A New Discovery on the Deformation Behavior of Shale Gas Reservoirs Affecting Pore Morphology in the Juhugeng Coal Mining Area of Qinghai Province, Northwest China

Objective The Juhugeng mining area in Qinghai Province of northwest China has attracted wide attention among geologists for it hosts typical coal measure gases.The shale gas reservoirs were reformed by intensive structural movements during geological periods,

Relationship between glutathione and malonaldehyde levels in erythrocytes and the deformation index of erythrocyte in patients at various periods following acute cerebral infarction

BACKGROUND： Glutathione, as an in vivo free radical scavenger, plays an important role in the anti-oxidation defense mechanism in patients with acute cerebral infarction. OBJECTIVE： To observe the relationship between the levels of glutathione （GSH） and malonaldehyde （MDA）, the metabolite of lipid peroxidation, in erythrocyte and deformation index of erythrocyte in patients at various periods following acute cerebral infarction. DESIGN： Controlled observation.SETTING： Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease of Qingdao Medical College. PARTICIPANTS： We chose 98 inpatients with acute cerebral infarction from Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from January to December 2000 , serving as cerebral infarction group, including 50 male and 48 female, with mean age of （62±7）years. There were 23 cases found on the 1^st day after onset; 25 cases on the 3^rd day after onset; 25 cases on the 7^th day after onset; 25 cases on the 14th days after onset, and they were all confirmed by craniocerebral CT or MRI. Another 30 homeochronous inpatients with neurosis, cervical syndrome, lumbar intervertebral disc herniation and motor neuron disease were chosen as control group, including 20 male and 10 female, with mean age of （52±8）years . There was no significant difference in age and gender distribution between two groups （P 〉 0.05）. Patients in the two groups were informed of detected index.METHODS：①Ulnar venous blood was chosen from the patients who were fasted on the 1^st, 3^rd,7^th and 14^th days after onset. Deformation index of erythrocyte was measured with BL88-CKX laser diffraction erythrocyte deformeter and photographing was performed. GSH level in erythrocyte was measured with DTNB assay introduced by Beu-tler. MDA level in erythrocyte was measured with modified thiobarbituric acid colorimetric method.②At each sample collecting , according to the criteria accepted by the Fourth National Conference of Cerebrovascular Disease, intergrant of neurologic impairment 〈 15 points was regarded as mild （n=46）, 15 to 30 points as moderate （n=40）and, 〉 30 points as severe （n=12）. ③ t test was used to compare data between two groups , and linear correlation analysis was used in relationship analysis among indexes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ：① Comparison of erythrocyte GSH and MDA levels and deformation index of erythrocyte at various periods between patients with acute cerebral infarction and controls. ②Correlation of erythrocyte GSH level with erythrocyte MDA level and with deformation index of erythrocyte in patients with cerebral infarction . ③ Relationship between erythrocyte GSH level and severity of disease in patients with acute cerebral infarction. RESULTS： Totally 98 patients with acute cerebral infarction and 30 controls all entered the stage of result analysis. ① Erythrocyte GSH level and deformation index of erythrocyte were lower on the 1^st, 3^rd, 7^th and 14^th days after onset in cerebral infarction group than in control group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）, and erythrocyte MDA level was significantly higher in cerebral infarction group than in control group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. The three indexes changed most significantly on day 3 after onset in patients, and began to recover or decrease on day 7 after onset and inclined to be normal on day 14 after onset. ② Erythrocyte GSH level was significantly negatively correlated with erythrocyte MDA level in patients with acute cerebral infarction on the 1^st, 3^rd, 7^th and 14^th days after onset （r=-0.534, -0.713, -0.645, -0.656, respectively, P 〈 0.05-0.01 ） ,and significantly positively correlated with erythrocyte deformation index （t-=0.502, 0.560, 0.455, 0.504, respectively, P 〈 0.05）. ③Erythrocyte GSH level was significantly lower in moderate or severe patients with acute cerebral infarction than in mild patients[（0.215±0.088）,（0.192±0.102）, （0.281±0.090） g/L, P〈 0.05]. CONCLUSION：①Erythrocyte GSH and MDA levels and deformation index of erythrocyte change significantly on the 3^rd day following acute cerebral infarction. Index detection results gradually tended to be normal on from the 7^th day to 14^th days day after onset. ② Change of erythrocyte GSH level can reflect the severity of disease of patients with acute cerebral infarction.③Decrease of erythrocyte GSH level in patients with acute cerebral infarction is one of reasons that result in the decrease of deformation ability of erythrocyte.

FORMATION OF THE CRUSTAL MELTING LAYER AND ITS RELATIONS TO THE DEFORMATION OF CONTINENTAL CRUST:AN EXAMPLEFROM SOUTHEAST CHINA

Unlike the magma intrusion model,the in- situ melting hypothesis advanced in the lastdecade regards the upper crustas a closed system,and granite as the resultof the materialswithin system changing from order (protolith) to disorder (melts) and to new order(granite) with the variations of entropy of the system.The various geological and geochemi-cal data from the Mesozoic granitesof southeast China are explained logically and systemical-ly by the hypothesis,concluding that they should be originated from the melting of pro-toliths.According to the hypothesis,melts generated from in- situ melting are of layer- likewithin the crustand batholithsare the protruding parts of the uppersurface of the layer (de-fined as the Melting Interface,MI for short) .On the basis the author tries to discuss thesource of heatfor the Mesozoic crustal melting in southeast China.

Analysis of deformation of rotor and influence on the performance of Gyro based on B-Spline wavelet FEM

Some construct characteristics and composing material of the new Gyro＇ s rotor are introduced. Some factors resulting in deformation of the rotor surface are analyzed. Under different loads such as the fo,＇ce of deflecting center, the change of temperature, the fo,ce of pressure and couple factors, the deformation of rotor is analyzed with the wavelet finite element simulation software. The vector distributing map of rotor reformation is given. The deformation resulting from the pressure force of photon is studied. Finally, the influence on Gyro＇ s performance because of anomalous surface of rotor due to deformation of rotor is researched and the result is useful to forecast the performance of the drift of gyroscope. The disturbing moment resulting from the deformation of rotor can be compensated using the mathematic method, and provides an important reference for both design and optimization of the rotor.

A new interpretation of internal-variable theory in finite thermo-viscoelasticity

Based on the non-equilibrium thermodynamics,an internal-variable theory in thermo-viscoelasticity at finite deformation was proposed by Huang in 1999.In this theory,a modified stretch of the molecular chain was introduced,and hence the molecular network model in rubber elasticity was extended to take into account the viscous and thermal effects of the material.The viscous dissipation of the material can then be described by means of these internal variables,which appear in the expression of the modified stretch.In order to give a clearer explanation on the physical implication of the internal variables,a connection between the internal-variable theory and theoretical formulation based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient in existing literature is presented in this paper,which allows the above internal-variable theory to be more systematic.

Theoretical and Numerical Modeling of Nonlinear Electromechanics with applications to Biological Active Media

We present a general theoretical framework for the formulation of the nonlinear electromechanics of polymeric and biological active media.The approach developed here is based on the additive decomposition of the Helmholtz free energy in elastic and inelastic parts and on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient in passive and active parts.We describe a thermodynamically sound scenario that accounts for geometric and material nonlinearities.In view of numerical applications,we specialize the general approach to a particular material model accounting for the behavior of fiber reinforced tissues.Specifically,we use the model to solve via finite elements a uniaxial electromechanical problem dynamically activated by an electrophysiological stimulus.Implications for nonlinear solid mechanics and computational electrophysiology are finally discussed.