Influence of ginseng cultivation under larch plantations on plant diversity and soil properties in Liaoning Province,Northeast China

Currently, transforming the mode of forest management and developing multiple forest management practices are actively encouraged in China. As one forest management type, ginseng cultivation under larch plantations has been developed significantly in the east of Liaoning Province. However, research on the influence of the ecological environment for this mode of production is still deficient. Based on this, our study compares the plant diversity and soil properties in the ginseng cultivation under larch plantations(LG) with larch plantations(LP) and natural secondary forests(SF). First, we randomly selected three plots for each of the three stand types which have similar stand characteristics; then, we carried out a plant diversity survey and soil sampling in each of the nine plots. The results show that no significant difference was found in plant diversity between LG and LP, but theevenness of herbs was significantly lower in LG than LP. No obvious changes in soil physical properties were found in LG, but a significant decrease in most of the soil nutrient content was presented in LG. Furthermore, we found a correlation between plant diversity(H') and soil properties in the three kinds of stand types, especially between herbaceous plant diversity and soil properties. We conclude that ginseng cultivation under larch plantations has no obvious effect on plant diversity, except the herbaceous evenness. Soil fertility can be depleted significantly in LG, but physical structures are not affected. Moreover, maintaining the diversity of herbaceous plants and controlling the density of ginseng cultivation in LG by farmers are important for the ecological environment. Based on this study and its good comprehensive benefits and with the support of policy, we think this forest management type should be promoted moderately in the region.

The Scale of Constructing Mountainous Cities in Yunnan Province based on “Benchmark” Farmlands

In 2011, Yunnan provincial committee and government proposed the strat- egy of constructing mountainous cities in order to protect farmlands and guarantee crop safety, which makes full use of hills and gentle-slopes and transforms land use pattern. However, social and economic development performs unevenly in Yun- nan, supplemented by varied geographical conditions, so that constructing mountain- ous cities should proceed as per local conditions. The research proposed the con- trol of constructing mountainous cities provided crop safety under the principle of farmland protection and measured the quantities of demanded construction lands ac- cording to science of population prediction and ekistics, based on which the control scales of constructing mountainous cities were determined by multiplying basic farm- land coefficient and the area of newly increased construction lands. The research is of significance for guiding the construction of mountainous cities and avoiding the occupation of construction lands on farmlands.

Changes in Soil Nutrients of Farmland with Different Cultivation Years of Panax ginseng

Through analyzing the soil organic matters(N,P,K) of farmland cultivated with different years of Panax ginseng,this paper studied the changes in soil nutrients of farmland with different vertical depths and cultivation years of P.ginseng.Results indicated that the vertical structure was obvious in soil nutrients of farmland with different cultivation years of P.ginseng;in most cases,the soil nutrient content gradually declined with the fibrous roots of P.ginseng spreading downward;the soil electrical conductivity(EC),total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),total potassium(TK),available nitrogen,available phosphorus were manifested as surface layer > root layer > bottom layer,while the available potassium was manifested as surface soil and bottom layer > root layer;the soil pH changed in the range of 5.69-6.22,suitable for growth of P.ginseng.It is expected to provide theoretical basis for improvement of soil nutrients of farmland with cultivation of P.ginseng.

Spatial patterns of farmland abandonment and its impact factors in the central Three Gorges Reservoir Area

The severe farmland abandonment phenomena in China have tremendously decreased the farmland usage efficiency and caused a series of profound ecological and social outcomes. The complexity of farmland abandonment necessitates a systematic research on its patterns and impact factors to underpin the dynamics of problem as well as potential solutions. This paper took Wanzhou district in the central part of Three Gorges Reservoir Area as an example to study the spatial distribution patterns of abandoned farmland at three scales, i.e., town, village, and plot, and analyzed the influence from labor transfer and farmland circulation. We conducted a survey on the distribution patterns of abandoned farmland via questionnaires at town and village scales, together with the modeling and interpretation of high-resolution aerial images taken by unmanned aerial vehicles at plot scale. Our research discloses a strong relationship between the distribution of abandoned farmland and the distance from population center at different scales. At eithertown or village scale, the abandonment proportion was recognized the highest in mid-distance areas and lowest in close-distance areas, and the per capita area of abandoned farmland increased with the distance to downtown or township. At plot scale, abandonment proportion presented exponential growth with the distance to village center, whereas the abandoned farmland was mainly distributed in the areas with distance above 500 m from the village center. Moreover, we noticed that labor transfer and farmland circulation are two important factors that influence farmland abandonment. Labor's outbound transfer distance has a positive linkage with the possibility of farmland abandonment. Finally, it is recommended that development and adoption of corresponding policies on local urbanization and farmland circulation will facilitate to alleviate farmland abandonment.

Community Structure of Endophytic Fungi in Ginseng and Its Correlation Analysis with Active Components

[Objectives]The paper was to explore the correlation between active components of ginseng and community structure of endophytic fungi in ginseng under different cultivation methods.[Methods]Using ginsengs under two main planting patterns in Huanren County,Liaoning Province as the samples,the community structure of endophytic fungi was studied by molecular means,and the chemical components were identified and the content of chemical markers was measured via LC-MS.Moreover,the correlation between medicinal components of ginseng and diversity of endophytic fungal flora was analyzed.[Results]The diversity and active components of endophytic fungi of ginseng were different.The diversity analysis showed that the medicinal components of ginseng were positively correlated with some fungal groups in ginseng.[Conclusions]Artificial intervention in the planting process would affect the endophytic fungi in medicinal materials,and further affect the chemical components of ginseng medicinal materials.

DRAINMOD和HYDRUS-1D模型对水稻控制灌排条件下农田水位的模拟

为研究水稻控制灌排条件下农田水位的变化,根据2017年的水稻测坑种植试验资料,率定DRAINMOD模型和HYDRUS-1D模型参数,以相关系数、平均偏差及纳什效率系数为评价标准,通过比较2018年农田水位模拟值与实测值的吻合程度,分析2种模型模拟稻田干湿交替条件下农田水位的可靠性。结果表明:DRAINMOD模型和HYDRUS-1D模型的模拟结果均能较好地反映农田水位的实际变化情况,模拟值与实测值的相关系数分别为0.778和0.849,平均偏差分别为2.051 cm和1.809 cm,纳什效率系数分别为0.509和0.360,且2个模型模拟结果没有显著差别;DRAINMOD模型和HYDRUS-1D模型均可用于模拟水稻控制灌排条件下农田水位变化,为稻田水分运移研究提供方便可行的方法。

长白山山脉耕地土壤属性与改良利用的调查研究

本研究以长白山山脉,尤其位于火山口土壤中具备火山灰的耕地为研究对象,从土壤pH、有机质、大量元素氮磷钾、微量元素铜锌铁锰等多个项目进行土壤属性的检测。结果表明,耕地土壤PH值的加权平均值为5.50,呈弱酸性,有机质含量加权平均值为3.74%,全氮的加权平均值为0.2077%,土壤有效磷的加权平均值为44 mg/kg,土壤速效钾的加权平均值为82.79mg/kg,土壤有效铜的加权平均值为2.49 mg/kg,土壤有效铁的加权平均值为30.18 mg/kg,土壤有效锰的加权平均值为28.68mg/kg,土壤有效锌的加权平均值为2.05 mg/kg。调查区域内整体耕地地力大量元素丰富,微量元素除铁外均贫瘠,需采用具有针对性的改良利用方法。

Arrangement of High-standard Basic Farmland Construction Based on Village-region Cultivated Land Quality Uniformity

As an important constitute of land consolidation, high-standard basic farmland construction is an important means to protect the quantity, quality and ecological environment of cultivated land. Its target not only lies in the increase of cultivated land quantity, but also the improvement of cultivated land quality, agricultural production conditions and ecosystem environments. In the present study, the quality evaluation method and construction arrangement of cultivated land were explored to facilitate the process of decision-making and implementation for high-standard basic farmland construction(HSBFC) with administrative village as the unit. Taking the land comprehensive improvement project area in Quzhou County, Handan City, Hebei Province as a case study, the whole process of the study comprised of three steps: 1) establishment of the evaluation model of cultivated land quality uniformity based on regional optimum cultivated land quality, and construction of the uniformity evaluation index system from the aspects of soil fertility quality, engineering quality, spatial quality and eco-environment quality, according to the new concept of cultivated land quality; 2) calculation of cultivated land quality uniformity by grading indicators, assigning scores and weighting sums, exploring the local homogenization characteristics of regional cultivated land quality through spatial autocorrelation analysis, and analyzing the constraints and transformative potential of barrier factors; 3) arrangement of HSBFC according to the principle of concentration, continuity and priority to the easy operation. The results revealed that the value of farmland quality uniformity for the administrative villages in the study area was between 7.76 and 21.96, and there was a difference between various administrative villages. The regional spatial autocorrelation patterns included High-High(HH), Low-Low(LL), High-Low(HL) and Low-High(LH). These indicate that regional cultivated land quality has local homogenization characteristics. The most restrictive factors in the study area were the medium and low transformation difficulty indexes, including soil organic matter content, farmland shelterbelt network density, field regularity and scale of the field. In addition, there were also high transformation difficulty indicators in some areas, such as sectional configuration. The project area was divided into four partitions: major construction area, secondary construction area, general construction area, and conditional construction area. The cultivated land area of each subarea was 1538.85 ha, 1224.27 ha, 555.93 ha, and 1666.63 ha, respectively. This comprised of 30.87%, 24.56%, 11.15% and 33.42% of the total project area, respectively. The evaluation model and index system could satisfy the evaluation of farmland quality and diagnosis of obstacle factors to facilitate the subsequent construction decision. The present study provides reference for the practice of regional HSBFC, and a new feasible idea and method for related studies.

未来30年中国耕地和高标准农田分布的省级预测

科学预测中国未来耕地和高标准农田分布对于保障我国粮食安全和提高耕地质量具有重要意义。该研究假设未来各省份耕地和高标准农田占全国总面积比例不变,根据各省份耕地和高标准农田实际面积、未来全国耕地及各省份高标准农田规划面积等数据,基于最小二乘法的二次多项式拟合预测未来30 a全国及各省份耕地面积和高标准农田面积,进而预测未来各省份耕地面积保有率和高标准农田占耕地比例。结果表明:(1)到2050年,我国耕地面积稳定在1.20×10^(8)hm^(2),耕地面积保有率稳定在100%,高标准农田面积达到1.03×10^(8)hm^(2),高标准农田占耕地比例从2020年的43.59%增长到2050年的85.89%,增长近一倍。(2)七大区域中,黄淮海区、长江中下游区、东南区的高标准农田占耕地比例较高,在2020年均已达到70%以上,东北区、西北区、青藏区、西南区高标准农田占耕地比例则处于40%~60%之间。到2050年,受耕地比例稳定中略有下降的趋势影响,黄淮海区、长江中下游区、东南区、青藏区高标准农田占耕地比例均达90%以上,东北区、西北区、西南区则处于70%~90%之间。(3)从各省份来看,江西省、浙江省、福建省、广东省等南方省份的高标准农田建设比例较高,而内蒙古自治区、黑龙江省、辽宁省、吉林省、山东省等北方省份的耕地面积保有率较高。研究得到的耕地面积及其保有率、高标准农田面积及其占耕地比例等指标的分省份预测值可以为未来相关部门制定国土空间规划等提供科学依据,也可以为未来耕地布局和农田利用等研究提供分省份的总量参考。

高标准农田建设提升了农户种粮积极性吗?——基于双季稻种植的考察

高标准农田建设是增强粮食综合生产能力,强化国家粮食安全保障的重要举措。基于江西省1556份微观农户调查数据,采用双季稻种植行为来衡量农户种粮积极性,实证分析高标准农田建设对传统双季稻主产区农户种粮积极性的影响及其作用机制。研究发现:(1)高标准农田建设显著提高了农户种粮积极性,促进传统双季稻主产区农户种植双季稻,并扩大双季稻种植规模,该结论在进行稳健性检验后依然成立。(2)机制分析表明,促进农业社会化服务发展、降低农业生产成本、诱导农地转入是高标准农田建设提高农户种粮积极性的三个重要路径。(3)异质性分析发现,高标准农田建设对农地调整、低细碎化与非平原地区农户的双季稻种植行为有更明显的促进作用。为进一步强化粮食安全保障,更好地发挥高标准农田建设的种粮激励效应,应持续大力推进高标准农田建设,优化高标准农田建设模式,着力降低高标准农田的细碎化程度。

粮食安全视域下耕地生态补偿的法治化进路研究

耕地生态补偿的法治化契合了粮食安全和生态文明法治保障体系建设的内在要求。我国尚未制定耕地生态补偿专门性法律法规,《耕地保护法(草案)》对于耕地保护补偿制度的设计还存在诸多疏漏,未对耕地生态补偿制度予以明晰表达。为推动耕地保护,进而保障粮食安全及可持续发展,需要着眼于耕地生态补偿制度建构的权利基础,证成耕地生态补偿制度构造的正当性,厘定耕地生态补偿制度的属性特质,进而着眼于补偿请求权主体、补偿标准、补偿方式、补偿监督等多维度,对耕地生态补偿予以法治构造。

融合Sentinel-2与ASTER GDEMV2数据的坡耕地遥感提取方法研究——以子洲县为例

坡耕地跑水、跑土及跑肥的现象导致黄土高原水土流失问题十分严重。由于坡耕地具有分散、不够集中和地形破碎化的特点,导致坡耕地的识别有一定难度。遥感技术和数据具有全天候、多时相、涵盖信息多且连续观测的特点,在耕地等地物信息分类提取已经取得良好成果。该研究融合Sentinel-2遥感影像和ASTER GDEMV2数据在子洲县建立一种大范围的坡耕地快速提取模型,并且提取结果较好,Kappa系数都大于0.65。得到坡耕地的空间分布情况,对坡耕地进行时空分析。研究发现子洲县在2018年至2020年间,耕地分布情况变化并不明显,面积都在530 km^(2)左右。2021年,坡耕地面积增加到569.48 km^(2),变化较为明显。4年中6~15°坡度级的占比最大,大于50%,最高可达57.28%,其次是15~25°和大于25°。并且这4年中子洲县大于25°的坡耕地依然存在,面积都大于30 km^(2),在2021年甚至达到了44 km^(2)。需要当地政府根据耕地红线,严格执行退耕还林还草。

东北黑土区典型县域耕地质量对耕地水田化的空间响应

[目的]耕地水田化过程对耕地质量具有至关重要的影响,明确东北黑土区耕地质量对耕地水田化的空间响应,是提升黑土耕地质量实现耕地可持续利用的重要前提。[方法]构建LESA耕地质量评价体系,采用CRITIC模型、双变量局部空间自相关模型,揭示耕地质量和耕地利用变化之间的空间响应关系。[结果](1)研究区耕地水田化现象剧烈,呈现出东部最强、西部次之、中部最弱的时空分异格局;(2)研究区耕地质量变化显著,耕地质量下降比例低于质量提升比例,表现出中部下降最高、西部下降次高、东部下降最低的时空格局;(3)研究区耕地质量对水田化的响应具有双重效应,负向响应更为敏感,整体呈现出东部耕地质量响应程度高于其他区域的空间格局。[结论]研究区耕地水田化对耕地质量具有正、负两种效应,依据效应方向进行耕地利用结构调整,是保护黑土耕地的重要途径。对于具有正向效应的区域应适度推进旱改水项目,而针对具有负向效应的区域应停止旱改水工程,积极进行水田休耕,并可适当地将其恢复为旱地。

高标准农田建设能遏制耕地“非粮化”吗?

把高标准农田建设作为一项准自然实验,构建连续型双重差分模型,基于省级面板数据考察高标准农田建设对耕地“非粮化”的影响及作用机制。研究发现:相较于控制组,高标准农田建设使实验组耕地“非粮化”程度下降了3.64%,表明高标准农田建设对耕地“非粮化”具有显著且持续强化的抑制效应,经过模型适用性和多重稳健性检验后结果依然可信;该政策效应因区域粮食功能定位、粮食熟制、粮食作物种类和地形条件不同而表现出明显差异,粮食主产区、高熟制地区、水稻主种植区和非平原地区高标准农田建设对耕地“非粮化”的抑制效应更明显;地块规模扩张、种植模式变革和比较成本优势是高标准农田建设抑制耕地“非粮化”的三条重要途径。研究结论的政策启示为:在建设农业强国过程中,应加快新一轮高标准农田建设,尽快补齐耕地质量短板;同时严格落实高标准农田利用优先序,彻底扭转耕地“非粮化”势头,为实现“藏粮于地”战略目标提供支撑。

我国耕地质量提升立法的基本逻辑及规范供给——兼论《耕地保护法(草案)》(征求意见稿)的完善

为全方位夯实粮食安全根基,实现耕地保护“量质并重”,立法不仅要着眼于耕地数量保护,更应加强对耕地质量提升的关注。耕地质量提升立法应为我国耕地保护法治化的关键环节,《耕地保护和质量提升法》也被《全国人大常委会2024年度立法工作计划》列为今年预备审议的项目。为了确保耕地质量提升立法的精准有效,有必要对现有规范性文件进行全面梳理和深入检视,并在此基础上探寻立法的基本逻辑及规范供给。具体而言,我国耕地质量提升立法需要遵循法治协调性、法治互鉴性、法治时空性三个基本逻辑,并重点围绕“谁来提升”“如何提升”在法律层面进行系统阐释和制度筹设。

永久基本农田全部建成高标准农田的实现路径研究

逐步把永久基本农田全部建成高标准农田是党中央、国务院根据国际国内形势变化和我国国情农情作出的重大战略部署。我国推进永久基本农田全部建成高标准农田的工作,面临建设任务重与推进难度大、建设成本不断提高与财政投入不足、已建设农田标准低与改造难度大、土地承包权分散与建设要求统一集中、重视建设数量与缺乏建后管护、高标准农田建设社会效益高与经济效益低等现实问题。需从加强组织和规划、大力拓展筹资渠道、采取建改并举方针、完善管护机制、整合土地经营权、丰富土地利用方式等方面寻求破解路径,并基于更加合理地划定永久基本农田、做好高标准农田的统筹规划、因地制宜分类施策建设高标准农田、严格执行高标准农田建设标准、将满足宜机化作业改造置于高标准农田建设首位等维度对永久基本农田全部建成高标准农田进行深层思考。

水稻种植对农田镉污染土壤修复效果的影响与机制研究

水稻种植在修复受镉污染的农田中发挥着巨大作用,本文对此进行了深入探索。虽然水稻植物具有吸收和积累镉的能力,有助于从土壤中去除镉,但人们担心水稻对镉的吸收可能会增加,并对土壤健康产生长期影响。水稻修复镉污染土壤的机制,包括水稻根系对镉的吸收、通过根际过程在土壤中转化镉化合物,以及影响土壤镉水平的微生物的相互作用。了解这些影响和机制,有助于我们制定可持续的战略,从而减轻农业生态系统中的镉污染并确保食品安全。

土地流转视角下耕地“非粮化”时空格局演变及驱动因素

该研究对2009—2020年中国流转耕地“非粮化”的时空格局进行量化测度,利用Tobit模型、空间计量模型和工具变量法,从“人”“地”“钱”多视角探析流转耕地“非粮化”的驱动因素及其空间异质性。结果显示:①流转耕地“非粮化”具有阶段性和区域性,非粮食主产区的流转耕地“非粮化”是全国层面流转耕地“非粮化”加剧的主要原因。②土地流转是耕地“非粮化”的重要驱动因素。提高土地流转面积和将土地流转给生活型经营者,有利于抑制耕地“非粮化”发展,但土地流转租金上涨会难以避免地加剧耕地“非粮化”程度。③土地流转与耕地“非粮化”关系存在区域异质性。在粮食主产区,土地流转面积提高对流转耕地“非粮化”的抑制作用更强;在非粮食主产区,生产型农业经营者采取“非粮化”种植行为的倾向更强。因此,为应对流转耕地“非粮化”现象,应健全耕地保护补偿制度,对防止流转耕地“非粮化”目标完成好的地区给予奖补;重点规范非粮食主产区的工商资本流转土地行为,对农户粮食种植行为给予奖励;进一步推进粮食主产区的土地流转和整治工程,发展耕地适度规模化经营;完善农地流转交易平台,继续加强土地流转价格监控。

黑土区坡耕地水土保持耕作措施对土壤理化性状的影响

为探寻黑土区坡耕地不同水土保持耕作措施对土壤理化性状的影响机理,开展了田间小区试验。设置横坡耕作(TP)、垄向区田(RF)、深松(SF)、横坡耕作+垄向区田(TP-R)、横坡耕作+深松(TP-S)、垄向区田+深松(RF-S)3种水土保持耕作措施及3种组合耕作措施,并以常规顺坡耕作(CK)为对照,分析了土壤孔隙度、土壤机械组成、水稳性土壤团聚体稳定性、土壤养分含量等指标,并采用TOPSIS模型对不同水土保持耕作措施进行了综合评价,筛选了土壤稳定性强且蓄水保肥效果良好的水土保持耕作措施。结果表明:在玉米的全生育期内,深松、垄向区田、横坡耕作均能提高土壤体积含水率。TP-S处理体积含水率最大,0~40 cm土层平均体积含水率较CK处理增加29.47%;RF-S处理平均孔隙度最大,TP-S处理次之,平均孔隙度较CK处理分别增大10.68%、9.25%;TP-S处理能够显著提高土壤稳定性,其中平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和大团聚体含量(R0.25)较CK处理分别增加12.30%、19.57%、13.97%;TP-S处理能够改善土壤机械组成,TP-S处理粗砂粒、粉粒、黏粒含量较CK处理增加15.40%、26.89%、1.90%,细砂粒含量较CK处理降低31.56%;TP-S处理IN(无机态氮)、AP(有效磷)、AK(速效钾)含量最高,较CK处理IN、AP、AK含量分别增加42.81%~55.32%、39.69%~40.68%、20.41%~25.45%。由TOPSIS模型综合评价结果可知,TP-S处理贴合度最高,土壤结构更稳定,且蓄水保肥效果更好,为适宜该地区的水土保持耕作措施。

基于景观格局的丘陵山区耕地生态风险评价——以重庆市潼南区为例

[目的/意义]丘陵山区农田宜机化整治会改变耕地景观格局、高程、坡度、微地貌等,评价其生态风险为后续整治工作提供数据参考具有重要意义。本研究的目的为评价丘陵山区农田宜机化整治对耕地生态风险的改变情况以及探究生态风险与耕地坡度之间的关系。[方法]以重庆市潼南区20个县为评价单元,基于2010年和2020年土地利用数据,采用ArcGIS 10.8和Excel软件计算景观格局指数,通过熵权法确定各指数的权重并构建生态风险评价模型,揭示生态风险时序空间变化特征;基于数理统计原理,对生态风险与坡度进行相关性分析,探究生态风险与坡度的关系。[结果和讨论] 2010年和2020年两个时期,干扰度指数由0.97下降为0.94,耕地整体抗干扰能力增强;脆弱度指数由2.96增加为3.20,耕地结构更加脆弱;生态风险值由3.10下降为3.01,耕地生态安全性提高。两个时期生态风险区域主要以低风险区和较低风险区为主,低风险区面积增加6.44%,较低风险区面积增加6.17%,中风险区面积增加24.4%,较高风险区面积减少60.70%,高风险区面积增加16.30%,耕地生态安全区域相对增加。耕地坡度主要以2°~25°为主,耕地坡度小于15°时坡度面积占比与生态风险值呈负相关,耕地坡度大于15°时坡度面积占比与生态风险值呈正相关关系,坡度处于5°~8°、15°~25°、25°以上时坡度面积与生态风险值呈极显著相关。农田宜机化整治应重点关注潼南区南部区域,并集中于耕地坡度处于5°~8°和15°~25°区域。[结论]通过评价潼南区农田宜机化整治前后耕地生态风险并分析生态风险与耕地坡度的相关性,表明农田宜机化整治可以降低耕地生态风险,耕地坡度面积占比可作为精准指导农田宜机化整治的重要依据,潼南区宜机化整治工作应重点关注耕地坡度处于5°~8°和15°~25°区域。