反倾销将是我国对外贸易发展中的一个长期任务。

“知假买假”适用《消费者权益保护法》的合理性分析

自1994年《消费者权益保护法》引入惩罚性赔偿制度以来,实践中“知假买假、买假索赔”的行为层出不穷,针对该行为是否适用于消法保护的争论也一直持续不断。2016年《消费者权益保护法实施条例(送审稿)》第二条明确将买假索赔的行为排除于该法适用范围。现阶段针对买假索赔问题的争议主要集中于消费者的界定问题和是否有助于惩罚性赔偿功能价值实现问题。综合分析认为,买假索赔行为符合惩罚性赔偿功能定位,将其纳入消法适用范围有利于制度的规范与社会作用的实现。

异议股东回购请求权限制行使析论

限制异议股东股份回购请求权的行使,不仅关系到公司资本的维持,同时也关系到公司债权人的利益,所以在给予异议股东合理保护的同时要防止该权利的异化,以避免造成损害公司以及公司债权人利益的后果。从法律角度出发,建构异议股东的请求回购选择权限制的体系化准则,在制度层面上符合商法的公正性和效率性。在个案层面上,应从单向的目的解释转向体系化的目的解释,通过与其他规范的关联来解释明确效率与公正的具体限制标准。在方法层面上,应在解释学中引入经济分析视角,在市场整体视角下,将成本与效益最大化,在一个合理的适度范围内限制异议股东的权利,保障债权人的合法利益,进而更好地协调个人利益与集体(公共)利益之间的博弈。

浅析外观设计请求保护色彩

在外观设计专利申请过程中,当申请人提交彩色图片或照片时,可能会对是否需要请求保护色彩感到犹豫或困惑。文章从色彩如何增加产品附加值、构成品牌特色和满足不同消费群体的个性需求等方面深入分析了色彩在外观设计中的作用,通过结合具体案例分析,阐明了色彩变化对外观设计保护范围的影响,论述了色彩在外观设计保护中的意义及其影响,探讨了申请中请求保护色彩需要考虑的重要因素,并进一步提出了针对色彩创新保护的合理化建议。同时,为了实现外观设计的全面保护,给出了在申请文件提交方式上的合理化建议,以助于申请人在提交外观设计专利申请时作出明智的选择,以确保色彩创新得到适当的法律保护。

意思自治原则在涉外知识产权侵权纠纷法律选择中的适用

意思自治原则应有限适用于涉外知识产权侵权纠纷的法律选择。同时应当对其进行“弱者权利保护”“公共秩序保留”以及“强制性规定”的限制。我国涉外知识产权侵权纠纷的司法实践中,当事人协议选择知识产权侵权准据法的情况极少。在当事人未选择准据法的情况下,法院的审理存在两方面倾向:一方面,无视知识产权法律冲突,直接适用我国知识产权实体法进行判决;另一方面,适用“被请求保护地法”时直接向“法院地法”逃逸。在现行《涉外民事关系法律适用法》框架下,对被请求保护地在不同情形中应做不同理解:被请求保护地作为知识产权归属和内容的连结点,应理解为权利来源地;作为知识产权侵权责任的连结点,应理解为与案件有最密切联系的侵权行为地。

从美国汽油标准案看GATT/WTO第20条环保例外规定——兼论我国对环境保护例外措施的应对

委内瑞拉与巴西诉美国精炼汽油和常规汽油标准案是WTO通过争端解决机制确定WTO与环境保护关系的第一个具体案例。这一案子揭示了环境保护和贸易发展之间并不存在着永不调和的矛盾,但上诉机构似乎更倾向于这样一个原则:环保例外措施必须在不造成不公平和无理的歧视,不构成对国际贸易的隐蔽限制的前提下才可应用。这一案例对我国具有很大的借鉴作用,通过对这一案例和对GATT/WTO第20条的分析,我国在环境保护例外措施方面应充分利用国际规则允许的环境例外措施,通过WTO争端解决机制,抵制其他国家以"环境保护"之名而行贸易保护之实的行为,维护我国的环境权益。

Governance of forest conservation and co-benefits for Bangladesh under changing climate

We focused on key aspects of forest governance for biodiver- sity conservation in implementing new climate change policies. The national forest institutions must be adaptive to identify the existing pitfalls of prior conservation policies to take advantage of new climate change policies. Strengthening roles and technical capacity of national institutions for systematic biodiversity monitoring and carbon stock assessment is required in developing and least developed countries. Community participation needs careful analysis to ensure equitable ac- cess of particular social groups to local decision-making processes and to sustain optional livelihoods. The livelihood options around forest reserves or protected areas must be taken into account to enhance forest-based adaptation.

Intellectual Property Protection and High-quality Development of Cotton Industry in Xinjiang

This paper firstly introduces the general situation of cotton planting areas in China and cotton industry in Xinjiang,and the current situation of intellectual property protection of Xinjiang's cotton industry.Then,it analyzes the main problems in its intellectual property protection and high-quality development.On this basis,it comes up with the recommendations for high-quality development of cotton industry in Xinjiang under the strategy of strengthening the country with intellectual property.The recommendations include improving the level of creation of creative intellectual property rights,building an intellectual property rule system in the entire cotton industry chain in Xinjiang,building protected zones for production of major high quality agricultural product cotton,establishing a demonstration zone to undertake the transfer of the domestic cotton textile and garment industry,undertaking education on the sense of community for the Chinese nation in response to the Xinjiang cotton incident,and developing the"Belt and Road"blue market for Xinjiang cotton and its products.

Towards development of a universal dengue vaccine-how close are we?

Dengue has been ranked as one of the top emerging diseases in Asia and Latin America.Current epidemiological data may not even reflect the true burden of disease due to underreported figures.Vector control programmes have failed to contain the disease and worst of all,no specific treatment is available at the moment.Thereby,this pushes the demand for a dengue vaccine as a long-term protective approach.Despite there are numerous vaccine candidates ahead,they could be held back by different aspects in promoting vaccine implementation.Particularly for developing nations,logistics and cost are the major hurdles that need to be addressed in order to provide a quick yet affordable medical relief.As an alternative,plantbased vaccine production system is able to offer an attractive prospect given to its advantages of biocontainment warranty,low operation cost,rapid scalability and logistics flexibility.Researches that have embarked on this scope are laid out and reviewed in terms of the feasibility of plant system to serve as a biofactory for dengue vaccine.

Foreign Grain Security Mechanisms and Implications for China

With constant growth of China's population and increasingly serious situation of farmland protection,the grain security has become a hot issue of China.This study firstly elaborated grain security measures in grain exporters,such as the United States,Australia,and EU,and grain importers such as Japan,South Korea and India.In line with these security measures,it analyzed implementation background of these policies.Finally,combining social and economic development situations and natural resource endowment of China,it revealed the implications of these measures for China and came up with policy recommendations for China's grain security.

基于核心专利保护范围看我国CRISPR/Cas9技术专利风险

CRISPR/Cas9技术已成为基因编辑技术的代名词,在我国也得到了广泛的研究和应用。如何防范专利侵权风险也成为研发者关注的问题。本文从Doudna团队CRISPR/Cas9核心专利的保护范围出发,分析了我国的CRISPR/Cas9技术的专利侵权风险,并对我国CRISPR/Cas9的技术发展和专利申请提出了建议。

Selected abstracts of the symposium onenvironmental protection and ecologyin developing countries

Nov. 1—4, 1989, Beijing, China River water chemistry in India-An overview V. Subramamian School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India. Based on extensive analyses of a very large number of samples, the average river water in India is more alkaline than the world average river water. The dominance of Na and Cl in Indian river shows their monsoon control. There are spatial and seasonal variations. The northern river are less saline than the southern rivers. The sediments covered by the Ganges-

民法典人格权编的规范功能与司法适用

《民法典》生效后,对人格权编的争论从“立法论”转向“解释论”,但就人格权编价值和意义的讨论仍未终结。在《民法典》时代,民法学者的讨论应更多关注司法实践与法律的实际适用,使学者的智慧与实务工作者的智慧相结合以共同促进法律发挥作用。从司法保护的视角来看,司法实践中形成了区分救济项目分别适用《民法典》第995条或侵权责任编相关条款、用具体人格权条款进行权利界定、用一般人格权条款实现“法官造法”的清晰思路,该思路具备理论上的依据,体现了人格权编的权利保护功能、权利确定功能,以及为人格权司法保护提供了开放空间的功能,这些功能充分体现了人格权编所具有的现实价值。

2017—2021年我国进口防晒化妆品注册情况分析

通过查询国家药监局网站公布的化妆品批件信息,对2017—2021年我国进口防晒化妆品的批件数量、原产国、紫外线防御能力、剂型和配方中防晒剂等数据进行归纳、整理和分析。结果显示:2017—2021年五年间,我国共发放进口防晒化妆品批件3 057件,韩国是进口防晒化妆品的最大原产国;紫外线防御能力方面,SPF值未见明显增长,高PFA值产品占比有明显提高;进口防晒化妆品主要剂型为膏霜乳,喷雾剂有逐渐增加的趋势;产品配方中使用频率最高的防晒剂是安全系数相对较高的甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯。针对上述分析结果,结合文献报道、法规监管和社会热点等方面内容,进一步剖析以期全方位了解我国进口防晒化妆品情况,为我国化妆品市场监管和国内化妆品企业研发提供有益的借鉴和参考。

欧盟对海外侨民的社会保护及其启示--基于法、意、罗三国基础设施的分析

论文以法国、意大利和罗马尼亚三国为例,深入探究欧盟对海外侨民的社会保护特征。认为当今时代跨国移民快速发展,对海外侨民的社会保护愈益引起祖籍国的高度关注。社会保护内容主要包括失业、养老金、医疗健康、家庭福利、经济救助五大领域。法、意、罗三国的侨民社会保护虽各有特点,但在国家战略上都非常重视侨民价值,构建有广泛而强大的侨民基础设施。它们在完善基础设施建设、促进协助侨民获得社会保护、整合民间社会力量参与、加强多边与双边社会保护协作等方面的实践经验,对于推进新时代中国海外侨胞的社会保护具有重要借鉴意义。

关于专利法第26条第4款规定的“清楚”的一些思考

权利要求书是否清楚,对于确定发明或者实用新型要求的保护范围非常重要。准确理解和运用专利法第26条第4款,对于提升专利审查质量和审查效率具有重要意义。在判断权利要求保护范围是否清楚时,要站位本领域技术人员,基于技术方案的整体来判断技术特征对技术方案的影响,必要时需从该技术方案所解决的技术问题的角度出发或通过检索并借助现有技术进行考虑,才能准确把握审查标准。